(^Ag. dung, fi/idp. Ia4l 864(337)-2020
HOAN T H I I N QUr BINH Vi "CUSNG Bdc LAO OdNG'
• • •
• TRjNH TH| THU HlfeN *
Tom tdt: "Cuang buc lao dgng " Id mgt hdnh vi bi nghiem cdm tmng quan he lao dgng. Vdn di xem xet, xde djnh cUng nhuxd ly hi^u qud nhiing hdnh vi do se gop phan xdy dimg mgt quan he lao dgng on dinh. ben virng giua ngu&i lao dgng vd ngudi sir dung lao dgng Viet Nam Id mgi trong nhimg quoc gia da phe chudn Cong ir&c so 29 ndm 1930 ciia To chuc Lao dgng quoc te (ILO) vi cuong buc lao dgng liogc bdt buoc (Cong u&c sd 29), tuy nhien, phdp ludt Viet Nam vdn con boc Id nhiiu hgn chi. bdt cap cdn co nhimg gidi phdp di hodn thien.
Abstract: "Forced labor" is a prohibited act in labor relations The issue of reviewing, identifying as well as effectively handling such acts will contribute to building a stable and sustainable labor relationship between the employee and the employer. Vietnam is one of the countries tlmt have ratified Convention No. 29 of 1930 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) on forced or compulsoiy labor (Convention No. 29). however, the law of Vietnam still reveals many limitations and shortcomings that need solutions to improve.
1. Quy dinh phap luat quoc te va phap luat Viet Nam ve "cifdng hxic lao dong"
Khoan 1 Dieu 2 Cdng itdc so' 29 xac dinh;
Lao dpng cifdng biic hoac bat bupc" la chi mpi cdng viec hoac dich vu ma mot ngttdi bi ep budc phai lam diidi sU de dga cua mdt hinh phat nao do va ban than ngifdi dd khdng tU nguyen lam.
De nhan didn cac hanh vi ditdc xac dinh la lao dpng ciidng biic, tao dieu kien cho cac qud'c gia th^nh vien thiic thi phap luat, To chiic Lao dong qud'c te da ban hanh an pham
"Cac dd'u hieu nhan biet lao dpng cUdng biic"
trong Chiidng trinh hanh dpng dac biet phdng, chdng lao dgng citdng hxtc. Theo dd, mdt so' da'u hieu nhdn dien dUdc xac dinh bao gom: Lam dung tinh trang khd khan ciia ngifdi lao dpng; lifa gat; han che di lai; bi co lap; bao liic than the va tinh due; dga nat, de
dpa; giii gid'y td tiiy than; giii tid'n lifdng; le thudc vi nd; dieu kidn sd'ng va lam viec bi lam dung; ldm them gid qua quy dinh.
Them vao dd, Cdng udc so' 105 nam 1957 cua Td chifc Lao dpng qud'c t§' ve xoa bo lao dgng cUdng bile mpt lan niia yeu ciu mgi nUdc thanh vien cua To chiic Lao dpng qud'c te phe chuan Cdng Udc nay cam ket bai bd lao ddng cirdng biic hoac bat budc va cam ket khdng s^ dung ba't ky hinh thitc nao cua loai lao dpng do: (i) Nhii la mdt bien phap cUdng che hay giao due chinh tri, hoac nhii mgt sii triing phat ddi vdi nhQng ai dang cd hoac dang phat bidu chinh kien, hay y kie'n chd'ng dd'i ve tu tifcing dd'i vdi trdt tii chi'nh tri, xa hpi, hoac kinh td' da dUdc thie't lap; (ii) NhU la mgt bidn phap huy dgng va sii dung nhan cdng vao muc dich phat trien kinh te'; (iii) Nhii la mgt bien phap ve xif ly vi pham ky
Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t I
(X)dg dung phdp lu4t
S0 4 t 3 a f ; ' ^ v ; ^ludt lao ddng; (iv) Nhti mdt sU triing phat dd'i vdi viec da tham gia dinh cong; (v) Nhii mgt bidn phap phdn Met dd'i xv( ve chung tdc, xa hpi, dan tgc hoac tdn giao.
