ifm H/itiH XGf HUNe HiiNSm mm ouA

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DiiN DAN TRAO DOI

ifm H/itiH XGf HUNe HiiNS m mm ouA;

VAUDleHOUAMfdBlfNDdNe

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rong nhflng nam vfla qua, Trung Qud'e da tiln hfinh nhieu boat ddng gfiy hfi'n vfi ngfiy cfing hung hang trdn Bien Ddng. Nguyen nhan dfin den sU thay dd'i trong cfich hfinh xfl eiia Trung Qud'c xufi't phat tfl: Tha nhdt, sU tu tin sau 3 thfip ky duy tri dupe mpt td'c dp phfit trien kinh td' eao vfi nfim 2010 dfi trd thfinh nen kinh te ldn thfl hai chi sau My;

tha hai la Trung Qud'c dfi ldi dung sU ye'u di cua My vfi sU do du cua Nhfit Ban de dat dUdc ldi thd' ehie'n lUdc d khu vUe mfi Trung Qud'e eoi minh cd "ldi ieh cd't loi"'".

Neu khdng phai vi Trung Qud'c mpt cfldng quoc kinh td' va quan sfl dang noi lfi mdt ben trong tranh ehfi'p, thi My ciing khdng quan tfim nhieu tdi tinh hinh Bien Ddng, bdi ban thfin cfic tranh ehfi'p chu quyln trdn Bien Ddng khdng co t i m quan trgng ldn nfio doi vdi My"^'. Song thdi gian qua, chinh cfich hfinh xfl hung hang eua Trung Quoc da tfic ddng dd'n nhilu khia cgnh ldi ieh cua My b Bien Ddng. Ve mat chii'n lade, vfi'n d l uy tfn, mflc dp tin cfiy eua nhiing cam kd't cua My ddi vdi dong minh va dli tac trong khu vUc'^' va ldi feh ve kinh te - thUdng mqi, My da cd nhflng

TH.S NGUYEN DANG LAN ANH Trung tdm Nghien cau Biin Bdng

ddng thai vfi tuyen bd' Ifip trUdng phan anh sU can thidp sfiu hdn vfio eae va'n d l lien quan de'n tranh ehfi'p d khu vUc nay.

Bfii vilt phfin tich tfic ddng ciia each hfinh xii vfi sU hung hang the hidn trong ede yeu sfich, tuyen bd', hfinh ddng tren thUc dia vfi vide hidn dai hoa hai quan/chid'n lupc chd'ng xfim nhap (anti-access) cua Trung Qudc ddi vdi ldi ich eiia My d Bien Ddng, xem xet he luy trong vide khid'n My

"trd lgi chau A", va tfii khang dinh cam k i t v l an ninh mdt each chu ddng hdn d khu vflc; tfl dd, lfim noi bfit len nhflng diem chinh trong sU dieu chinh chinh saeh cua My thdi gian qua.

1. Cae tuyen bd va hanh dong lien quan den quyen tai phan cua Trung Qudc or vung dac quyen kinh te

Theo Cdng ude luat Bien cua Lien Hdp Qud'c (UNCLOS 1982), cfic qud'c gia ven bien dUdc tuyen bo quyen ddi vdi cac viing bien khfic nhau, bao gom: 1) Vung lanh hai (keo dai 12 hai ly tinh tfl dudng ed sd); 2) Vung tie'p gifip lanh hai (nfim phia ngofii, tilp liln lanh hai vfi rpng 24 hai ly tinh tfl

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NGUYEN D A N G LAN ANH

dudng ed sd); 3) Viing dfic quyln kinh tl*

(EEZ) (nfim phfa ngofii vfi tilp liln vdi Ifinh hai, kdo dfii 200 hai 1^ tfnh tfl dUdng cd sd);

vfi iv) them lue dia; Gom dfiy biln vfi long dfi't dfldi dfiy b i l n phfa ben ngofii ciia lanh hai tren p h i n kdo dfii tfl nhidn eiia lanh tho dfi't h i n eua qud'c gia ven biln cho d i n bd ngofii eua ria Ii^e dia bo^e d i n khoang each 200 hai 1^ tfnh tfl dfldng cd sd, Cdng fldc cQng thfla nhfin quyln eua qud'e gia ven biln trong vide kilm sofit vfi khai thae tfii nguydn b thIm lue dia kdo dai khdng qua 350 hai ly.

Ddi vdi vung lanh hai 12 hai 1;^, theo UNCLOS, qud'c gia ven b i l n c6 chu quyln d l y du. Cac nUdc khfic khdng dUdc quyln tu do bay, chi dUpc bay trdn vung Ifinh hai ne'u dupe phep cua qudc gia ven biln. Tfiu cua nude cd quydn di qua vung lanh hai cua qud'c gia ven bien, nhUng vide qua lai phai dam bao "khdng gfiy hai"(dUdc hieu Ifi vide di Iai khdng gfiy tdn hgi den hda binh, an ninh, trat tU hay eae Idi ieh chinh dfing ciia cae qud'e gia ven biln). Ddi vdi vung dae quyen kinh td' 200 hai ly, qud'e gia ven bien dupc thUc thi quyln ehu quyln vdi vide khao sfit, khai thfic, bao t i n . . . eae tfii nguydn tu nhidn, sinh vfit hoae khdng sinh vfit ciia vung nudc bdn trdn dfiy biln, ciia day bien vfi ldng dfi't dudi dfiy bien... Dong thdi, UNCLOS ciing thfla nhfin nguyen tfic tu do hfing hai va tu do bay trong vung dac quyln kinh te'.

