Hl/dNG DAN QUAN LY, SlJf DUNG
JVHJUW M A S CAO tvLAi Lvifim M B HOC MA ti
• P G S T T S ^ L a m Q u a n g Ddc Tradng DHSP Ha Ngi
I
Moi quan h^ giuTaphUdng tien day hpc B ( P T D H ) va kie'n thUc dia If (DL) phd thong
Md'i quan he giOa PTDH vdi kie'n thOe DL pho thdng the hien rd nhat trong npi dung mdn hpc.
Ndi dung DL pho thdng dope md ta bang ngdn ngO to nhien va ngdn ngO nhan tao ciia eon ngodi, kha nang mo ta eua ngdn ngO nay du td't de'n may cung khong the lam eho ngUdi hpe hinh dung dupe he't cae ddi tupng, hien tupng d i i n ra each day hang tram, hang nghin, tham ehi hang trieu nam, nam ngoai tam mat quan sat cua hp.
Do vay ndi dung dd can phai dupe the hien bang ngdn ngO thO hai - ngon ngO ban dd hoac eae phOdng tien eua hpi hoa; sO phan anh hien thOc bang phOPng thOc khai quat nghe thuat "tang hinh" trong cac hien topng cu the, sinh ddng, dien hinh cd the cam nhan dope mpt each trOc tie'p. Chi ed eac loai ngdn ngO nay ke't hpp vdi ngdn ngO vie't, ngon ngO ndi mdi lot ta he't ban chat kie'n thOc DL can hpe tap, ITnh hpi. SO phdi hpp giOa ngon ngO vie't, ngon ngO ndi va eac phOdng tien d i i n dat khae cua dd hoa, hpi hoa...
lam eho viec phan anh thOc te DL sinh dpng hdn, day du hdn, giup eho viee nhan thOc thue te' DL d i dang hdn, sau sac hdn.
Md'i quan he tren day da dupc eac giao vien (GV) xem xet de'n, song van cdn ed kha nhieu GV sO dung mdt ban dd
eho nhieu cap hpc, tham chi nhieu bac hpc khae nhau ve trinh dp. Dieu dd d i n de'n tinh true quan md ao, ehung chung, thieu trung thuc. Theo li thuye't, mpt ban do giao khoa thie't ke ehi dung eho mdt ldp, mdt bai hpc eu the. Cung mpt npi dung DL thie't ke dung eho eac cap hpc, bac hpc nha't thie't phai trinh bay npi dung d eae mOc dp khae nhau vdi trinh dp nhan thOc khae nhau. Ne'u mpt ban dd, mpt at lat thie't ke khdng ndi rd dung eho ldp nao, chOdng trinh nao thi ban dd dd, at lat dd muc dich thie't ke khdng rd rang.
2. Mdi quan h^ giUa PTDH va phUdng phap day hpc DL
Khoa hpc DL la mpt he thdng trong dd cd he thdng kie'n thOc DL to nhien, kinh te, xa hpi. Cac nha bien scan saeh DL da bie'n khoa hpe DL thanh mon hpe DL phd thong, sau dd eac nha sO pham bie'n tri thOc eua mon hpe ay thanh tai san rieng cua moi hpe sinh (HS). De cho kie'n thOe bie'n thanh eiia rieng eua mdi ngodi thi cac bai hpc trong mdn hpc, he thdng kie'n thOc DL dope trai ra tren kenh chO va kenh hinh trong saeh giao khoa mpt each he thdng, Idgie. PhOdng phap day hpe ehinh la so tong hpp eau true logic eua he thdng dd va ca'u true logic ciia qua trinh tie'p thu nhd cae thu thuat so pham. SO tong hpp ca'u true logic npi dung the hien d:
1) Bat ki ddi tOdng DL nao eung la mpt khai niem vat chat, ed the liet vao mpt pham tru ehung nha't djnh, VD: Hai Phdng la thanh phd cang. Da Rang la ten mpt con sdng...
2) Bat kl mdt doi tOdng DL nao cung dope thien tao sap xep mpt each nha't djnh trong khong gian, vi vay nd dope djnh vj trong he quy chie'u khdng gian tren hanh tinh chOng ta va cd mdi quan he tOdng tac vdi nhieu hien topng khae.
3) Bat kl mdt ddi^ tOdng DL nao cung la mot the dang tdn tai xua't hien trong qua trinh phat tnen ciia to nhien va xa hpi.