0 Viet Nam, lao ddng cUOng biic da dUdc ghi nhan kha cu the trong Bd luat Lao dpng nam 2019. Khoan 10 Dieu 3 Bp luat Lao ddng nam 2019 dinh nghia: Ciidng biic lao ddng Id vide dung vii lUc, de dga dung vii liic hoac cac thu doan khac nhdm budc ngiidi khac lao dpng trai y mud'n ciia hp.
Kd' thiia quy dinh cua Bp ludt Lao dpng nam 2012, khoan 2 Dieu 8 Bg ludt Lao dpng nam 2019 khdng dinh: NgUdc dai ngudi lao ddng, cUdng biic lao ddng la hanh vi bi nghiem ca'm theo phap luat Viet Nam. Mat khac, cUdng biic lao ddng dUdc coi la mgt trong nhQng can cii dd' ngUdi lao ddng cd quyen ddn phUdng chd'm diit hdp dong lao ddng tai diem c khoan 2 Dieu 35 Bd ludt Lao ddng nam 2019.
Dd'i vdi lao ddng giiip viec gia dinh, khoan 1 Di^u 165 Bd ludt Lao ddng nam 2019 nghiem cd'm ngudi svf dung lao ddng cd hanh vi ngUdc dai, qud'y roi tinh due, cuSng biic lao dpng, diing vii lUc dd'i vdi lao dpng la ngUdi giiip viec gia dinh.
2. Mot so bat cap trong quy dinh ve
"etfdng hxic lao dong" cua phap luat Viet Nam
Mot la, sit cu the hoa cua phap luat Viet Nam vi hanh vi "ciidng biic lao dong" chvta hoan toan phu hdp vdi ndi dung vS lao ddng ciidng bdc tai Cong Udc so 29
Vidt Nam trd thanh thdnh vien ciia Td chiic Lao ddng qud'c te nam 1992 va da phe chuan nhieu cdng udc cd ban cua To chiic nay ve lao dpng, trong dd cd Cdng Udc so' 29, tuy nhien, phap luat Vidt Nam vdn cd sU khac biet ve each gpi ten giiia "cU6ng biic lao dpng"
(theo Bp ludt Lao dgng nam 2019) va "lao dgng cUdng biic" (theo Cdng udc so 29).
Tac gia cho rdng, hai thudt ngii nay se dUdc hieu theo hudng khac nhau vd' pham vi va npi ham. Theo dd, "lao dpng cUdng bUc" la cum tii danh ti£ chi mgt cdng viec hoac dich vu ma mdt ngUdi bi ep bupc phai thiic hien bdi mdt sU de dga nao dd. "Cudng biic lao dpng" lai la mdt cum ddng tir xac dinh vd' each thiic ma ngUdi s^ dung lao ddng ep bupc ngifdi lao ddng thiic hien cdng viec nhd't dinh trai vdi y mud'n cua hg.
Vdi each quy dinh nay, cd the thay phdp ludt Vidt Nam dang nhdn didn hanh vi cUdng biic lao ddng nhU Id mdt each thiic ddn dd'n hdu qua "lao ddng cudng biic" ma chUa todn didn nhu Cdng Udc so' 29.
Hai la, xac dinh hanh vi "citdng bUc lao dgng" tai Bg lu^t Lao dgng nam 2019 chUa ro rang
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 7 Dieu 3 Bd ludt Lao dgng nam 2019, bid'u hidn ciia "cUdng biic lao dpng" nham huge ngUdi khac lao ddng trai y mud'n cua hg bao g6m diung vii luc, de dga diing vii lUc va cac thii doan khac.
Bieu hidn diing vii luc hodc de dpa diing vii lUc cd ve ro rang vd dd ap dung hdn tren thUc td' khi ngUdi lao ddng chi can chiing
I Ddn chili & Phdp ludt
^^^V^difii^phdfL biM S6 4 (337) - 2020
minh co nhQng yeu to do xay ra dan d& ho bi 6p bu6c lao dpng. Tuy nhiSn, yfo to' "cac thu doan khac" chUa dildc giai thich mpt each ro rang nen rat kho xac dinh^ va thiic sU kho khan khi ap dung.
