KHOA HQC C d N G N G H £
DAIXIH GIA HIEU QUA S U DIJ[\IG OAT TROIVG CA PHE TAI HUYEIXl CU M'GAR, TilXIH D A K L A K
Hoing Tlii Thii H6aS Lim Vin Manh^ DO Dinh Tliuc^
T6MTAT
Nghien cuu duoc thuc hien trong nam 2019 voi muc dich danh gia hi$u qua sir dung dat trong ca ph& v^
khia canh kinh t^, xa hoi va moi truong, tir do de xuat giai phap sii dung dat trong ca phe hi?p ly tai huyen Cu M'gar, dnh Dak Ilk. Voi phuang phap dieu tra, thu thap thong tin, sd lieu thii cap va so cap bang phuong phap phong van nong ho; tien hanh danh gia hieu qua kinh te, xa hpi va moi truong tren mot so loai hinh su dung dat trong ca phe chinh tren 3 diem nghien cmi dai dien cho huyen Cir M'gar. tinh Bak Llk.
Ket qua nghidn cmi cho thay co 4 loai hinh sii dung dM trdng ca phe chinh tai huyen Cu M'gar bao g6m ca phe frong thuan, ca phe xen tieu, ca phe xen bo, ca phe xen sau rieng. Hieu qua su dung dat cao nhat thu duoc 6 loai hinh sii dung dat ca phe xen bo va ca phe xen sdu rieng. Gia tri gia tang dat cao nhat la 331.181 nghin dong/ha (ca phe xen sau rieng) va 168.033 nghin dong/ha (ca phe xen bo), hai loai hinh sii dung dat nay cQng co hieu qua cao v^ mat xa hpi va mdi tnrdng. Mot so giai phap ve vdn, chinh sach v^ ky thuat da diroc d^ xuat cho sir dung dat frdng ca phe hop ly tai huyen Cu M'gar, tinh Dak Lak.
Tii khda: Bsft nong nghiep, ca phe, hiiu qua SIT dung dat, loai hinh sir dung dai 1 . BAT VAN BE
Dak Lik la linh nam o cao nguyen phia Tay mi^n Trung, noi tieng voi dai dat do bazan man mo, thich hop voi nhi^u loai cay trong cho hieu qua kinh te cao nhu ca ph6, ho ti6u, cao su, dac biet cay ca phe da fro t h ^ h thuong hieu ciia tinh. Di6n tich trong ca phe cua Dik l i k tang len hang nam, dira tong dien tich frong ca phfe hien nay len 203.063 ha va san lirong binh quin toin tinh dat 478.083 tan va chiem 29,50%
dien tich c i phe ciia ca nuoc (Cue Thong ke tinh Dik Lik, 2018).
Huyen Cu M'gar nSm each trung tim thanh pho Budn Ma Thu6t 18 km v^ phia Bic, co tong dien tich tu nhien la 82.450,14 ha (Phong Tai nguyen va Moi tiirong huyen Cu M'gar, 2018), chiem 6,28% di^n tich dat tiJ nhien tinh Dik l i k . La huyen c6 dien tich dat frdng ci phe Ion nhat so voi cac dia phirong khac frong tinh, voi dien tich hifin co la 37.726 ha va duoc phan bo a tat ca cac xa. Ca ph6 da co nhung dong gop nhat dinh frong CO cau ndn ndng nghifip ciia huyen, tao cho su phat tii^n vupt bac v^ gia fri san xuat va gia tii gia tang lien tuc frong thdi gian dii, san lugng hang hoa xuat khau ting huong voi tdc dp cao thu nhap va ddi sdng ciia dan cu nong thdn ngay cang dupc cai thien.
Tuy nhien, viec gia tang dien tich frong nhung nam qua da giy ip Iuc frong viec quan ly su dung dit
Trudng Dai hgc Ndng Lam, Dai hgc Hue Email; [email protected]
' Chi nhanh Van phong dang ky dat dai huyen Cir M'gar.
tinh Dak Lak
va quy hoach ciing nhu dim bio phit frien ben vung ciy c i phe. Viec gia ting dien tich da lim cho ngudn cung ldn hon ciu, nen gay mat on dinh thi tnrdng va lim rdt gia ca phe, do do nhieu hd dan phai phi c i phe de frong tieu va cac loai cay frdng khac. Bi duy tri phat tri^n cay ca phe ben virng ddng thdi gnip ngudi dan lua chon dugc loai hinh sir dung dat frong ca phe phii hpp, ning cao hieu qua sii dung dat frdng ci phe, dap ung yeu can phit frien nen ndng nghifip on dinh la viec h^t sue quan frong va can thiet Do do, nghifin cuu duoc thuc hien nhim danh gia duoc hieu qua su dung dat frdng ca phe va de xuat duoc giai phap sii dung dat trdng ci phe hop ly tai huyen Cu M'gar, tinh Dak Lik.
2. W UEU VA PHUUNB PHAP NGHIBU CUU 2.1. D6i tirong nghifin ciiu
- Dat frdng ca phe tai huyen Cu M'gar, tinh Dik Lik.
- Cac hp gia dinh frdng ca phe tai huyen Cu M'gar, tinh Dik Lik.
" Cac chinh sach va van ban phap ly lien quan den sit dung dat va phat trien cay ci phe tai Viet Nam.
2.2. Pham vi nghifin cuu
- Thai gian: Sd Ueu dupc thu thap, tdng hgp danh gia hi nam 2016-2019.