Cd the liet nhOng nhdm khai niem va bieu tupng vao tOng phOdng dien:
1) NhOng khai niem rieng - dd'i topng DL cu the va dja hinh trOdc tien thupc ve phOdng dien khu vOc, tOdng Ong vdi logic thupc loai DL - khong gian.
2) NhOng khai niem chung xua't hien tO viee tdng quat hoa nhOng hien tOpng rieng biet, thupc ve pham tru, bieu hien logic vat chat nhOng hien topng DL.
3) NhOng khai niem dja chat, CO sinh vat va ljch sO - DL trong mdi tOPng quan thdi gian cua ehung thupc ve phOdng dien phat sinh hpc, phan anh logic to nhien - ljch sO va logic lich sO eua nhOng hien topng DL.
Cau true logic npi dung tao nen cd sd cua nhOng md'i lien he nhan qua trong chOPng trinh DL.
iff^Mtl^TOIi^-t Mm
So 63 thang 11 nam 2010 2 3HUdNG
D A N Q U A N L Y ,SI* DUNG
So tong hdp cau true logic cua qua trinh tie'p thu kie'n thOc bieu hien d ehd ban chat tam li eua qua trinh hinh thanh khai niem. 6 lOa tuoi nho, do la sO rdi ch6 cua khai niem tO ndi no von "tru ngu", nam ben ngoai chu the nhan thOc (HS). TUdng Ong vdi khai niem ma ehu the nhan thOe la kT nang, kT xao.
1) Qua trinh tiep thu kien thOe DL (hinh thanh bieu tOdng va khai niem DL) nhat thie't phai b i t dau to ben ngoai, tO tri giac trOe quan sinh ddng doi tOdng DL tren md hinh ban dd, tren cae vat the khai quat nhd eae phOdng tien eiia d 6 , h o a , hpi hoa the hien hoac trdn cae doi topng DL (hoac mpt bp phan ciia nd) cd trong thOc te, nham tao ra tien de cua sO "chuyen ddi" khai niem mpt each vat chat to ben ngoai vao trong chu the (ngodi hpc).
2) Phan tich va phat hien cac dau hieu ban chat bieu hien d cac phOdng tien tren, to hdp cac dau hieu nay dOdi dang ngdn ngO, ki hieu... hinh thanh khai niem.
3) Ren luyen kTnang, kTxao tOdng Ong vdi khai niem nham Cling cd va md rdng kien thOc DL Ong dung vao thOe te, trOde nhat la thOe te trong nha trOdng.
Co the d i n ra mdt vi du ve phOdng phap hinh thanh kien thOc DL tren ban dd va cae PTDH: Khai niem ve dap (thuy dien) sdng nam d dap thuy dien.
Phan tich cac bd phan eau thanh dap ta tha'y rat rd:
Hinh l . S d d d d a y h p c D L
-'Dap nam 6 p h i n nao cua song (thOdng IUu, trung luu, ha lUu), nam tren thung lung nao, cd hinh dang ra sao?- Than dap ed ehieu cao, chieu rpng, chieu dai bao nhieu? - Ho chOa node, lOdng nudc thOa (eao bao nhieu); lOdng node thie'u (node thap nhat la bao nhieu)? - Dieu chinh ddng chay: eung cap node ehay tuyee bin, cung cap node uong eho eon ngOdi, cho nong nghiep, cho edng nghiep?
- Hieu qua kinh te quoc dan (eung cap dien di cac ndi, tong doanh thu), tao ra vung nghi ngdi du iich.
Cae bp phan tren day hinh thanh moi lien he ehinh thupc ve khai niem:
+ Dap ngan can ddng node to do - thung lung cd hinh dang thuan ldi, cd da't dung de xay dong nha may thuy dien va cd the ngan node bang dap - sau dap tao thanh be chOa node - khi mua node dap giO node thOa lai, cdin khi thie'u node sO can bang nOdc dOdc duy tri bang be ehOa node.
+ Dap de dieu chinh ddng node: node chay qua dap chu ye'u dung de chay tuyee bin cua nha may thujr dien.
+ Ke't qua ciia viec dieu chinh ddng nOdc ehay la cai thien dieu kien giao thong van tai, dodng d'ng nOdc dung de tieu thu cho sinh hoat, dOdng dng d i n de'n tOdi ddng rupng, dodng dng dan de'n cac khu cdng nghiep.