So sanh vdi cac khuyen nghi cua To chiSc Lao dpng quoc te ve nhan dien lao dpng cuSng biic thi day chinh la biiu hien so 07 vl
"giiJ gia'y td tiy than" cua ngudi lao dpng, Nhu vay, CO the xac dinh gifl giay ih tiiy than cua ngudi lao dong nhU la "thu doan khac" de cuSng bUc lao dpng. Tuy nhien, khoan 3 Dieu 165 B6 luat Lao dpng nam 2019 quy dinh nghigm ca'm ngUdi sh dung lao dSng "giiJ gia'y td tiiy than cua ngudi lao dpng" neu hp la ngudi giiip viec gia dinh va la mpt diiu khoan rieng khong lien quan den cudng bUc lao dong. Diiu nay cho tha'y, sil tiep can cua phap luat Viet Nam vdi quy dinh ciia Cong Udc so 29 vl lao dpng cUdng biic hoac bat bupc cdn han che.
Ba la, hau qua eua viec sit dung vu lUc din dSn ciidng biic lao dgng
Cudng bUc lao dong la mpt trong nhUng hanh vi dUdc xac dinh la toi pham theo Dieu 279 B6 luat Hinh sil nam 2015 (stia d6'i, bo sung nam 2017) co khung hinh phat la phat tien tut 50.000.000 dong din 200.000.000 dong; phat cai tao khdng giam giii den 03 nam hoac phat tu den 12 nam tiiy vao miic dp vi pham. Tuy nhi§n, tac gia cho rang, hanh vi diing Vii liic de cUdng bUc lao ddng vdi hanh vi CO y gay thudng tich co the khac nhau ve miiC dich nhUng hau qua ciia hanh vi diu
lam anh hudng den sUc khoe ciia ca nhan nha't djnh. Tuy vay, hau qua phap ly cua hai toi danh nay lai khac nhau dan den tinh ran de se bi anh hudng.
Vi dij, khi danh gia hau qua khi hanh vi sii diing vii liic dan den "gay thuong tich hoac gay ton hai cho sUc khde cila 01 ngUdi ma ty le ta'n thUdng cd the tU 31% d& 60%" thi:
- Khoan 1 Dieu 279 (Toi cUdng biic lao dpng) Bp luat Hinh sii nam 2015 (sila dd'i, bo sung nam 2017) quy dinh: "1. Ngudi nao diing vii liic, de dpa diing vii luc hoac thii doan khac ep budc nguoi khac phai lao dpng thupc mdt trong cac trudng hop sau day, thi bi phat tiln tU 50.000.000 dong den 200,000.000 d6ng, phat cai tao khong giam giiS den 03 nam hoac phat tu tU 06 thang den 03 nam: (a) Da bi xii phat vi pham hanh chinh ve hanh vi nay hoac da bi kit an vl tdi nay, chua dUdc xda an tich ma cdn vi pham;
(b) Gay thUdng tich hoac gay td'n hai cho sUc khde ciia 01 ngudi ma ty 1§ ton thUOng cd the tu 31% din 60%",
- Khoan 2 Diiu 134 {Toi co'y gay thUdng tich) B6 luat Hinh sii nam 2015 (siia doi, bo sung nam 2017) lai quy dinh: "Pham toi thupc mpt trong cac trudng hdp sau day, thi bi phat tu tii 02 nam den 06 nam: (a) Gay thudng tich hoac gay td'n hai cho sUc khoe cua ngudi khac ma ty le td'n thudng cd the tii 31% den 60%",
Nhu phan tich d tren, hau qua ciia hanh vi diing vii lUc da lam td'n hai den sdc khoe ciia mpt ca nhan va mUc dp nguy hiim ciia hanh
Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t I
%dg dung phdp bidt
o o H \0<»i j -vi de xac dinh trach nhiem hinh sU ciing phu thugc vao ty le td'n thUdng cua cd the. Tuy nhien, so sanh quy dinh cua hai dieu luat tren chiing to sU khdng cdng bdng doi vdi hai tdi danh khi cung hau qua nhU nhau nhUng trach nhiem xvf ly lai khac nhau kha nhieu.