La mdt thanh vien tham gia UNCLOS, song Trung Qud'c cho rang quyen kiem soat va khai thae tfii nguydn ciia quoc gia ven bien b vflng dae quyln kinh t l phai dUdc dat cao hdn cfic quyln tU do hfing hai va tu do bay quoe te'^', va cae qud'c gia ven biln ed quyln quy dinh tfi't ea cfic hogt ddng quan sU nUdc ngofii trong vung dfic

72

quyln kinh tl'^"'. D6 lfi bdi vi cfic hfinh ddng quan sU b vu,ng nUde nfiy la vi pham UNCLOS, theo each d i l n giai Iuat qud'c t l cua Trung Qudc, thi nhflng hogt ddng dd khdng "sii dung bien hda binh" (peaceful use of sea) hofie khdng vi "muc dfch hda binh" (peaceful purpose)*^'. Chfnh phu Trung Qudc cho rfing efic tfiu quan sU nUdc ngofii phai thdng bao trUdc khi vfio vung dfic quyln kinh td, Trung Quoc phan dm manh me vfi coi t i t ca eac hogt ddng hdn quan d i n vi$c thfim dd, thu thfip thdng tin tinh bfio, trinh sfit trong vung dae quyen kinh t l la pham phfip'". Hien nay Trung Qud'e dang dUa ra cae Ifip lufin de ap dung nhflng quy dinh v l gidi b a n nfiy eho ca khdng phan phfa trdn vung dae quyln kinh te'^8)_

Tuy nhien. My eho rang UNCLOS coi cfic vung dfic quyln kinh td' nhfl vung nfldc qud'e te' b dd quyln t u do hfing hai vfi tfl do bay ciia cac qudc gia dfldc dam bao, edn eac qud'c gia ven bien ehi cd cac quyen Udn quan de'n viec khai thac tai nguyen trong vung dfic quyen kinh t l ' ' ' . Do vay, each Trung Qud'c dien giai UNCLOS dfi vfi dang thfieh thflc quyen dfldc boat ddng trong cac viing dfic quyln kinh te cua hai qufin My.

Cfic no Ifle ehd'ng lgi nhiing boat ddng thu th§p thdng tin tinh bao cua hai qufin My, eung nhu ciing ed' quyln tfii phan eua Trung Qudc ddi vdi vung dfic quyln kinh t l da gay ra n h i l u vu va cham gifla hai qufin My va Trung Qud'c. Thfing 4-2001, xay ra vu va cham gifla mfiy bay trinh thfim EP-3 eiia My vfi may bay J-8 ciia Trung Qud'c, ke't qua lfi phi edng Trung Qule mfi't tfch va may bay My budc phai hg efinh k h I n cfi'p xud'ng dao Hai Nam.

Thfing 3-2009, trong khi tfiu USNS Impeccable cua My dang tie'n h a n h nghidn

NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUUC so 8(132) - 2012

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Cach hanh xCrhung hSng cua Trung Qudc..,

eflu quan sU lidn quan dd'n eac hoat ddng cua tfiu n g l m Trung Qud'c d can cfl hai qufin Du Lfim, Trung Quoc da dUa 5 tau bao vay va ydu clu tau Impeccable rdi khdi viing dac quyln kinh t l ciia Trung Qud'c'^'^'.

Thfing 4-2011, trong ban dd trinh len Lien Hpp Qud'e, Trung Quoe lin d i u tien chfnh thfle tuyen bd' yeu sfich mot vflng dac quyen kinh t l 200 hai ly xung quanh tflng dao thudc qufin dao Trfldng Sa"".

Nlu trong trudng hdp Trung Qud'c thilt lap dflde ehii quyln eiia minh tren mfit sd' dao thudc q u I n dao Trfldng Sa, thi eae tfiu hai qufin nfldc ngofii bao gdm cua ea My cung sd hi han e h i tid'p cfin vung dae quyen kinh td' thudc cac dao d khu vUe nay.

Ldi feh cua My cdn bi tae dpng theo mdt chieu hudng khae. "Mdt nguydn t i e cd ban cua Iuat qud'c te' la luat phfit trien khi nhflng ehuIn mflc h i trd lufit phfit trien.

Vi thd', neu eae qudc gia khfic ehfi'p nhfin quan dilm ciia Trung Qud'c rfing cae qud'c gia ven bidn dupc quyen ngfin cfi'm cfie hoat ddng quan sfl nude ngofii b viing dac quyen kinh t l , thi Trung Qud'e da dUa mpt chufin mflc mdi vfio Iuat, va dilu nay se lam thay ddi sU can bang hidn nay gifla cfic quyen tren bien eua qud'e td' vfi qud'c gia ven bien. Mot nguyen tfic quan trpng khae la lufit qud'e te' ap dung nhu nhau b mpi ndi. Do vay, nd'u Trung Qud'c thanh cdng trong vide lam thay dd'i nhflng chuIn mUc nfiy d Ddng A, cfic qud'c gia d nhiing khu vuc khac eung se ddi eac quyen tUdng tu(^^'. Can day vao thang 5-2011, ed ve nhu Trung Quoe da gay fip lUc vdi Thai Lan khi nUdc nay tuyen bd' phe ehuIn UNCLOS. Thfii Lan dfi chfi'p nhfin quan diem nfiy cua Trung Qud'c. Trong tuydn b l phe chuIn, Thfii Lan eho rang tu do hang

hai khdng bao gom quyen cua hai quan nUdc ngofii tid'n hfinh efic boat ddng quan sU trong vung dac quyln kinh t l "hoac cae hoat dpng khfic ed t h l anh hudng dd'n quyln hoac ldi feh ciia qule gia ven biln""^'. Nhin theo hudng nfiy, thi eae hanh dpng vfi tuyen b l cua Trung Quoc cdn cd nhflng Lac ddng quan trpng khfic dd'n trfit tu khu vUc vfi thd' gidi, do My t h i l t Ifip trong nhilu thfip ky qua, hien dang gdp p h i n dam bao an ninh, on dinh tren bien.

TrUdc viee eac quyln dupc hoat ddng trong vung dae quyln kinh te' ciia hai qufin My dang hi de dpa bdi cfich didn giai vfi nhflng ddng thfii thUe t l cua Trung Quoc, mfi theo Peter Dutton, Trung Qule dang tim each ngan can hai quan nude ngofii tie'n hanh hoat dpng on dinh hda tren bien bao gIm ca Bien Ddng*''". Tfl nfim 1995, Bd Ngogi giao My da tuyen bo rang "Vide dam bao tu do hfing hai la mdt ldi ich cd ban cua My. Hang hai tfl do, tau bd vfi may bay d vung Bidn Ddng khdng bi can trd lfi dieu thid't yd'u eho hoa binh vfi thinh vUdng ciia ca khu vflc ehau A - Thai Binh Dudng, bab gom ea My". Tai Didn dfin An ninh khu vfle ARF, thang 7-2010, mot lan nfla, Ngogi trfldng My CHnton da khang dinh

"ldi ich qud'e gia" ciia My bao gom tu do hang hai, quyln di lgi ehung, tid'p cfin md vdi cae vumg bidn chung tai chau A vfi tdn trpng lufit phfip qud'c te' tgi Bien Ddng".