- Khdng gian: De tii dugc tien hanh nghien cihi tai 3 xa: Cu Dile M'ndng, Ea Mnang vi Ea Kufih, huyen Cu M'gar, tinh Dik Lik.
2.3. Phuong phip nghifin cuu
2.3.1. Phuong phap dieu tra thu tiiap so lieu
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGH|
- So lieu thli cap: Thu thap so Ueu thii cap tir cac nien giim thong ke cap huyen, cic bao cao ve tinh hmh kmh te xa hgi v i cic bao cio Uen quan khic tai cac CO quan nhin Phdng Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, Phdng Ndng nghifip va Phat trien ndng thdn, Phong Lao dgng, Thuong bmh xa hgi huyen, UBND huyfin Cu M'gar, tinh Dik Lik, Chi cue Thdng ke huyen Cu M'gar, tinh D i k l i k , UBND cac xa, thi fran nim fren dia ban nghien cuu.
- Sd Ueu so cap: Ti^n h i n h khao sat thuc dja, dieu fra cd su tham gia cua nguoi dan theo cau hoi chuan bi sin, td chuc thao luan nhdm. De tii chgn hd dieu fra dugc tien hanh bang each phdi hgp vdi cin bp phu trach ndng nghifip cua 3 x i Cu Dde Mndng, Ea Mnang va Ea Kufih de chgn ngiu nhifin 30 hd d mdi xa, frong do cac hd dugc chgn dieu fra phai cd dien tich dat frong c i phd tir 2 ha trd len va c i phe dang cho tiiu hoach. Tdng sd hd dieu fra phuc vu nghien cuu cua de tii l i 90 hd (3 xa), cac thdng tin dieu fra dugc the hien frong phieu dieu fra ndng hd.
2.3.2. Phuong phap phan ti'ch hieu qua su dung dat
*Hleu qua kinh te:
- Gia tri san xuat (GTSX): La gia fri toin bp sin pham san xuat ra frong ky su dung dat. Trong nghien cuu niy, gia tri san xuat dugc tinh tir sd Ueu tnmg binh cho chu ky kinh doanh cua cay ca phe frong thdi gian 15 nam.
- Chl phi trung gian (CPTG): La toan bd chi phi vit chat quy ra tien str dung true tiep cho qua trinh sir dung dat (gidng, phan bdn, thudc bao ve thuc vat, dung cu, nhien Ueu, nguyfin heu,...). Tinh tdng chi phi 3 nim kien thiet co ban va chi phi cua thdi ky kmh doanh la 15 nim, sau do tinh muc chi trung bmh cho timg nam.
- Gia tri gia tang (GTGT): Li hifiu sd giUa gia tri san xuat va chi phi trung gian, la gia tri san pham x i hdi dugc tao ra them frong thdi ky san xuit dd.
- Hieu qua kinh te tinh fren ngay cdng lao ddng thuc chat la danh gia ket qua lao ddng sdng cho tijmg loai hinh su dung dat va timg loai cay frdng, gia tri ngay cdng (GTNC) = GTGT/LD Gao ddng).
- Hieu qua kinh tfi tinh tren 1 ddng chi phi trung gian (GTSX/CFTG (Chi phi tiimg gian), G T G T / C F T G ; : Diy li chi tieu hrong ddi cua hifiu qua, nd chi ra hieu qua su dung cac chi phi bien ddi va thu dich vu.
Cac chi tieu phan tich dugc danh gia dmh lugng bing tifin theo thdi gian, gia hien hanh nam 2019.
* Hi$u qua xa hoi: frong phgm vi nghien cuu da de cap den mgt sd chi tieu sau:
- Miic do chap nhin ciia ndng ho dua frfin dien tich ma ndng hg mong mudn tang Ifin, dn dinh hoic giam xudng ddi vdi mdi loai su dung dit frdng c i phe khi dieu tra.
- Kha ning thu hut lao ddng giai quyfit vific lam, gia tri ngay cdng lao ddng cua mdi loai hinh su dung dat frdng ca phfi.
*Hieu qua moi truong:
Dinh gii hifiu qua mdi trudng dua frfin cac tieu chi nhu lugng thudc bao ve thuc vat su dung cho cay frong, muc do da dang hda ciy frdng frfin ciuig mgt don VI dien tich dat, k h i nang thich ung voi nhung thay doi ciia thdi tiet, khi hiu cua mdi loai su dung dat frdng ca phfi, kha nang che phu daL
- Dinh gii lugng thudc bao ve thuc vat ciia timg loai su dung dat c i phfi so vdi dinh muc quy dinh frong Quy^t dinh sd 38/2013/QD-UBND ngiy 17 thing 12 nam 2013 cua UBND tinh Dik Lik.
- Muc do da dang hda cay frdng the hien sd loai cay frong frfin cimg mgt don vi dien tich daL Chi tifiu niy cd y nghia ddi vdi viec giam thieu xdi mon va bao ve ngudn nude (dac biet la nhung khu vuc dat ddc).
- Kha nang thich ung vdi nhimg thay doi cua thoi tiet, khi hau cua mdi loai su dung dat c i phfi the hi6n d kha nang che bong, chin gid, di^u hda nhifit dp va do am ctia cay frdng xen cho cay c i phfi. Chi tieu nay cd y nghia ddi vdi viec lua chgn loai su dung 6.ii frong dieu kien yeu td mdi trudng khi hau bi bien doi.
- Kha nang che phu dat cua radi loai hinh su dung dat ca phe.
2.3.3. Phuong phap xu ly so Ueu
Cac sd Ueu dugc thdng kfi, xu ly bing phan mem Excel. Ket qui dugc trinh bay bing cic bang bilu sd Ueu, ban dd va bi^u do.