+ Ho node va canh quan ehung quanh hinh thanh ndi nghi mat.
Dap la cong trtnh thuy ldi quan trpng, xay dOng dap ddi hdi dau to ed ban Idn nhOng sinh Ipi eao.
Qua cac vi du tren ta tha'y cac da'u hieu eua eac khai niem tu nhien, kinh te, dan cU deu dupe dien giai bang eac ehi tiet
do hoa trinh bay tren cac loai hinh ban dd giao khoa, nam ngoai chii the nhan thOe, sU d i i n giai nay rat Idgie, tUdng Ong vdi logic eua khai mem dang ton tai. Ne'u GV biet each to ChOc cac hoat dpng hpe tap theo logic nay thi viec ITnh hpi kien thOc cua HS hinh thanh mot each vOng chac.
He thdng khai niem trong ChOdng trinh dope cau true mpt each logic, ehung ed quan he chat che vdi nhau, hinh thanh mpt each to nhien he thong eac ban do va eac PTDH khae tOdng Ong. Dieu dd xuat phat to cau true logic ciia qua trinh tie'p thu kie'n thOc cua ngUdi hpc (xem hinh 1). Do dd khdng phai ngau nhien ma cac nha phOdng phap day hpc DL d trong va ngoai node ndi de'n day hpc DL la phai ndi ngay de'n ban dd va cac PTDH DL khae nho la mpt edng eu khdng the thie'u duac. Dd la mpt yeu eau khach quan trong day hpc DL va dieu dd lam cho ciiung ta d i hieu vi sao cau true he thd'ng eiia tai lieu DL tUdng Ung vdi eau trOc he thd'ng ban dd va cac PTDH khae dung trong nha trOdng.
3. Mdi quan h^ giUa PTDH va tam, sinh If ngUdi hpc
He thd'ng ki hieu, he thd'ng khai niem trinh bay tren ban dd phai di to hinh anh de'n bieu topng, to tong the de'n ehi tiet, to ddn gian de'n phOc tap, tO eau true chung de'n dac diem rieng cua tOng thanh phan.
Bieu topng chOa dOng ye'u td khai quat cho nen nd la bac thang chuyen tie'p tO hinh anh cu the de'n khai niem trOu topng, to cam giac va tri giac de'n to duy. Quy luat di tO hinh anh cu the den bieu tOdng, de'n to duy, de'n khai niem ddi hdi Ong dung thich hdp v6i tOng lOa tuoi HS to thap len cao trong
2 4 Jso' 63 thang 11 nam 2010
HUdNG DAN Q U A N LY, Sii DUNG
£st1&!^ S » » > ^
qua trinh hinh thanh npi dung DL thdng qua cac phOdng tien b i l u hien tren cac loai hinh ban dd giao khoa va tren eac loai PTDH DL khae.
Mat khae, ed the ndi mdt each khai quat - tri giac eua ngodi sO dung eac PTDH DL, nha't la ban dd la tri giac khdng gian, tri giac thdi gian va tri giac van ddng.
Tn giac khong gian la tri giac trOu topng khong gian, tn giac hinh dang, dp ldn, khdi lOdng, cao tha'p, ca'u true va so sap xep tOdng quan vj tri DL, dp sang tdi,... Tri giac khdng gian nham giao due kha nang nhin khdng gian, to duy khdng gian, phat hien eac da'u hieu ban chat, cae quy luat cua cac sO vat, hien topng DL.
Tri giac thdi gian la tri giac dp dai thdi gian, td'c dp, tinh tuan to, so phat trien ciia hien topng qua cac thdi ki,... tao nen bieu topng ve cac qua trinh phat trien cua Idp vd Trai Da't, bieu topng ve qua khO, hien tai, tOPng lai ciia eac ddi topng DL thdng qua cac hinh ve, cac mau sac, cac con sd... gay nen sO hOng thu trong hpc tap DL.
Tn giao van ddng la tri giac eae mo hinh, cac hinh ve, tranh anh, bang bieu, ki hieu ban do d i i n ta sU djch chuyen eua hien tupng trong khong gian nhu cac hinh thUc bieu hien eua md hinh Trai Da't chuyen dpng chung quanh Mat Trdi, cac hinh ve bieu hien cac vdng tuan hoan ldn, nhd...; cac phUdng phap ki hieu chuyen ddng bieu hien sU djch chuyen cua cac khdi khi, gid thdi, nude djch chuyen trong dai dUdng, sO di co ciia eac loai chim, so chuyen cO tO npi nay qua ndi khae, cac mui tan cong, cac mui rut lui...