2. Tuyen bd chii quyen "khdng the chdi c a i " va yeu sach ducmg 9 doan cua T r u n g Qudc

Mpt dpng thai the hien sU hung hfing eua Trung Qud'c ve va'n de chu quyln trdn Bien Ddng la viec trinh Cdng ham kem theo ta'm ban do "dUdng 9 dogn" len Tong ThU ky Lidn Hdp Qud'c vao thang 5-2009. Trong NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(132) - 2012 .

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Cong ham, Trung Qud'c khdng chi tuydn bo

"cd chii quyln khdng t h l chdi cai dli vdi efic quIn dao b Biln Ddng, va eae vflng nUdc phu can", mfi dfiy lfi l i n dfiu tidn, Trung Quoe chfnh thfle dp trinh ban do dudng 9 dogn d l Cling ed' nhflng yeu sach chu quyln ciia minh'"". Tuy nhidn, Trung Qu6c khdng cd bfi't cfl mpt giai thfeh eu t h l nfio.

Phd Trp ly Ngogi trUdng My Scot Mareiel da keu gpi Chfnh phii Trung Qud'c lfim rd thflc chfi't ciia nhflng yeu saeh tren vfi cho rfing, trUdc kia sfl md h i trong tuydn b l v l ehii quyen ciia Trung Quoe anh hudng khdng n h i l u tdi ldi feh eua My.

Tuy nhien, hidn nay, sU mfip md nfiy Igi khidh My quan ngai, bdi nd lien quan trUc tilp dd'n Idi feh kinh t l gfin lien vdi hogt ddng ciia efic cdng ty nfing lUdng cua My b Biln Ddng. Cae cdng ty nfiy cua My dang chiu fip lUe do mpt so khu vUc tham dd d i u khf ngofii khdi lfi ddi tUdng phan ddi nhung cfic khu vflc nfiy Igi khdng nam trong yeu sach chu quyln eua Trung Quoc"^'. Ngoai ra, ciing hen quan dd'n cfich didn giai v l cfic quyln cua Trung Qud'c trong vung dfic quyen kinh te', nd'u mdt phan hoae toan bd "dfldng 9 dogn" cua Trung Qud'c dfldc cdng dong qud'c td' cdng nhan, thi sU dien giai nay eiing vi'-i sU fip dat cfic quy dinh han che hoat dd.ig hfing hai se cd nhflng hd luy nghidm trgng trong tUdng lai*'^.

Trong phien dilu t r i n trudc Uy ban dfinh gifi An ninh vfi Kinh te My-Trung ngfiy 4-2- 2010, Phd Trd ly Ngoai trudng My David B.Shear cung eho rfing nhflng tuyen bd chu quyin bien mfi khdng xua't phfit tfl sU keo ddi cua ddt lien (nguydn tie dfi't thd'ng tri biln - TG), lfi khdng phu hdp vdi t^p quan qudc td', nhu da the hien trong Cdng Udc lugt Bien cua Lien Hdp Qud'e"*.

Cling tai Diln dan An ninh khu vUc ARF (23-7-2011), Ngoai trudng My Hillary Cliton tai k h I n g dinh lpi feh ciia My d Biln Ddng va nhfi'n manh rfing eae ben lidn quan eIn lfim ro yeu sach theo nhflng dilu khoan phfl hpp vdi lufit phfip quoe te, trong dd cd Cdng Udc ve lufit Bien 1982.

Ngogi trudng My eung cho rfing; "Cac tuydn bd chfnh dfing ddi vdi khdng gian biln b Biln Ddng chi nen xufi't phat tif nhflng ddi hdi hdp phfip trdn ranh gidi dat liln ... ". Day ro rfing la mdt sfl khdng thfla nhdn dfldng 9 doan"*, vfi cfic tuydn bd* ciia Trung Qud'c - cae tuyen bo mfi chii yd'u dfla tren eae ehflng cfl lieh sfl vfi quyln phat hien hdn la sU kdo dfii t u nhien ciia dfi't l i l n ' ^ . Theo mdt quan chfle My, nhflng tuyen bo trdn cua Hillary Cliton ed nghia lfi eae yeu sach cua Trung Quo'c ddi vdi tofin bd Bien Ddng Ifi khdng cd gifi tri'^".

3. Cach hanh xur hung hfing tren thuc te'cua Trung Quoc of Bien Dong

Ke tfl nfim 2007, Trung Qudc dfi tiln hfinh n h i l u hogt ddng gay eang t h i n g tren Bien Ddng nhU thiet Ifip n h i l u ed ehe' mdi de eung eo cac tuyen bo ddi vdi q u I n dao Trudng Sa va Hofing Sa, ddn phUdng ap dat ldnh cfi'm dfinh bat ca b khu vUc Bien Ddng. P h a n doi Bfio cfio v l t h I m luc dia md rdng, trong h i sd chung Vidt Nam - Malaysia de trinh len LTy ban Ranh gidi t h I m luc dia (Commision on the hmits of the Contimental shelf - CLCS) eua Lien Hdp Qud'c nam 2009. Tren thUc dia, Trung Qudc da tfing eUdng tuan tra hai qufin b quan dao Trudng Sa, vfi hai sfl kien thl hidn rd nhfi't tinh eha't gay h a h trong nhflng hfinh ddng cua Trung Qud'c lfi vide qufi'y roi, can trd va cat cfip tfiu thfim do Binh Minh 2, vfi tfiu Viking H cua Vidt Nam khi dang hogt ddng trong viing dac

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Cdch bdnh xijrhung hang cua Trung Qudc...

quyln kinh te cua Vi^t Nam vfio gifla nfim 2011. Sfl kien quylt cua Trung Quoe da d i n d i n phan iJng tii phia My nha't la khi lpi feh cua My true tiep bi de dpa. D i u nam 2008, Trung Qud'c dfi gfiy sflc dp len cae edng ty d i u Ifla, trong do c6 tap dofin d i u Ifla My ExxonMobil phai ngflng mpi hogt ddng tid'n hfinh theo hdp dong vdi Chfnh phu Viet Nam tren Biln Ddng, va de dpa ldi ich thUdng mai cua ExxonMobil b Trung Qud'c n l u tfip dofin nfiy vfin tie'p tuc hdp tfic thfim dd d i u khi vdi Vidt Nam'^^'. Vdi My, moi de doa ldn nhfi't ddi vdi Idi feh kinh td' cua nflde nfiy d Bidn Ddng chfnh lfi sfl bfi't on, xung ddt bung phfit hoae sU can trd khai thde tai nguyen do cfic bdn tranh chfi'p gay ra'^^'.

