NGHIENCUU
Danh gia k^t qua tri^n khai bao hi^m cSy lua khu virc d6ng b^ng Song Hong
PhanAnb'Mi
Khoa Bao hi6m, TVudng Dal hQC Kinh h Quoc dan
MAC dil, quA trinh tridn khai UU di^m bAo hidm cAy lua d Yi^t Nam dA duge ttige hien nhieu lAn, tuy niUdn kdt quA vA hieu quA cOa bAo hidm cAy lua thgc sg khdng eao; vA ed sau mdi dgt thi didm, bAo hidm cAy lua cOng nhu bao hidm ndng nghidp lai chim dAn vao qudn lAng. Do dd, bAl bAo nghidn ciiu vA dAnh giA l^i ve kdt quA tridn khai bAo hiem cAy Ida, dAc bidt so sAnh ket quA trudc vA sau khi cd quydt dinh Quyet dinh 315/QD-TTg ngay 01/03/2011.
1. Bao iiiem cay lua Giai doan tnrac Quyet dinii 315/QD-ng
MAC dd bAo hidm ndng nghidp d Viet Nam dA tiAi qua mgt giai doan dAi tri Ire, nhung vdi Igi ich eiia nd thi vide phAl tridn bAo hidm ndng nghidp IA vd ciing cAn thidt. Chinh vi vAy, ngay tu nAm 1982, Chinh phii dA cd chuong trinh thi didm bAo hidm cAy liia d vung ddng bang sdng Hdng. Dja ban thi didm IA hai huydn Vu BAn va Nam Ninh (tinh HA Nam Ninh cO) nay la Unh Nam Dinh, DNBH tridn khai lue dd IA BAo Vidt.
Thdi gian thi didm chi dien ra trong 2 nAm, tu nAm 1982 ddn bdt nAm 1983 do ty Id bdl Uiudng quA cao.
NAm 1982, phi bAo hidm ma BAo Yiet thu dugc IA 556.000 d&ng, chi b&i thudng IA 464.000 ddng (ty Id bdi thudng 83,45%). NAm 1983, phi thu dugc la 790 nghin ddng, bdi thudng 300 nghin ddng (ty le bdi thudng 37,97%). Sang nAm 1984, do ngudi dAn sAn xuAt duge mOa, tdn thAt thAp ndn phAn Idn ngudi ndng dAn tham gia bAo hidm khdng duge bdi thudng, khiin hp ngtu mua bao hidm ehi mAl lien mA khdng dugc gi, vi the' UJ 1984, BAo Vidt phAi diing tridn khai do ngudi ndng dAn khdng tham gia niia.
Ddn nam 1993, BAo Vidt ttiuc hidn trd 1^1 bao hidm cho cay Ilia dudi hinh thuc san pham Bao hiem mua mAng d 12 Unh: An Giang, Binh Djnh, Binh ThuAn, BAc Giang, Ben Tre, CA Mau, CAn Tho, Ddng ThAp, HA Tinh, Kidn Giang, Sdc TrAng va Vinh Long. Thidt hgi ciia cAc hd dugc Unh loAn dga trdn co sd udc doAn sAn lupng tmng binh euacA viing. Do dd, nhiing ndng hd cd giA tri sAn lugng du kien thap hon sAn lugng tmng binh ciia viing sd rAt nhidt tinh tham gia bAo hidm. Ngugc lgi, cAc ndng bp cd giA hi sAn lugng cao hon so vdi miic hung binh se khdng hiing thii tham gia, dAn ddn xuAl hidn sg lua chgn dd'i ngbich Uong cAe hd ndng dAn. Sg thAt bai cua dg An do mgt sd cAc nguydn nhAn nhu:
- Thidu hidu bidt vd co ehd v^n hAnh hong kinh doanh bAo hidm, nhAt IA cAc vAn dd lidn quan ddn chi UA bAo hidm; sogn ttiAo didu khoAn, dAnh giA ttiidt hgi
- Ngudi ndng dAn khdng tham gia hoAc Uiam gia it vAo du An bAo hidm nen sd tidn thu dugc td bAn bAo hidm cho ngudi ndngdAn thAp.