Tdi cUdng biic lao dgng hinh phat tu tdi da la 03 nam, trong khi tgi co' y gay thUdng tich hinh phat tu td'i da la 06 nam. Tac gia cho rdng, quy dinh sU khac bidt tren da lam giam tinh ran de cho ngUdi sil dung lao ddng va se la ba't ldi hdn cho ngUdi lao dgng khi khoan 1 Dieu 279 Bd luat Hinh sU nam 2015 (siia dd'i, bo sung nam 2017) dUdc ap dung.
Bon la, xac dinh chu thi thifc hien hanh vi cUdng bUc lao dgng theo quy dinh phap luit
Trong quan hd lao dpng, ngUdi lao ddng thudng la ngUdi yd'u the va cd the la doi tUdng cua cUdng biic lao dpng; do dd, khi nghidn ciiu va xay diing cac quy dinh ve cUdng biic lao dpng, Bg ludt Lao dgng nam 2019 xac dinh day la hanh vi nghiem cd'm dd'i vdi ngUdi srt dung lao ddng, tiic la nhiing doanh nghiep, cd quan, to chiic, hdp tac xa, hp gia dinh, ca nhan cd thue mUdn, s\i dung ngUdi lao ddng lam viec cho minh theo thoa thuan; trUdng hdp ngUdi s\i dung lao dpng la ca nhan thi phai cd nang lUc hanh vi dan sU d^y du.
Tuy nhien, tac gia cho rdng, quy dinh tren vdn chUa d^y du, nhat la trong vd'n di xac dinh chu the thiic hien hanh vi cUdng biic lao ddng. Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep ldn, viec ky
kd't hdp d6ng lam viec giiia chu doanh nghiep vdi ngUdi lao ddng cd the dUdc thUc hien b5i cac ddn vi chuy§n mdn dai didn cho doanh nghidp dd. Vi du: Phdng nhan sii cua Cdng ty A tuyen dung ba B lam cdng nhan va giao nhiem vu cho dng C la nhdm truSng nhdm cdng nhan se quan ly vide thiic hien hdp dong cua ba B. Trong qua trinh lam viec, dng C c6 • hdnh vi de dga dung vii luc vdi ba B, budc bd phai lam viec lien tue khi ba khdng dong y (Cdng ty A hoan toan khdng bid't v§" sii viec nay). Trong tinh hud'ng tren, dng C cd dUdc xac dinh la ngUdi s\i dung lao dgng hay khdng? Ong C dang cd hanh vi cUdng bite lao ddng hay khdng va ba B cd quy^n ddn phUdng cha'm diit hdp dong theo diem c khoan 2 Dieu 35 Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2019 hay khdng?
3. Kien nghi
Tii phdn tich nhiing ba't cap da neu S tren, tac gia cho rdng, phap ludt lao dgng Vi^t Nam can tiep tue dUdc hodn thien de tUdng thich vdi phap luat qud'c te ve lao ddng trong cac cdng Udc ma Viet Nam da ky ket va tham gia.
ThiJi nhat, cin cd sif thay dd'i cho pha hop quy dinh ciia Cdng lidc so 29
Bp ludt Lao ddng nam 2019 chi mdi ghi nhdn "cUdng biic lao dong la vide dung vii liic, de dpa diing vii lUc hoac cac thu doan khac de dp budc ngUdi lao dpng phai lam viec trai y mud'n cua hg" (khoan 9 Dieu 3), vi the, vo hinh chung each xac dinh lai chii yeu dUa vdo yd'u to' "vii lUc" hoac "de dpa diing vii lUc"
I Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t
(^Ag dung phdp. luM S6 4 (337) - 2020
gid'ng nhu vd'n di bao lUc ndi lam vide ma chua cd sU nhdn dien nhiing hanh vi vi pham khac. Vi vay, phap ludt lao dgng c^n quy dinh rd rang ve va'n dd" nay va nha lam luat nen luat hda thuat ngii chung la "lao ddng cU6ng biic", bSi vi hudng din cua Cong Udc so' 29 se mang tinh toan didn, bao dam dUdc quyen vd ldi ich cua ngudi lao dpng hdn. Do dd, khoan 7 Dieu 3 Bg luat Lao dgng nam 2019 cd the quy dinh theo hUdng xac dinh lao ddng cUdng biic la tat ca cac cdng viec hoac dich vu ma mpt ngUdi bi ep bupc phai lam dudi sU de dpa bang bat ky hinh phat nao va la cac cdng viec va dich vu ma ngUdi do khdng tu nguyen lam.