Tfl nam 2008, Bp trUdng Quoc phdng Robert Gates, da eanh bao vfi phan ddi vide sfl dung ngoai giao bgo luc. Thfing 9- 2008, Trd Iy Ngoai trUdng John Negroponte da khang dinh sfl ung hd cua My ddi vdi quydn dUde tie'n hanh boat ddng kinh doanh, khai thfic d Bien Dong cua edng ty My. Phd Trd Iy Ngoai trUdng My Scot Mareiel ndi rfing. My cd ldi ich sdng con trong vide dam bao sU dn dinh, tu do hfing hai vfi quyln tid'n hfinh cae hoat ddng thUdng mgi hpp phfip trong cfic vung nUdc b Ddng A. D l cfip trUc tilp dd'n vide Trung Qule de dpa cdng ty dau Ifla My lfim vide vdi Viet Nam, Scot Mareiel nhfi'n manh, "My phan ddi mpi hfinh ddng hfim dpa eae cdng ty cua My"'^*'. Nfim 2010, Bd trudng Gates lai tfii khang dinh l^p trUdng vfi quan ngai cua My, vide dam bao dn dinh, tu do hfing hai vfi khdng bi can trd trong phfit trien kinh td' Ifi dilu thid't yd'u.

My phan ddi vide sfl dung vu lUe,... de dpa sii dung vu lue vfi chd'ng lgi mpi nd luc de dpa cfic tfip dofin My hoac tfip dofin cua

qud'c gia khfie tid'n hfinh cfic boat ddng kinh t l h d p phfip d Biln Ddng^^^'.

Nhilu ngudi eoi nhiing hfinh ddng trdn eiia Trung Quoe nhU mdt ehid'n dich de dpa cfic qud'c gia cd yeu sfieh ehu quyln kh'fie'^^'. Khdng dflng d d6, trong hdn 6 thfing d i u nfim 2012, Trung Qule lai tid'p tuc CO mdt loat ddng thfii "ddn phUdng"

nham khfing t'inh quyln kiem sofit doi vdi cfic vung tranh chfi'p 5 Biln Ddng. Thfing 4-2012, tfiu Hai giam Trung Qud'e da ngan can tfiu Canh sfit bien Philippines bat tfiu efi Trung Qud'c dang hogt dpng trai phep tgi vung bien d bfii can Scaborough (Trung Qud'e gpi lfi bai Hoang Nham), vd'n la ngfl trudng eiia eae tfiu ca Philippines, vfi Phillipines dfi c6 kilm soat thUe te. Khdng Ifiu sau do, vfio gifla thfing 4, vide Trung Qud'e tid'p tue dfla tfiu Ngfl chfnh 310, cung hai tfiu Hai giam 75 vfi 81 d i n khu vUe bien nfiy de thUc thi cfii gpi la "chfi'p phap trdn bidn", xua dudi khdng cho tfiu ea eua Phihppines danh bat d vung Trung Qud'e tuydn bo thude chu quyln cua minh'^'* dfi khien tinh hinh b Bien Ddng trd ndn cfing thfing. Thang 6-2012, Trung Qud'c mdi t h I u qud'c td' ddi vdi 9 Id d i u khi nfim hofin toan trong vung dae quyln kinh te vfi them lue dia Viet Nam. Gan day nhat, Trung Quoc da tuydn bd' thfinh lap cai goi lfi thfinh pho Tam Sa, dat can efl tren dao Phli Lfim thudc quan dao Hofing Sa eua Viet Nam, vfi sau dd nang cap ldn thanh thfinh phd' cfi'p dia khu, td' chflc hpp "Hdi dong Nhfin dfin khoa I". Ngay 20-7-2012, Trung Qud'c chfnh thfle phe ehuan thfinh Ifip vfi t r i l n khai qufin don tru tai Tam Sa.

Chinh sU hung hang trong cfich hfinh xfl cua Trung Qud'c b Bien Ddng, sfl ky vpng v l mdt vai trd Idn hdn cua My trong khu vflc, va ea sfl ngd vfle v l gia tri cua cae

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cam kd't khu vflc ma My tuydn bd'da khid'n My trd ndn chu dpng hdn. Ddi vdi tranh chfi'p b bai Scaborough gifla Trung Qudc va Phihppines, dii My tuydn b l gifl Ifip trudng trung Ifip, khdng dflng v l bdn nfio trong tranh chfi'p, song Chi huy Ifle Iflgng thiiy qufin lue chid'n My ddng tai Thfii Binh Dfldng Trung tfldng Duane Thiessen da cd mdt trong nhflng phat bilu manh me nhfi't v l Biln Ddng khi khang dinh My vfi Philippine da ky Hidp fldc phdng thii chung, vfi theo Hiep fldc nfiy

"ehung tdi se tham gia vfio cac hogt ddng bao vd Ifin nhau". Ngfiy 9-5, My tuydn bd tdn trpng Hiep fldc phdng thii ehung k^

nam 1951 vfi chinh thflc cam k i t se bao vd Philippine khdi cfic cudc tfi'n edng tren Bien Ddng.

Tie'p theo mdt logt nhflng hfinh dpng khieu khich bfinh trfldng eiia Trung Qud'c, ngfiy 2/8, Thfldng vidn My eung da thdng qua Nghi quylt 524, tuyen bd cfic hfinh ddng gan dfiy cua Trung Qud'c dd khfing dinh quyln kiem sofit d Bien Ddng Ifi "di ngfldc lai nhflng nguyen tfic dd giai quylt tranh ehfi'p vfi ngan can mpt giai phfip hda binh." Nghi quyd't tfii khfing dinh sfl iing hd eiia My vdi viee thdng qua mdt COC gifla ASEAN vfi Trung Qud'e, keu gpi cfic ben kilm ehe' trong cae hfinh ddng cd the gay gia tfing vfi Ifim phflc tap tranh ehfi'p, dong thdi nhfi'n manh cam kd't cua My doi vdi cfic nflde Ddng Nam A. Nghi sy Jim Webb, Chii tich Uy ban ddi ngogi khu vfle Ddng A - Thfii Binh Dudng, eho rang hfinh ddng cua Trung Quo'e lfi vi pham lufit phfip qud'e t l , vd cfin cfl vfi nhfi'n manh "My cd ldi feh ehie'n lUpc ro rang trong viee thiie dly each tid'p can giai quyd't da phUdng cfie tranh chfi'p lanh thd' ..."'^*. Ngay sau Nghi quye't 524, ngfiy 3-8, U n dau tien chi'nh