Ngoai ra, khi thie't ke va xay dOng cac phOdng tien can phai
chu y de'n tam, sinh li thj giac va kha nang cam nhan thdng tin tren cae PTDH DL, nha't la ban dd.
Ban do DL cung nhO cac PTDH dung trong nha trodng la md hinh ki hieu - hinh tOdng ciia thOc te DL cd chOc nang nhan thOc, la ndi tang trO tri thOc ve thOc te khach quan ma chung ta nhan bie't dope nhd thj giac.
Khoang 83% lUdng thong tin dupe dUa vao nao nhd thj giac (thinh giac - 1 1 % ; khOu giac - 3.5%; xuc giac - 1.5%; vj giac - 1%). Hinh anh ki hieu ban dd va cac dodng net, mau sac tren cac PTDH cd du dp Idn va mau sac cd dii dp tOdng phan, dp rd, cd tdi dope mat ngUdi dpc thi ngUdi dpc mdi nhin tha'y chung.
Trong qua trinh nhan thOe eac dd'i topng va hien topng DL, cam giac nhin cua con ngOdi ddng vai trd quan trpng trong cac hoat ddng tam li, dd la cd sd cua nhan thOc.
Doa tren tam sinh li thj giac, ngodi dung cac PTDH, nha't la ban d o - dpc ban dd hoan toan cd kha nang cam nhan thdng tin to ban dd. So nhan thOc hinh anh bieu hien tren cac PTDH, nha't la ban do thong qua cam giac, tri giac cua ngodi dpc ban dd. Cam giac la so phan biet nhOng da'u hieu ddn gian ndi bat tren cae PTDH (dp sang, mau sac, dp tOdng phan), sau dd la sO piian tich tOng ye'u td, tOng bd phan cua ki hieu de nhan dang, cudi cung di sau vao cac chi tie't, cac dac diem, phan tich tim hieu ve khong gian, ve cac mdi quan he. TO dd tien tdi tri giac, mpt trinh dp nhan thOc mdi ve chat, la so hinh thanh trong dau chu the hinh anh ve ddi tOdng, hien tupng DL dang hpc tap, nghien cUu.
Tdm lai, eac PTDH, dac biet
la ban do giao khoa (ban dd giao khoa chie'm tdi 70% cac loai PTDH) cd quan he chat che vdi tam sinh li lOa tudi ngodi hpc. Bd qua tam sinh li lOa tudi cae phOdng tien thie't ke se mat phOdng hodng bieu hien va ngodi GV mat di y nghTa sO dung.
4. Ket luan
1. Day hpc DL la mpt nghe thuat. Dd ehinh la nghe thuat sO dung cac phOdng phap day hpc DL, nghe thuat sO dung cac PTDH DL va nghe thuat sO dung cac mdi quan he chat che giOa npi dung - phOdng phap - phOdng tien - tam sinh li ngodi hpe. Doi mdi npi dung va phOdng phap hien nay van giO vOng mdi quan he nay. Khdng giO dope cac mdi quan he tren thi ddi mdi chi la ndi xudng.
2. Cac md'i quan he can phai dope dat trong moi trOdng cu the, GV ehinh la ngodi td chOc, dieu chinh cac md'i quan he nay de dat dode ke't qua tdi Ou trong day hpe DL.
3. Trong eac PTDH DL thi ban dd chie'm tdi 70%. Trong moi bai hpc ve cac lanh tho DL, khi sO dung tong hdp cac PTDH ve lanh tho dd thi ban do la phOdng tien chinh, cac phOdng tien khae nhO bieu dd, tranh anh, bang bieu, hinh ve... deu ed dja chi rd rang tren ban do nen nha't thie't phai lien he chat che vdi ban do. Vi vay, sO dung cac PTDH DL ma khdng gan Chung vdi ban do thi giang day se mat y nghTa DL.
4. TrOdc khi dung ban do va PTDH, GV can phai danh gia xem ban dd va cac phOdng tien dd cd phu hpp vdi bai hpc DL khdng? Phu hdp vdi kha nang tie'p thu ciia HS khong? Phu hdp bao nhieu phan tram? tO dd mdi dOa ra quye't dinh cd dung chung hay k h d n g . •