Thi^hai, cu the hda each nhan dien hanh vi diidc coi la lao dgng ciidng bUc theo khuyen nghi cua To chiic Lao ddng qud'c te
Viec cu the hda mdt so hanh vi dUdc coi la
"lao dgng cUSng bUc" trong Bg ludt Lao ddng hoac van ban hudng ddn thi hanh nhdm tao cd sb phap ly cho ddi ngu can bg, cdng chiic tai cac cd quan thUc thi phap luat thanh tra lao dpng, hinh sU hoac nhQng ngudi thiic thi cdng vu khac cd lien quan de dang hdn trong viec xac dinh dd'i tUdng cd the bi rdi vao tinh trang lao dgng cUSng biic va nhiing ai cd the can sU hd trd khan ca'p. TrUdc mdt, cd quan nha nudc cd tham quyen can cd hUdng dan cu the het ke nhiing "bdng chiing" pho bie'n nhd't ve mgt vu viec xac dinh la lao ddng cUdng bite tren thUc te. Qua thUc tiin, tac gia cho rdng, c^n ghi nhdn mdt sd' yiu to' "thu doan khac" nhU la da'u hieu lao dgng cUdng
bUc nhu sau:
Liia gat: La tinh trang khdng thUc hien nhiing gi da hiia, bang ldi ndi hoac tr&n gid'y td, vdi ngudi lao ddngS. Vi du nhU, nan nhdn ciia tinh trang nay la ngUdi lao ddng thUdng dUdc nhan nhiing ldi hiia ve viec lam cd thu nhdp td't; song, thUc tehg lai khdng cd nhUng dieu kien lam viec nhu da hiia ma ngUdi lao dgng bi rdi vao tinh trang vdi cac dieu kien sd'ng va Iam viec bi lam dung ma khdng cd kha nang thoat khdi.
Han che di lai hay bi cd lap: Ban than ngUdi lao dpng bi cUdng biic lao dpng cd thi bi giam sat hoac bi nhd't de phdng tranh sU bd trdn ciia hp. Nhfing nan nhan cua lao dgng cUdng biic thUdng bi cd lap ci nhiing ndi xa xdi, heo lanh, khdng dUdc tid'p xiic vdi the' gidi ben ngoai. NgUdi lao dpng cd the khdng bid't hp dang d ddu, ndi lam viec cd the each ra't xa khu ddn cU va cd the khdng san cd ba't ky phUdng tien giao thdng nao^.
GiiS giay td tiiy thin: Viec ngUdi sii dung lao dgng giii gid'y td tiiy than hoac cac tai san ca nhan cd gia tri ciing la mdt dd'u hieu cua lao dgng cUdng bUc ne'u ngUdi lao ddng khdng the tiep can dUdc nhUng tai san nay khi cd yeu clu; dong thdi, ngUdi lao ddng nhan tha'y hg khdng the rdi khoi ndi lam viec vi tai san dd CO the bi ma't mat. Viec khdng cd giay td tuy than se can trd ngUdi lao dgng trong viec tim kiem dUdc mgt viec lam khdc hoac tie'p cdn nhiing dich vu cin thiet va ho ciing khdng thi (hoac khdng dam) nhd sU can thiep ciia cd quan nha nUdc.