quyln T i n g thong Obama da ehinh thflc ra Tuydn bd' v l Bien Ddng. Tuydn bd' nfiy eua Bp Ngoai giao My ndu ro vide nang d p thfinh pho Tam Sa vfi dfla quan don trii la di ngfldc lai nhflng no Iflc ngogi giao dl giai quylt b^t dong vfi gfiy nguy cd lfim cang thang leo thang b khu vfle. Dong thdi tin r i n g cfic quoc gia phdi hdp chat che va sit dung nhflng bidn phap ngogi giao dl giai quye't t r a n h chfi'p, "khdng sfl dung cac bidn phfip dp bude, dpa d i m , sfl dung vu luc hofie de dpa sii dung vu Iflc". L i n diu tien ehfnh quyln Obama cung chinh thflc t h l hidn trong Tuyen bo "quan ngai v l sfl gia tfing efing thfing tgi khu vflc Bien Ddng vfi dang theo doi sfit sao tinh hinh tai khu vfle nay"'^''. Dfiy cd the eoi lfi nhflng ddng thai vfi no Ifle ngoai giao mdt mat nham tang efldng uy tin cua My, mat khfic de eiing ed' lai ldng tin ciia cae nUde Ddng Nam A ddi vdi nhiing cam kd't ciia My trong khu vflc trUde nhflng hfinh ddng khidu khfch va sfl ehdn ep ngfiy efing gia tfing cua Trung Quoc.

4. Hicn dai hoa hai qudn Trung Qudc Ddng cd ban d i u eiia chfldng trinh hidn daj hda qufin sfl ciia Trung Qud'c tfl giiia nhflng thfip nien 1990 la de chuIn hi cho xung dot b eo bien Dfii Loan, bao gdm vide rfin de, can trd vfi Ifim suy giam hd trd vl quan sfl cho Dfii Loan'^°*. Theo do, Quan giai phdng nhfin dfin Trung Quoc (PLA) tfip trung vao xfiy dflng kha nfing ehd'ng tid'p cfinV ngan chan khu vflc (anti-access/

area denial - A2/AD) gom cae tfiu nglm chid'n dfi'u hidn dgi, cfie tfiu khu true hgng sovremmeny va g i n day Trung Qud'c phfit trien ten \iia DF-21D n h u mdt ten liia dan dao chd'ng tfiu chiln ed k h a nfing tfi'n cdng tfiu sfin bay vfi tau ndi. Theo Dd doc

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Cdc/i hdnh xCrhung hdng cua Trung Qudc.

Robert F. Willard, Tu Idnh qufin ddi My b ehau A - Thfii Binh Dudng, tdn liia nfiy ed thd de dga nghidm trpng cho hai qufin My, thfim chf ed t h l vo hidu hda kha nfing t r i l n khai sflc mgnh ciia hai qufin My'^^*. Trong khi vu khf nhfim phuc vu ehid'n lUdc A2/AD dfldc phat trien xufi't phfit tfl vfi'n d l Dfii Loan, song ehiing ciing cd t h l se dflde sfl dung d mpi ndi trong vung bien ngoai vi eua Trung Qudc, bao gom ea Bien Ddng'^^*.

Nfim 2004, Chfnh phii Trung Qud'c kdu gpi PLA dam nhfin them "nhflng nhidm vu lich sfl mdi" trong dd cd "vide bao vd ldi feh phat t r i l n qud'c gia", bao gom bao vd an ninh cho cfie tuyen dfldng thdng thfldng tren bien. Ro rfing, dilu nfiy dfi dly nhanh hdn sU ehuyen hfldng - tfl "tich cUc phdng thii bien gin" sang "phdng thu bidn xa" - hay la tfl Chuoi dao thfl nha't sang Chudi dao thfl hai va xa hdn nfla'^^'. Chid'n lUdc phdng thu khu vfle nfiy lfi nhfim dfiy hai qufin My ra xa vfi b mdt khoang cfich du dd khdng thd gay can trd cho vide tridn khai hai quan eua Trung Qud'c b khu vUc nfiy.

Ciing vdi dd, Trung Quoc mud'n chia vung anh hudng d Tfiy Thai Binh DUdng vdi My.

Leszek Buszjmski cho rfing n l u thda thufin dd dgt dUdc trong khi My dang ye'u di v l kinh t l , thi Trung Quo'e se thUe sU trd thfinh cUdng qud'e thong tri b Tay Thai Binh Dudng'^"".

Cung lidn quan d i n chid'n Ifldc tfing cfldng hai quan b Bien Ddng, nfim 2007, Trung Qule dfi xay dung can cfl hai quan Du Lam (Yulin) tren dao Hai Nam. Theo nhan dinh eua Carlyle Thayer, nd'u hoan thfinh, thi cfin cfl nfiy se ddng vai trd chid'n Ifldc quan trpng, bdi nd se md rdng phgm vi hogt ddng cua hai qufin Trung Quoc tdi Thai Binh Dfldng va Biln Ddng'^^'. Hidn nay, dfiy lfi can cfl chfnh de trien khai cfic

ehid'n dieh eiia hai qufin Trung Qud'c b Bien Ddng. Thfing 10-2010, hai tfiu nglm hat nhfin (nuclear attack submarines) Idp thupng dfi dUdc ddng tai can cfl nfiy, va ed ve nhu tfiu sfin bay Shi Lang cung don tru b d6'^^'. Vide xay dUng can efl nay eang Ifim tfing them t i m quan trpng chiln Ifldc eua Biln Ddng, vfi trong tUdng lai cac vu va cham kieu nhu Impeccable c6 nguy cd xay ra thUdng xuyen hdn trdn vung bien nfiy'^'^ Hdn nfla do vi tri g i n eo bidn Malacca vfi efic tuydn dfldng bien ndi vdi An Dp Dfldng, mfi can cfl nay cung vdi hoat ddng cua hai quan Trung Qud'c c6 the se anh hfldng dd'n kha nang ngfin ehgn eua hai qufin My tfl ngofii khdi'^^'.