3. KET QUA NGHBU CUU VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Khii quit v^ di^m nghifin cmi
Cu M'gar l i mdt frong nhung huyfin nim cr trung tim cua tinh Dik Lik, cich thinh phd Budn Ma tiiudt 18 km ve phia Bic. Huyen cd 17 don vi hanh chinh cap xa, bao gom 15 xa va 2 thi fran. Vi tri dia ly ciia huyen cd lgi the' vfi nhieu mat de md rdng giao luu van hda, quan hfi phit tnen kinh tfi - xa hpi ddi vdi thanh phd Budn Ma Thudl. cic huyen frong tinh Dik Lik va cic tinh frong vung Tay Nguyen, duyfin hai mi^n Trung.
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHi
Huyfin Cu M'gar nim frfin cao nguyen Budn Ma ThuOt, nfin nhm chung dia hinh tuong ddi bing phing, cd xu hudng thap dan tir Ddng sang Tay.
Nhilu noi mang ludi song, sudi chia cit b^ mat thanh nhilu ddi ddc tiioai, miic dd chia c i t binh quan khoang 7,5 k m / k m l Dd cao trung bmh cua huyfin tir 300 m d^n 800 m so vdi muc nude bien v i cd 5 cap do ddc (Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Ndng nghiep, 1995). Mac dii la huyen mien nui, nhung dien tich dat cd do ddc tii 3" den 15" chiem dien tich k h i ldn, be mat thoing, it hi chia cit, do dd k h i thuin lgi cho phat trifo san xuat ca phfi.
Kit qua dieu fra xay dung ban do dat cua Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Ndng nghifip (1995) ket hgp vdi k i t qua dilu fra lay miu dat phan tich bd sung cho thay fren dia ban huyfin Cu M'gar co 4 nhdm dat bao gdm dat dd vang, dat den, dat xam va dat thung lung do sin pham ddc tu.
Tdng dien tich dat hi nhien ciia huyen nam 2019 li 82.450,14 ha frong dd dat ndng nghidp cd 74.656,37 ha, chiem 90,55% difin tich tii nhien; dat phi ndng nghidp li 7.751,57 ha, chiem 9,40% dien tich tu nhifin; dat chua su dung cd 42,20 ha, chilm 0,05%
dien tich tu nhifin. Trong nhdm dat ndng nghiep cua
huyen Cu M'gar gdm cd dat san xuat ndng nghifip chiem difin tich nhieu nhat vdi 66.345,22 ha (88,86%), dat lam nghiep cd 7.979,18 ha (10,69%) va dat nudi frdng thuy s i n cd 229,51 ha (0,31%) frong dien tich nhdm dat ndng nghifip.
Dat san xuat ndng nghiep ciia huyfin Cu M'gar gdm cd dat frdng cay h i n g nim cd difin tich 7.676,98 ha, chiem 10,28% dien tich nhdm dat ndng nghifip.
Dat frdng cay hing nam frfin dia ban huyfin gdm nhirng ciy frdng chinh nhu liia, ngd, khoai lang, sin, mia, bdng vai, rau, dau. Dat frdng cay liu nam cd 58.668,25 ha, chiem 78,58% tdng dien tich nhdm dat ndng nghiep. Mdt sd ciy lau nam cd difin tich Idn frfin dia b i n huyen Cu M'gar li ca phe, cao su, tieu, bo, sau rieng. Ngoai ra cdn cd mdt sd cay liu n i m khac nhu che, mit, vai, chdm chdm, cam, quyt, budi, thanh long, dua, xoai, tuy nhifin dien tich frdng khdng nhilu. Trong dd c i phe la ciy frdng cd dien tich Idn nhat vdi 35.457,00 ha, chiem 47,49% dien tich nhdm dat ndng nghifip va duoc phan bd d tat ca cic xa tren dia ban huyen.