Ddn chii & Phdp lu^t E l
Ofjag dgng phdp, ludi
• " • ' -^ \ - - •
Giu tien luang: La hanh vi ma ngUdi s^
dung lao ddng giQ tien lUdng ciaa ngUdi lao dgng mpt each cd chu y nhif la mgt bidn phap nhlm bupc ngUdi lao dpng phai tie'p tue lam viec va tii choi ngudi lao dgng cd cd hpi chuyin sang Iam cho mot ngUdi sii dung lao dgng khac, dieu ndy ddn den lao ddng cUdng biic.
T/nj* ba, svta ddi, bd sung che tai ddi v6i hanh vi citdng biic lao ddng de tang tinh ran de
De tang cUdng tinh ran de ngUdi sii dung lao dgng, ciing nhu cd che tdi cin thid't va du manh de xii 1;^ nhQng hdnh vi s\i dung vu liic gay anh hudng den siic khde cua ngUdi khac nhdm muc dich ep bupc ngUdi do lao dpng trai vdi y mud'n cua hg, tac gia cho rang can phai siia doi khoan 1 Did'u 279 Bd luat Hinh sU nam 2015 (sL(a ddi, bd' sung nam 2017).
Theo do, can nang mUc hinh phat dd'i vdi hanh vi cUdng bUc lao ddng dan den gay thUdng tich hoac gay td'n hai cho siic khde ciia ngUdi khac ma ty le tdn thUdng cd the tQ 31% dgn 60% len mQc phat den 06 nam hoac chuyen qua khung hinh phat tQ 02 de'n 07
nam tai khoan 2 Dieu 279 Bd ludt Hinh sU nam 2015 (sita ddi, bd sung nam 2017).
Tha tiX, xac dinh chu the thifc hi$n hanh vi ciidng bdc lao dgng
Cin cd cac van ban hudng ddn ve cUdng bQc lao ddng, trong dd xac dinh chii the thUc hidn hanh vi cUdng bQc lao ddng de lam can cii, cd sd cho viec danh gid vd xem xdt. Theo tdc gia, nen xac dinh hdnh vi cUdng bQc lao ddng cd thi la bd't ky ai trong qua trinh thiic hien quan he lao ddng, cd the trQc tie'p Id ngQdi sQ dung lao dpng, nhUng cung cd the la ngQdi lao dpng khac cd lien quan. Bdi le, Diiu 279 Bp ludt Hinh sQ nam 2015 (svta dd'i, bd sung ndm 2017) cung quy dinh "ngUdi nao c6 hanh vi..." chQ khdng quy dinh rd Id "ngUdi sii dung lao ddng cd hanh vi...".
Mat khac, trUdng hdp ngUdi lao dgng bi mdt ngudi lao ddng khac cudng bQc lao dgng thi hg cung van co quyin yeu clu ddn phUdng chd'm dQt hdp ddng lao dgng vdi ngUdi sQ dung lao ddng; b6i le liic nay viec giai quyet thudc quyin quye't dinh ciia ngQdi lao dgng khi ma mdi trudng lam viec cua hp da bi xam phamQ
1. Nguyin Thanh Huyen, (2018), "Phap luat vitieu chuan lao dgng doi vdi lao dgng nd - Nhiing van dicin hoan thien", Tap chi Lao dgng va xa hdi, (Sd'570), tr.6.
2. To chdc Lao ddng qudc te, Cac d^u hieu nhan biet lao dpng cudng bdc cua td chdc lao dpng quoc te, Chiicfng trinh hanh dpng dac hiet phong, chong lao dpng ciidng bdc, nguon
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/...asia/..,ro-bangkok/documents/pubUcation/wcins_414359.
pdf, truy cap ngay 11/11/2019.
3. To chdc Lao dpng qud'c te, Cac dau hieu nhan biet lao dpng ciXdng bUc cua tdchvtc lao dpng qud'c te, ChWng trinh hanh dpng dac biet phdng, chdng lao dpng cUdng bdc, nguSn
h ttps://www. i 1 0 . o r g / w c m sp5/groups/p u b 1 i c /. . . a s i a /. . . - ro - bangkoli/documents/publication/wcins_414359.pdf, truy cap ngay 11/11/2019.