Trong Hch sfl, Trung Qud'e Ifi nfldc cd yeu sfich chii quyen duy nhfi't sfl dung vu Ifle trong tranh chfi'p Biln Ddng. Nhflng nd lUc hidn dgi hda hai qufin vfi san sfing de dpa sfl dung vu luc de giai quye't tranh chfi'p cua Trung Qud'e se tao ra nhieu thafh thfle ve an ninh ddi vdi cae nflde lan§ gilng vfi ca My. Thang 1-2011, Dd doc Robert Willard ndi ro rang eh Udng trinh hidn dgi hda quan sfl "hidu ehie'n" ciia Trung Qud'c dudng nhfl lfi nhfim thach thfle sfl tfl do hfinh ddng eua My trong khu vflc, vfi ne'u eIn thid't, fip dgt anh hudng eua minh ldn eae nUde lang gilng"'^^'. Nhfl Bd trudng Qud'e phdng My da ndi ve kha nang de dpa cua chUdng trinh hien dai hda qufin sU eua Trung Qud'e doi vdi ldi ich ciia My: khi can nhle ehfldng trinh hidn dgi hoa qufin SU cua nhiing nUdc nhU Trung Qud'e,...

cin quan tfim dd'n kha nfing eua cac nUdc do se can trd sfl tfl do di lgi va han c h i eac lUa chpn chiln lUdc ciia My de'n dau. Viec dau tfl vao vu khf ehd'ng tau, kha nfing tac chie'n phdng khdng, tdn Ifla dan dao ...cd thd se de'dpa vide trien khai sfle manh hai qufin

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My va vide trg giiip cfie nflde dong minh d khu vflc Thai Binh Dfldng'^"'.

Song tren hd't, vide hi§n dai hda hai quan phan finh mdt cfich ro rfing v l m§t Trung Qud'e dang Idn manh vfi ngfiy cfing thaeh thfle flu t h l vfltjt trdi ciia hai qufin My b khu vi^c. Thflc t l r i n g Trung Quoc dang "thUc thi chii quyln" rfio rid't hdn b Biln Ddng vdi sfl ho trd cua Ifle Ifldng quan sU ngfiy cfing dUpc tang cUdng se dfi'y ldn sU nghi ngd v l mflc dp dfing tin c|ty doi vdi sfle manh quan sfl, vfi flu t h l ciia My d khu vfle hang thfip ky nay''"'. Dong thdi dat vfi'n d l lfi lidu My cdn duy tri dfldc kha nfing kiem sofit dang tin cfiy b khu vfle nfiy khdng?

Mue tieu dat ra cua chfnh quyen Obama, dong thdi cung lfi ldi feh chid'n Iflge quan trgng nhfi't ciia My Ifi dam bao dflde dia vi thd'ng tri d ehau A - Thfii Binh Dfldng. Tan dung ed hdi nfiy, bdn canh vide tfii khfing dinh lpi ich tu do hfing hai eiia My b Biln Ddng, My dfi cd nhflng budc di nhfim eung cd' quan he qud'c phdng vdi cfic nUde thfinh vien cua ASEAN, eung nhU tfing cUdng sU hien dien v l qufin sU d khu vUc. Ngay 23-7-2010, My da dd bd Ipnh cfi'm thie't lap quan he vdi eae lUc lUdng dae biet Indonesia, fip dat tfl nam 1997. Vdi Phihppines, My tilp tue ho trd tang cfldng kha nfing qufin.sU, vidn trd thid't hi, tfiu qufin su, chia se thdng tin tinh bao. Dong thdi, My cung mdt sd' nflde ASEAN cung dfi tid'n hfinh cfic cudc tfip trfin vdi quy md ldn hdn so vdi nhflng nfim trflde dd*''^'....

Cfic tfiu hang khdng mfiu ham My nhU USS George Washington ed eae chuyd'n thfim Viet Nam vfio thfing 8-2011. Dfic biet lfi trong ehuyen thfim Australia thfing 11- 2011, Td'ng thd'ng Obama tuyen bo" dUa 2.500 linh danh bp dd'n efin cfl d phfa Bfic nfldc nfiy, dong thdi eac tfiu hai qufin vfi

78

mfiy bay My cung se tfing cfldng sfl dung efic cfin efl ciia My. Thfing 3 vfla qua, My dfi b i t d i u cho t r i l n khai quan b day.

Ngofii ra, cung trong mdt bfii phat bieu tgi Hdi nghi Thfldng dinh ASEIAN cudi nam 2011, Obama tuydn bo'My se quay trd lai khu vflc trong sflc manh. G i n day nha't, Bd trfldng Quoc phdng My Leon Panetta dfi sfl dung t r a n h chfi'p nay d l thiic dp Thfldng vidn My phd c h u I n Cdng fldc lufit Biln 1982. N l u dflde phd ehuIn, thi ddng thfii nay se md dfldng cho hai qufin My tiln hfinh nhilu hdn cfic hogt ddng t u I n tra trdn Biln mn^*\

5. Ket luan

Thdng qua cfic tuydn bd' cua quan ehflc ea'p cao trong chfnh quyln Obama trfldc each flng xfl ciia Trung Qudc trdn Bien Ddng trong thdi gian qua cung nhfl nd Iflc tfing eUdng quan he dong minh vfi doi tae vdi eac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, cfich tiep cfin chinh saeh cua My "khdng cdn do dfl trong viec doi dau vdi Bfie Kinh de bao vd ldi ich vfi gia tri". Mac du, nhiing nguydn tfic cd ban cua ehfnh sfieh ve vfi'n d l Bien Ddng ciia My trong cac tuydn bo bao gIm:

1) Khdng the hien Ifip trUdng lien quan dd'n vfi'n de phfip ly trong t r a n h chap ehu quyln lanh tho, 2) duy tri tfl do hfing hai Ifi "Ipi ich qud'e gia" ed ban cua My; 3) vfi efic nflde khdng dUdc b a n chd' eae hogt dpng khao sfit qufin sU trong viing dgc quyln kinh td' lfi khdng t h a y dd'i, song da cd nhflng thay ddi trong gigng didu vfi cfic vfi'n de trpng tam*"'. Ndi m d t each khfie, My trdnh dot ddu ve qudn sit, song bdt ddu cd ddu hiiu khdng trdnh ne dot ddu vi ngoqi giao vdi Trung Quo'c.