3.2. Hifin fr-^uig sii dung dat frdng c i phfi huy^n Cu M'gar n i m 2019
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Bang 1. HlSn tr»ng c i c LUT ca phe huyta Cu M'gar nam 2019 Donvi
hanh chinh Xa Cu Dh6 M'nong Xa Cu M'gar Xa Cuor Dang Xa Cu Sue Xa Ea D'rong Xa Ea H'ding Xa Ea Kiet Xa Ea Kpam Xa Ea Kueh Xa Ea M'Droh Xa Ea M'nang Thi tran Ea Pok XaEaTar XaEaTul Xa Quang Hi6p Thi tran Quang Phii Xa Quang Tien Toan huyen Tyte(%)
Di6n tich Oia) 4.294 1.219 2.174 2.152 2.573 2.035 4.182 1.280 1.515 2.068 655 2.334 2.932 4.259 1.994 445 1.615 37.726 100,00
Trong do (ha) Ca
phe trong thuan 214,59 118,66 94,74 45,57 96,62 150,52 592,30 98,42 229,18 328,04 13,17 56,42 545.39 569,53 88,77 11,47 305,63 3.559,02
9,43
Caphe xen tieu 2.758,65 900,47 1.268,09 1.935,81 1.823,21 1.471,40 2.440,09 886,02 964,83 1.450,64
556,59 1.758,30 1.908,66 3.174,44 1.628,35 345,53 1.100,44 26.371,52 69,90
Caphe xen sau rifeng
347,98 59,28 411,25 60,27 224,79 134,63 571,94 90,05 104,51 87,19 8,57 84,83 171,28 238,21 97,11 37,15 88,70 2.817.74
Caphe xen ba 940,52 80,69 338,49 104,42 384,89 259,34 521,23 152,13 157,32 107.41 59,72 387,08 238,62 236,74 121,55 30.80 102,75 4.223.70 7.47 1 11,20
Ca phe xen cac cay khac
32,26 59,90 61,43 5,93 43,49 19,12 56,43 53,37 59,16 97,71 16,95 47,37 68,05 40,08 58.21 20,05 17,50 754,02 2,00 (Nguon: Phong Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong Uion huydn CuM'gar2019).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC C6NG N G H £ Tren dm bin huyen Cu M'gar cd nhieu loai hinh
sir dung dat (LUT) ci phfi, bao gdm ca phfi frdng thuan vi ci phfi frdng xen. Theo thdng ke cua Phdng Ndng nghifip vi Phit trien ndng thdn huyen Cu M'gar (2019), difin tich ca phfi frdng thuan chi^m 9,43% tong difin tich dat frong ci phe vi dang cd xu hudng ngiy cing giim difin tich. Vi nhirng nim gan diy do anh hudng cua bien doi khi hau, ci phfi gii cdi, ning suat ci phfi bi giam siit, mit khic do anh huxmg ciia thi trudng, gia ci phfi giam Ufin tuc frong nhieu nam, din den thu nhip thap nfin viec frdng thuan khdng dam bao dugc cudc sdng cho ngudi din
(difin tich niy chii ylu ciia cic cdng ty, nong, lam tnrong). Cdn LUT ci phfi frdng xen cho hifiu qua kinh tl cao hon nhilu do cd su hd frg qua lai giua cac loai ciy vdi nhau, nlu mit mua ca phe cdn cd cay frdng xen bii vio, mat khic cdn ning cao dugc he sd su dung dit, ting thu nhip frfin don vi difin tich.
Huyfin Cu M'gar cd difin tich ca phfi frdng xen chiem den 88,57%, frong dd dien tich ci phfi xen tieu chilm den 69,90%, ca phfi xen bo chiem 11,20% vi ca phfi xen siu rieng chilm 7,47%, cdn lai li ca phfi frdng xen mOt sd ciy khac nhu mit, cam, na, oi,... vdi di$n tich rat nhd chilm 2,00% vi frong phan tan.
Hien nay dien tich ca phe tii 20 nim tudi frd Ifin cd den 7.840,60 ha, chiem 20,78% tdng dien tich ci phe ciia huy^n (Phdng Ndng nghiep va Phit triln ndng thdn huyfin Cu M'gar, 2019). Diy li di|n tich ci phfi di budc vao giai doan gia cdi, nang suit kem do hit chu k^ kinh doanh. Qua day cho thay viec tai canh ca phe fren dia ban huyfin frong thdi gian toi la rit cin thilt.
3.3. Dinh gii hi^u qui sii di^ng d^ frdng ci phfi t^ huy^n Cu M'gar, tinh Dik l i k
3.3.1. Hi6u qui kmh tS
B ^ 2. Hi^u qua kinh t^ trgn I h a c&a c^y c^ ph6 t9i c&c xa nKhi€
Cac LUT theo xa nghien cuu
Tinh tren 1 ha GTSX
(1000 d)
CPTG (1000 d)
GTGT (1000 i)
ncthi
Tinh trfin 1 cong lao dong LD
(cong) GTSX (1000 d)
GTNC (1000 d) Xa Cu Dli6 M'ndng
Ca phe ti-ong thuan Ca phe xen tieu Ca phe xen bo Ca phe xen sau ri^ng Trung binh
131.693,33 173.360,00 308.733,33 497.273,33 277.765,00
97.456,00 130.161,33 136.105,33 156.815,67 130.134,58
34.237,33 43.198,67 172.628,00 340.457,67 147.630,42
200 253 323 400 294
658,91 685,04 955,83 1.243,39
944,89 171,30 170,70 534,45 851,29 502,20 Xa Ea Mnang
Ca phe ti-ong thuan Ca phfe xen tieu Ca phe xen bo Ca phe xen sau ri^ng Trung hmh
130.106,67 169.560,00 300.573,33 491.460,00 272.925,00
98.153,33 130.394,67 135.318,00 172.248,33 134.028,58
31.953,33 39.165,33 165.255,33 319.211,67 138.896,42
205 254 320 401 295
635,70 667,21 940,66 1.225,18
925,59 156,12 154,11 517,18 795,77 471,05 Xa Ea Kueh
Ca phe ti-ong t h u ^ Ca phe xen tieu Ca ph^ xen ba Ca ph6 xen sau rieng Trung binh
130.786,67 169.540,00 302.533,33 492.934,67 273.943,67
98.801,33 130.730,67 136.317,33 159.059,67 131.227,25
31.985,33 38.809,33 166.216,00 333.875,00 142.721,42
205 253 325 402 297
637,15 669,24 930,68 1.224,99
923,89 155,82 153,19 511,33 829,71 481,33 (Nguon: Tdng hpp tdsdh$u didu tia, nam 2019)
Kit qua a bang 2 cho thay;
Doi voi xa Cu Dlifi M'n6ng: Cac loai hinh sii dung dat h-6ng cay ca ph6 co gia tri san xuat binh quan chung tren 1 ha dat 277.765,00 nghin dSng, voi
muc chi phi tiimg gian binh quaji chung la 130.134,58 nghin d6ng, gia hi gia tang la 147.630,42 nghm dong.