Sfl hung hfing vfi t h a i dp khieu khich cua Trung Qud'e b Biln Ddng trong thdi gian qua dfi de dga de'n nhieu mat ldi feh NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(132} - 2012

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Cich hdnh xCrhung hdng cua Trung Qudc.

eua My, quan trghg nhfi't lfi Idi feh v l chiln lUdc, thfieh thflc vi the' cfldng quoe eiia My b khu vUc nfiy, dfi gdp p h i n khiln My

"quay lgi" chfiu A mdt cfich ehu ddng hdn, Theo Idi eua Bronson Pereival, Trung Qud'c dd mang Iqi cho My mgt cd hgi vdng detdi khdng dinh lap trUdng ve cdc udn di liin quan de'n Biin Bong, dfic bidt khfing dinh quyln tU do hang hai, d l tfl dd tfing cudng quan hd dong minh, doi tfic vdi eae nflde khae b chau A. NhQng hfinh ddng vfi cfich hanh xfl cflng rfin cua Trung Qud'e da danh thflc nhflng Ipi feh eua My b khu vfle'"', vfi giiip My cd mpt vi tri cd ve t h i n g the vl mat ngogi giao'''^'. Bdi trong eupe dua tranh gifinh anh hudng hidn nay vdi Trung Qud'e b chdu A, thi Washington chi cd the ed Ipi tfl viec khang dinh Idi feh, duy tri cfie nguyen tfic tfl do hang hai vfi giai quye't hda binh eae tranh ehfi'p"^; trong khi yeu sach bfinh trUdng khdng t h l bidn hp dfldi gdc dp lufit phfip qudc t l , va hfinh xfl cflng rfin dang khidh cfic nfldc xa lanh Trung Qule.

Cudi eung, chfnh each hfinh xfl hung hfing cua Trung Qudc dfi k h i l n nhflng vfi'n d l v l Biln Ddng tfl chd khdng phai lfi vfi'n d l song phUdng quan trpng trong quan h^

giiia My vdi Trung Qud'c hay vdi efic qud'e gia Ddng Nam A trong nhidu nfim, thi gid Bien Ddng lai trd thfinh mdt thfinh phan chfnh trong chfnh saeh cua My b chfiu A.

Sau nhflng phan flng b l n g cfic tuyen bo cua quan chflc cfi'p eao My, vfi nhflng ddng thai nham tang cfldng hidn dien quan sfl, Trung Qud'c da ed nhflng bflde di lfim diu efing thang vfi trfi^n an cae nfldc lang gilng, song Trung Quoc cung khdng t h l thay dd'i dfldc thfle t l rang Bien Ddng se van lfi mdt van d l ngogi giao quan trpng b khu vfle doi vdi My trong tUdng Iai gan''*^*, va theo nhU tuydn bo cua Ngoai trUdng Clinton, 2010

tai ARF b Hfi N§i, giai quyet efic tranh chfi'p d Biln Ddng lfi "flu tien ngoai giao hang dlu""«'.

Nhfl da ndu d trdn, chfnh nhflng hanh ddng gfiy bd'n gia tang nham khang dinh

"dudng 9 doan" trdn thUe te eua Trung Quoc d Bien Ddng lfi nguyen nhan quan trpng khid'n My trd lai ehfiu A. Nlu Trung Quoe khdng nhanh chdng dilu chinh ehie'n lUdc ngoai giao vfi each hfinh xfl tren thUc t l cua minh, thi Trung Quoc da tu dfinh mfi't di

"thdi cd chiln lUde quan trpng" va lam xa'u di hinh anh eua mdt nUde Idn ed trfich nhidm trong mfit ngUdi dfin cfie nUde.

Ngfldi vilt bfii nfiy eho rang, nd'u eae nhfi Ifinh dgo Trung Qud'e xufi't phfit tfl t i m cao ehid'n lUdc vfi t i m nhin toan euc, ed dung khf chfnh tri thoat khdi anh hfldng cua ehu nghia dfin tdc, manh dgn tfl bd "dfldng 9 dogn" va efii ggi Ifi yeu sfich dfla trdn quyen lich sii cua "dfldng 9 doan"

b Bien Ddng; sau dd ciing ngoi lai dfim phfin vdi cac bdn tranh chfi'p theo Cdng udc lufi1 Bien 1982 mfi Trung Qud'c lfi mpt thfii h vien vfi Tuyen bd' v l flng xfl cua cfic bdn S Biln Dong (DOC) mfi Trung Qud'c cung dfi ky kit, bid'n Bien Ddng thfinh mdt vung biln hofi binh, d'n dinh, hdp tae vfi phat triln. Dilu dd, khdng chi ed ldi cho nhfin dfin Trung Quoc, nhan dfin cae nUde vfi vung lanh tho ed lidn quan, mfi cdn cd lpi cho boa binh. I n dinh ciia khu vflc va trdn toan the' gidi.

CHU THICH:

(1) Ian Storey, "The South China Sea: The theatre for emerging strategic competition" (Bfii trinh bay tai Security Environment in the East Asia Sea, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Tokyo, 2011), tr.2. www.blog. can pan. info/oprf/i mg/858/dr.storcy_p resentation.pdf

CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(132) - 2012

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(2) Bao cfio QuEfc h§i My, China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for US Interest's, 9/2001. tr.2S, 29. www.hsdl.org/? vicw&did=446508

(3) Ian Storey, The South China Sea: The theatre for emerging strategic competition", tr.lO

(4) Bao cfio QuS'c hSi My, China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for US Interests, p . l 2

(5) Ian Storey, The South China Sea: The theatre for emerging strategic competition", tr. 4

(6) Ren XiaoFeng & Cheng Xizhong, "A Chinese Perspective", 29 Marine Policy, 2005, Lr.

142-144; J i Guoxing. ' T h e Legality of the Impeccable Incident," 5 China Security, No. 2, Spring 2009; trfch trong J o n a t h a n G. Odom, Where's the Stake? U.S Interests in the South China Sea, bM trinh b^y tgi; Hoi nghi quo'c te South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development, Hanoi, 11/2011, tr. 11.

http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/en/conrerenccs-and- sc m i n aR-/thc-th ird-intcmational-workshop-on-soulh- china-sea/671-wheres-lhe-sIakc-us-intercsts-in-the-south- china-sea-by-jonathan-g-odom

(7) Xiaofeng & Cheng Xizhong, "A Chinese Perspective,", tr. 139-46; trich trong Michael D.

Swaine, Taylor Fravel, "China's Assertive Behavior, Part Two: The Maritime Periphery", China Leadership Monitor, No.35, tr. 10.

www.camegiecndowmcnt.org/fl lcs/CLM3 5M S.pd f (8) Bao cao Quo'c h6i My, China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for US Interests, t r . l 2

(9) Bao cao Quo'c hoi My, China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for US Interests, t r . l 2

(10) Eric A. McVadon, T h e Reckless and the Resolute: Confrontation in the South China Sea', China Security, vol. 5, no. 2 (2009), tr. 1-15; J i Guoxing. T h e Legality of the Impeccable Incident', China Security, vol. 5, no 2 (2009), tr.