Doi voi xa Ea Mnang: Cac loai h. n s:, , lung dat ca phe CO gii hi san xuit binh quan chung u^^ j ha NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H 6 N - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG N G H £
dat 272.925,00 nghin ddng, vdi miic chi phi frimg gian binh quan chung la 134.028,58 nghin ddng, g i i bl gia tang l i 138.896,42 nghin ddng.
Ddi vdi x i Ea Kufih: tai xa niy c i c loai hinh su dung dat c i phfi cd gii t n san xuat binh quan chung fren 1 ha dat 273.948,67 nghm ddng, vdi muc chi phi trung gian bmh quan chung Ii 131.227,25 nghin ddng, gia tri gia ting l i 142.721,72 nghin ddng.
Xet theo loai hinh su dung dat cho thay;
- LUT c i phe frdng thuan: Theo ket qua di^u fra thi LUT c i phfi frdng tiiuan cd hifiu q u i Idnh te thap tai ca 3 xa. Trong dd, tai xa Cu DUe M'ndng, g i i tri gia ting/ha cua ciy c i phfi cao nhat so vdi hai xa cdn lai do c i phe frdng frfin nhdm dat dd ving cd dieu kien nude tudi thuin lgi hon, nen ning suat ca phfi tuong ddi cao, hon niia do dieu kien thuan loi nen chi phi dau tu cho ca phe thap do viy hifiu q u i kinh t^
cua LUT ca phfi thuan tai xa nay dat cao nhat (Truong Hdng, 2017). Tai xa Ea Mnang, do chat lupng dat kem hon v i dieu kien nude tudi khd khan hon, nfin ning suat ca phe thap, mat khac do di6u kifin kem thuin lgi hon nfin chi phi diu tu cao din d^n hieu qui kmh t^ ciia LUT ca phfi thuan thap hon xa Cu Dhfi M'ndng (Ket qua dieu fra, 2019). Tuong tu nhu viy vdi xa Ea Kufih, do miic do dau tu vao cay c i phfi chua hgp ly, ciy c i phe cd ning suit thap, nfin hieu qui thu diroc thap hon tai hai xa fren.
- LUT ca phfi xen tifiu: Hieu qua kinh te cua c i phe frdng xen tifiu tai cac xa frfin dia ban huyfin Cu M'gar cd su khic nhau. Ca phfi frdng xen tifiu tai xa Cu Dlifi M'ndng cd hieu qua kmh te cao nhat, tiep den Ii x i Ea Mnang va xa Ea Kueh l i thap nhat. So vdi ca phe frdng thuan thi ca phfi xen tieu tai cac xa cd Igi nhuan cao hon. Nhu vay, cd the thay frdng ca phfi xen tieu lim tang hieu q u i kinh te frfin don vi difin tich dat, ting thu nhap cho ndng hd frdng ca phe d huyen Cu M'gar. Mat khac, ddi vdi nhimg ndng hd khd khin ve vdn cd the lay thu nhip cua ciy tifiu de dau tu cho ciy ca phfi v i ngugc lai nen se giam bdt khd khin ve vdn diu tu cho ndng hd.
• LUT ca phe xen bo: Hien nay b o li mdt loai ciy an q u i cd gii tri, frdng xen dugc vdi ciy c i phfi. Tuy nhifin difin tich ca phe frdng xen bo frfin dia bin huyen Cu M'gar cdn it, do diy la ciy frong k h i mdi ddi vdi nhieu ndng hd, hon nua khi frdng tiii 4 nam sau mm cho thu hoach, nfin ngudi din chua manh dan dau hJ. Nhung cac nam gan day do gii tifiu
xudng thap, viec dau tu vio cay tieu khdng cdn lgi nhuan cao, do dd nhi^u ndng hd chuyen co can cay frdng sang frdng ba. Hifiu qua kinh te ciia c i phe frdng xen bo tai cic tieu viing frfin dia ban huyfin Cu M'gar ciing khic nhau. Ca phfi frdng xen b o tai xa Cu Dhfi M'ndng ed hieu qua kinh te cao nhat, ti^p den l i xa Ea Kueh va xa Ea Mnang cd hifiu qua kmh te thap nhat.
• LUT c i phfi xen sau rifing: Hien nay dien tich c i phe frong xen s i u rifing frfin dia ban huyen Cu M'gar cung chua nhieu, do diy l i ciy frdng kha mdi doi vdi nhifiu hg ndng dan, hon nua khi frdng thi 4-5 nim sau mdi cho thu hoach, nfin ndng din chua manh dan dau tu. Ciy siu rieng la nhd, hoi thua d^
tao ra anh sang tan xa frong vudn c i phe. Theo Tniong Hdng (2017), phuang thiic frdng xen sau rifing frong vudn c i phfi voi vdi mat do hgp ly lam tang hifiu q u i kinh te tii 24% frd Ifin so vdi frong ca phfi thuan. Neu mat dd frdng xen sau rieng tir 70 - 90 ciy/vudn c i phfi vdi dugc xem l i mat do hgp ly d^
dam bao thu nhap tii hai loai cay frdng phdi hgp.
Hieu qua kinh te ciia c i phe frdng xen sau rieng tai cic xa frfin dia b i n huyfin Cu M'gar cd su khac nhau. Trong dd, c i phfi xen sau rifing tai x i Cu DUe M'ndng cd hieu qua kinh te cao nhat, h^p den l i x i Ea Kueh, thip nhat l i xa Ea Mnang. So vdi ca phe frdng thuan thi ca phe xen sau rieng tai xa Cu Dhfi M'ndng cd lai nhuan cao hon 306.220,33 nghin ddng/ha/nam, tai xa Ea Mnang cd Igi nhuan cao hon 287.258,33 nghin ddng/ha/nam, tai xa Ea Kueh cd lgi nhuan cao hon 301.889,67 nghin ddng/ha/nam.
Tdm lai, ket qua danh gii hieu qua kinh te tai bang 2 cho thay loai su dung dat c i phe frdng thuan cd hieu qua kinh te d muc thap nhat tai ca 3 xi; c i phe xen tifiu cung cd hieu qua kinh te d muc trung bmh; ca phe xen s i u rieng va ca phfi xen bo cd hifiu qua kinh te cao tai ca 3 xa. Nhu vay cic loai su dung dat ca phe trdng xen cd hieu qua kinh te cao hon so vdi ca phe frdng tiiuan. Theo Truang Hdng (2017), cic md hinh frdng xen tifiu, sau nfing la cac md hinh ndng lim ket hgp thudng gap d cac vimg frdng c i phe vdi vi cic loai ciy frdng xen nhu tieu, ba, sau rieng li cic loai ciy thich hgp vdi viing sinh thii c i phe frfin vimg dat dd bazan.
3.3.2. Hieu qua xa hoi
Qua ket qua bang 3 cho thay: Tai cac xa v i cac LUT khac nhau cd s6 ngay lao ddng khac nhau. LUT
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HQC C6Ne NGHt ca phe ti-ong thuin co hiftu qua tinmg binh a ca 3 xa,
LUT ca phe xen tiftu co hiiu qua tiling binh o cac xa Cu Dlie M'nong va xa Ea Mnang va co hiSu qua cao a xa Ea Kufeh; cac LUT ca phe xen sau rieng va xen bo CO hieu qua xa hoi cao tai ca 3 xa.
So ngay cong can cho LUT ca phe trong xen cao hon so vm LUT ca ph6 thuan. Miic do chap nhan cua nong h6 doi voi giai quyet lao dong va tang san pham cho xa hoi o miic tiling binh den cao.
Cac LUT theo xa nghien cuu
euqua^
Miic do chap nhan ciia nong
ho Dien
tich Mice phan cap
^ noi cac L U T c i Kha nang lao
dong (c6ng/ha/nam)
Lao dgng (cong)
Miic phan cap
m tai h\ l y t a C u ] Gia tang san
p h ^ cho xa h6i So loai san phim
Miic phan cap
Tong sd *
Danh gia chung
Xa Cu Dli6 M'nong Ca phe trong thuan Ca phe xen tieu Ca phe xen bo Ca phe xen sau rieng
Giam Giam Mo rong Mo rong
*
*** *
***
200 253 323 400
..
... ..
...
1 2 2 2
. . ^ ... ...
...
5*
6*
9*
9*
Trung binh Trung binh
Cao Cao Xa Ea Mnang
Ca phe trong thuan Ca phe xen tieu Ca phe xen ba Ca phe xen sau rieng
Giam On dinh Mo rong On dinh
•• * .». *.
205 254 320 401
.. ..
... ...
1 2 2 2
... *•
... ...
5*
7*
9*
8*
Trung binh Trung binh
Cao Cao Xa Ea Kueh
Ca phe trong thuan Ca phe xen tieu Ca phe xen bo Ca phe xen sdu rieng
Giam Mo rdng On dinh Ma rong
... * ..
...
205 253 325 402
.. ..
... ...
1 2 2 2
... •*
... ...
5*
8*
8*
9*
Trung binh Cao Cao Cao (Ngudn: Tong hop tir so lieu dieu tra, n^m 2019)
Ghi chu: TSng hop mirc danh gia (*) cua 3 chi tieu xac dinh hidu qui xa hoi cho mdi LUT gom: LUT dat hl0uquacao > 8*, LUT dat hieu qua tmng binh tu>5den < 8* va LUT dat hidu qui thap <5*.
3.3.3. Hieu quamoitrudng
Mdt loai hinh sir dung dat dugc goi la hieu qua v^ mat mdi tnrdng khi cic boat ddng frong loai hinh su dung dat dd khdng cd anh hudng xau den mdi trudng v i cd kha nang cai thien dat dai. Ket qua b bang 4 cho thay:
- Lugng thudc bao ve thuc vat: Day Ii chi tieu cd y nghia ddi vdi viec xem xet miic dd su dung thudc bao ve thuc vat cua cic LUT ca phfi, tii do lam ca sd cho viec lua chpn cic LUT ca phfi khi tai canh. Theo ket qua difiu fra, cac LUT ca phfi fren dia bin huyfin Cu M'gar deu sir dung thudc bao ve thuc vit cao ban dinh miic tii 1,5 den 8,5 Ian. Trong dd LUT ca phfi frdng thuan su dung thudc bao vfi thuc vit thap nhat vi chi cd mgt ddi tuong cay frdng Ii ciy c i phfi. Cdn cic LUT ca phfi frdng xen d4u cd lugng thudc bao ve
thirc vat cao hon LUT c i phfi frdng thuan, do phai su dung thudc de bao ve cho cay ca phe vi ciy frdng xen. Viec su dung thudc bao vfi thuc vat cua ndng hO chua diing each nhu su dung thudc bao vfi thirc vat theo dinh ky, su dung thudc qua lifiu luong.