16-21; trich trong Carlyle A. Thayer, The United States and Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea, Security Challenges, Vol. 6, No. 2 (D5ng2010), tr.74.

(11) Cong hfim cua Trung Quoc giii len Tong thu ky Lien Hi^p Quoc, 4/2011. www.un.org/

Depls/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn _20ll_re_phl_e.pdf.

(12) Peter Dutton, Cracks in the Global Foundation: International Law a n d Instability in the South China Sea, tr.74

(13) Peter Dutton, Cracks in the Global Foundation: International Law and Instability in the South China Sea, tr.74

(14) Peter Dutton, Cracks in the- Global Foundation: international Law and Instability in the South China Sea, ir. 74, irYch trong Patrick M, Cronin (b.t). Cooperation from Strength: The United Slates, China and the South China Sea, CNAS, 1/2012. hiipiAViAw (••nas.ore/coopcralion rroiiinircnmli

(15) Carlyle A. Thayer, The United States and Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea, tr.lO; Michael D. Swaine, Taylor Fravel, "China's Assertive Behavior, P a r t Two: The Maritime Periphery", tr.3

(16) Dieu tr^n cua Ph6 t r ^ ly Ngoai tnidng Scot Mareiel, Maritime issues and sovereignty disputes in East Asia, 7/2009. hltp://www.

slate.gov/p/eap/rls/mi/2009/07/126076.htm (17) Bronson Pereival, The South China Sea:

An American perspective. hltp7/nghicncuubien dong.vn/cn/confercnccs-and-seminars-/second- I nicmational-workshop/3 84-ihe-soLth-ch ina-sca-an- amcrican-perspectivc-by-bronson-percival

(18) Dieu tr^n cua Pho Tr^ ly Ngoai tru5ng M y David B.Shear, China's activities in Southeast Asia and the Implications for US interests, 2- 2010. hltp://v\ w \\ .u^i.-c. ^ov7liciirini;V2U I Ohearinjis/

written tci.timonici.-'ll) 02 04 wn''10 (13 04 shcir slal cm cm plip

(19) Ian Storey, The South China Sea: The theatre for emerging strategic competition", tr.9

(20) Li J i n m i n g a n d Li Dexia, "The Dotted Lme on the Chinese M a p of the South China Sea:

A Note," Ocean Development & I n t e r -national Law 34 (2003). tr. 287-295; trich trong Leszek Buszynski, T h e South China Sea: Oil, Maritime claims, a n d U.S.- China strategic rivalry, Washington Quarterly,S6:2, XuSn 2012, tr.X48.

80

NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUOC so 8(132) - 2012

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Cich hdnh x&hung hSng cua Trung Quoc.

(21) Bronson Pereival, The South China Sea:

an American perspective.

(22) Carlyle A. Thayer, The United States and Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea, tr.8; vk Bronson Pereival, The South China Sea:

an Americjui perspective.

(23) Bao c&o Qu6c hoi My, China's Maritime Territorial Claims: Implications for US Interests, tr.32.

(24) Dieu t r i n cua Ph6 trtf ly Ngoai trudng Scot Mareiel, Maritime issues and sovereignty disputes in East Asia

an American perspective

(26) Bronson Pereival, America "returns" to Asia: the South China Sea, tr. 5. http://nghien cuubiendong.vn/en/conferences-and-seniinars-/thc-third- intemationai-workshop-on-south-china-sea/630-america- retums-to-asia-the-south-ch ina-sea-by-bronso n-perci vai (27) ^^etbao, 17/5, "Trung Qu6c bie'n sU ki§n Scarborough t h d n h mo hinh doc chi€^m bien Dong". htlp://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Trung-Quoc-bien-su- kien-Scarborough-thanh-mo-hinh-doc-chiem-bien- Dong/2131465886/432/

(28) U.S. Senate unanimously passes resolution calling for "Self-restraint" in South China Sea disputes. http://www.pacificnews- centcr.com/index. php?option=coni content&v i ew=anicl c&id=26072:us-senale-unanimously-passes-resolution- calling-for-self-restraint-in-south-china-sea- disputes&catid=45:guani-news&Iteniid=I 36

(29) Bp Ngoai giao My. Tuydn h6 ve vfi'n de Biln Dong. http-7/www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/

08/196022.htm, 3/8/2012.

(31) Yoichi Kato," China's new missile capability raises tensions," A6ahi.com, 27-1-2011, trich trong, Leszek Buszynski, The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime claims, and U.S.- China strate^c rivalry, t r . l 4 7 .

(34) Leszek Buszynski, The South China Sea:

Oil, Maritime claims, a n d U.S.- China strategic rivalry, tr.147-8

(35) Carlyle A. Thayer, The United States and Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea, tr.

73

(36) Leszek Buszynski. The South China Sea:

Oil, Maritime claims, and U.S.- China strategic rivalry, t r . l 4 6

(37) Ian Storey, "The South China Sea; The theatre for em^jrging strategic competition", tr. 5

(38) Leszek Buszynski, The South China Sea:

Oilj Maritime claims, and U.S.- China strategic rivalry, t r . l 4 6

(39) "China's 'aggressive' buildup called worry", The Washington Times, 14 J a n u a r y 2010; trich trong Ian Storey, ' T h e South China Sea: The theatre for emerging strategic competition", tr,9,

(40) Richard L. Bosworth, Effects of China's Sovereignty claims in the South China Sea, 5/2011, tr. 5. C6 tai:

(41) Patrick M. Cronin (b.t). Cooperation from Strength: The United States, China and the South China Sea, CNAS, 1/2012, tr.lO

(42) "Y§u sach chu quyen cua Trung Quoc 6 Bien Dong trong con m^t cua ngUdi My".

http://biendongnct/binh-luan/297-yeu-sach-ch-quyn-ca- trung-quc~bin-ong-trong-con-mt-ca-ngi-m.hlml

(43) Brendan O'Reilly, "The sea rises in China", http;//www.atimescom/alimes/China/NE15Ad01.html

(45) Bronson Pereival, America "returns" to Asia: the South China Sea, tr. 1

(46) Bronson Pereival, America "returns" to Asia: the South China Sea, tr. 4 (Ban dich Tieng Viet ciia nghiencuubiendong.vn)

An American perspective.

NGHIEN COU TRUNG QUOC so 8(132) - 2012