- Sd I ^ tudi nude frong nam; Theo ket qua di^u fra, cac ndng hd da tudi nude cho cac LUT c i phfi cao han khuydn cio tir 1,4 den 2,6 lan. Trong dd LUT ci phfi frdng tiiuin cd sd Ian tudi nude thap nhat, vi chi can tudi nude cho cay c i phfi. Cdn cac LUT ca phe frdng xen deu cd sd lan tirdi nude cao hon LUT ci phfi frdng thuin, do can phai sii dung nude tudi cho ciy c i phe va ciy frong xen. Sd lan tudi nude ciia LUT c i phe xen tifiu la cao nhat, tiep den li LUT ci phfi xen sau rifing vi LUT ca phfi xen bo.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
Cac LUT theo xa nghien ciiu
Bang4. H l ^ q u i m 6 i Luong thuoc
BVTV So vai dinh miic Oan)
Miic phan cap
Solan tuoi nuoc So voi dinh miic Oin)
Miic phan cap
tru6ng cua c4c LUT trdng dly c4 pM Miic dp da
dang hoa cay trong
So loai cay
Miic phan cap
Kha nang thich ling vai thay doi thoi tiet, khi hau
Thich ling
Miic phan cap
Kha nang che phu dat
Tyle
(%)
Miic phan cap
Tong so *
Danh gia chung
Xa Cu Dli6 M'nong Ca ph6 tr6ng tiiuan Ca ph6 xen tieu Ca phe xen ba Ca phe xen sau rifing
1,5 4 2,5 8,5
...
.
"
.
1,4 2,5 1,8 1,8
...
. ..
*.
1 2 2 2
..
...
...
...
Trung binh Cao Cao Cao
..
...
...
...
75 70 85 85
„.„
..
...
...
12*
10*
14*
12*
Cao Trung
binh Cao Cao Xa Ea Mnang
Ca phfe trong thuan Ca phe xen tieu Ck phfi xen ba Ca phfi xen sau rifing
1,5 4 2,5 8,5
...
. ..
.
1,5 2,6 1.9 1,9
...
. ..
..
1 2 2 2
..
...
...
...
Trung binh
Cao Cao Cao
*.
...
...
...
75 70 85 85
..
..
...
...
12*
10*
13*
12*
Cao Trung
binh Cao Cao Xa Ea Kufih
Ca phfi trong thuan Ca phfi xen tifiu Ca phe xen ba Ca phfi xen sau nfing
1,5 4 2,5 8,5
...
. ..
.
1,5 2,6 1,9 1,9
...
. ..
..
1 2 2 2
..
...
...
...
Trung binh Cao Cao Cao
.»
...
...
...
75 70 85 85
..
..
...
...
12*
10*
13*
12*
Cao Trung
bmh Cao Cao
Ghichii: ***la cao; **la trungbinh va *la thap - Miic do da dang hda ciy frdng: the hien d sd loai ciy frdng fren ciing mdt don vi dien tich. Ket qua di^u fra cho thay LUT ea phfi frdng thuan cd miic do thap hon cic LUT ca phe frdng xen tai cac xa.
- Ve kha nang thich ung vdi su thay ddi cua thdi tiet, khi hiu; LUT ca phfi xen tieu, ea phe xen sau rifing vi ci phe xen bo cd kha nang thich ung cao han so vdi LUT ca phfi frdng thuan.
(Ngudn: Tdng hop tir sdheu dieu tia, nam 2019)
Qua bing 4 cho thay LUT ca phfi xen tifiu dat hieu qua mdi trudng trung binh tai 3 xa, cdn cac LUT ca phfi frdng thuan, ci phe xen siu rieng va ci phe xen bo dat hieu qua mdi trudng cao d ca 3 xa.
3.4. Dk xuat giai ph^ sii dung dit frdng ci phfi hgp ly t^ dia phuong
- Giai phip ve quan ly su dung dat frdng ci phfi:
Tang cudng cdng tic quan ly nha nude ve su dung NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020 17
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE dat trdng c i phfi fren dia ban huyen Cu M'gar. Quan
ly chat che viec phat frien cic LUT c i phfi dua frfin hifiu qua su dung dat dai. Khuyen khich phit tri^n cic LUT ca phe frdng xen tren nhiing don vi dat dd bazan. Van ddng nhin din chuyen ddi mdt sd dien tich c i phfi gii cdi, nang suat thap, difin tich hi siu benh hai ning cho ning suat thap, dugc frdng tai nhtrng dia ban khdng phii hgp sang cae ciy trdng khac ed hieu qua kinh t^ cao hon.
- Giai phip ve mdt sd chinh sich cd lifin quan den frdng ca phe: cd du vdn de cung ung cho cae doanh nghiep thu, mua c i phfi, tifiu, sau rieng va bo kip thdi ngay tir diu vu theo nhu can cua ngudi dan.
Ha lai suat cho vay phuc vu tii canh c i phfi. Cd chinh sich hd frg hgp ly ddi vdi cac thi trudng xuat khau mdi, ti^m nang.
- Giai phap ve ky thuit; T i p huan ip dung ky thuat quy frinh frdng mdi hoac tii canh c i phfi cho ndng hg tai cap xa mdi nam 1 Ian. Chgn mua cay gidng phii dim bao chat lugng nhu cay gidng tdt, sach bfinh, rd ngudn gdc. Ti^p tuc phd bien, chuyen giao cic ti^n bd khoa hgc ky thuit mdi d^n vdi ngudi din, frong dd lay cdng tic khuydn ndng, xiy dung cic md hinh trinh difin tii dd nhan ra difin rdng.
- Giii phip ve thi trudng: xay dung thuong hieu thdng qua cac boat ddng dao tao vfi dinh dang sin pham, each thue tao dung v i quing ba thuong hifiu.
Da dang hda thi trudng. Tang cudng quang ba thuong hieu ea phe, tieu va dae biet l i sau nfing, bo frong ca nude va frfin the gidi.
4 . KET LUAN VA BE NGHI 4.LK^tluan
Huyfin Cu M'gar cd tong dien tich tu nhifin l i 82.450,14 ha frong dd cd 37.726 ha c i phe, chiem 45,76% difin tich dat tu nhien eiia huyfin.
Tai huyen Cu M'gar hifin cd 4 LUT chinh dd l i ca phfi frdng thuan chiem 9,43%, ca phfi xen tifiu chie'm 69,90%, ca phfi xen sau rieng chiem 7,47% v i c i phe xen bo chie'm 11,20% dien tieh dat frdng ca phe.
Ket qua dieu fra cho thay hieu qua cac LUT c i phe xen sau rieng v i LUT ca phe xen bo cd hifiu qua cao, LUT c i phe frdng tiiuan va LUT ca phe xen tieu cd hieu qua tiling binh. Kfit qua dinh gia hi$u qua kinh te frong su dung dat frdng ca phe cho tiiay binh quin GTSX la 274.778 nghin ddng/ha vi GTSX/U)
931,46 nghin ddng. Sau chu ky kinh doanli 15 nim thi lgi nhuin binh quin chung 1 ha frong c i p h e / n i m tii 138.896,42 -147.630,42 nghin ddng.
Loai hinh su dung dit frdng c i phe cd y nghia rat ldn frong ddi sdng x i hdi v i mdi trudng eua ngirdi dan fren dia bin huyfin cu the nhu giiip giai quyet thfim viec lam cho ndng hd, die bifit li tan dung dugc lao dgng nhin rdi.
4.2. D^ nghi
De nang cao hifiu qua sir dung dat frdng c i phfi hgp ly fren dia bin huyen can thuc hifin ddng bg cac giai phap bao gdm ting cudng cdng tic quin ly nha nude ddi vdi dat frdng c i phfi, r i soat tdng hgp difin tich can tii canh; cd cic chinh sich tin dung phii hgp hd frg ngudi frdng c i phe, hd frg ddi vdi cic thi trudng xuat khau mdi, ti^m ning, phit tri^n thuong hifiu san pham mdi; tao dieu kien thuin lgi cho vific vay vdn frdng ca phfi; uu tifin vdn cho vific phit trien cdng trinh thuy loi ning cao ning Iuc tudi; tip h u ^ ky thuit v i hd frg chgn gidng ciy frdng ed chat lugng phuc vu tii canh c i phfi.
TAI LIHJ THAM KHAO
1. Cue Thdng kfi tinh Dik Lik, 2018. Nidn giam Thdng kd tinh Dik Lak. N h i xuat ban Thdng kfi, Dik Lik.
2. Truong Hdng, 2017. Sin xui't ciphe thich ting vdi bien ddi khi hiu & vung Tiy Nguyen. Ky y^u hgi thao ve Phit trien nganh hang ca phfi Viet Nam thich ung vdi bi^n ddi khi hau v i hdi nhap qudc t^, Budn Ma Thudt.
3. Phdng Tai nguyfin va Mdi trudng huy^n Cu M'gar, 2018. Thdng kd dat dai huyen Cu M'gar, tmb Dik Lik nam 2018
4. Phdng Ndng nghifip va Phit fnen ndng thdn huyfin Cu M'gar, 2019. Bio cio ket qui thuc hien tai canh cay ci phe huydn CuMgar nim 2019.
5. UBND tinh Dak Lik. 2013. Quydt dinh s6 38/2013/QD-UBND Dik Lik vS viec ban hinh dinh miic kinh teky thuit mgt so cay tidng vat nuoi chinh trong san xuat ndng nghidp tren dia ban tinh.
6. Vifin Quy hoach vi Thiet ke' ndng nghidp, 1995. Dinh gii hidn tiang dat Oieo quan diem sinh thii viphit tiien lau ben. NXB Ndng nghiep. Hi Ndi.
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
ASSESSMENT ON EFFICffiNCY OF COFFEE LAND USE AT CU M'GAR DISnaCT, DAK LAK PROVINCE
Hoang Tlii Thai Hoa, Lam Van Manh, Do Dinh Tlluc Summaiy
The study was carried out in 2019 with the purpose of evaluating the efflciency of using land for coffee culhvation in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects, thereby proposmg a reasonable soluUon for using coffee land in Cu M'gar district. Dak Lak province. With the method of surveying and collecting secondary and primary data and information by interviewing households; conducting assessment of economic, social and environmental efficiency on some main types of coffee land use in 3 research locaUons representing for Cu M'gar distnct. Dak Lik province. The research results show that there are four mam types of land use in coffee in Cu M'gar disUict, including pure coffee, intercropping coffee with pepper, avocado and durian. The highest economic efficiency of land use is obtained in the land use types of coffee intercropped with avocado and durian coffee. The highest gross margin is VND 331,181 thousand/ha (coffee intercropping with durian) and 168,033 thousand VND/ha (coffee intercropping with avocado), these two types of land use are also highly effective in society and environment. Several sotuUons on capital, policies and techniques have been proposed for the appropriate use of coffee land in Cu M'gar district. Dak Lak province.
Keywords; Agncultural land, coffee, land use efficiency, land use type.
NguM phan bi$n; TS. DS Trung Binh Ng4y n h ^ bai: 12/5/2020 Ngiy theng qua phan bi$n: 12/6/2020 Ngay duyet ding: 19/6/2020
NONG NGHllP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