- Nhiing ngudi tham gia bAo hidm lai la nhiing ngudi den tii cAc vung cd nii ro eao, thidu hidu bidt vd bAo hidm nen dAn ddn tinh hgng tich Ig cAc miia vu da duge bAo hiem.
- Trg cAp cOa ehinh phu trong trudng hgp thien tai nghiem Ugng xAy ra dA phA hoai bAl ky n6 Ige phAt tridn bAo hidm nAo.
- Khdng cd su h6 trg tAi chfnh dAy dii td Chinh phu cflng nhu tAl bAo hidm.
NAm 1997, BAo Vidt tidp tuc md rgng bAo hidm cAy Ilia d 16 tinh IhAnh tren toAn qudc. Tuy nhien, kdt quA dgt duge chua thuc sg cd y nghia, bdi vt didn tich tham gia bAo hidm chi chidm mdt phAn rAt nhd khoAng 1,15% (nAm 1995) vA 0,28% (nAm 1997) trdn tdng didn tich gieo trdng cA nude, vi Uid sau 2 nAm budc phAi chAm ddt do nhung tdn that quA Idn.
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T.004 38 0,34 2,9
1 » T 7.099 20 DM
Trong hai nam !996 Vci 1997, nhung thdm hpa thifen tai x^y ra ii6n tye d i n d^n cdc thi^t hai trong Scin xucit nflng nghidp I6n din 4.193,14 tf ddng. T6ng phi m i Bcio Viit thu dirgrc khOng du chi tra thi§t h^, ty 1^ b6i thucmg len ain 110%. VI thg, tin nam 1998, ml>t I4n niia Bio Vi^t dinh chi iinh vi/c niy do thua 16.
Z. Bao hiem cay lua glal loan sau Quyet dinh 315/QD-nB ngay 01/03/2011
2.1. Nhung kit dat duoc
Ngay 01/03/2011, Thfl tuong Chinh phu d i ra Quyft dinh s« 315/QD-TTg v4 thvc hi^n thi diSm bio hi«m n6ng nghi$p giai d o ^ 2011-2013 tai 21 tinh, thinh pho
106
Tif CHAU A - THAI BIhtrong pbgm vi cA nude. Dd'i vdi cAy liia, Chuong trinh flujc hidn thi didm tai 7 tinh: Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Nghe An, HA Tinh, Binh Thuan, An Giang, Ddng ThAp.
Trong dd khu vuc ddng bAng sdng Hdng cd 2 tinh IA tiditt Dinh vA Thai Binh.
Tai hai Unh ddng bang sdng Hdng (Thai Binh trien khai tai 3 huydn VQ Thu, Thai Thuy, Tien HAi va Nam Dinh trien khai tai 3 huydn la Hai Hau, Tmc Ninh, Vu Ban) dA co 64.339 lugt hg tham gia bAo hidm cho cAy Ilia, trong do cAc hg ngheo chiem dd'n 85,59% - dAy IA cac hd dugc hd trg 100% phi bAo hidm; vdi hd cAn ngheo duoc bd trg 80% phi bao hiem thi chidm 13,85%, cdn nhung hg khAc chi chiem 0,56% (so vdi tong thd 7 tinh tuong ung IA 84,95% bg ngheo, 11,61%
ho cAn ngheo vA 3,44% hd khac). Didu nay cho thay, nh^n thuc ciia eae bd ndng dan ndi chung va d khu vi;c 2 Unb ddng bang sdng Hdng ndi ridng ve bao hiem cay Ilia cdn han che. Ngudi ddn don thuan tham gia bao hiem vi dugc midn phi. Ddng thdi, qua kdt quA ciing cho thay, bAo hiem cAy lua ehua thu hut duoc su quan tam eiia nhiing hd gia dinh cd didn tich gieo irong Idn, cd thu nhap cao tii ndng nghiep.
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24,21 9.70 66,09 dn
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Tu bang tren, ta thay sd lugt bd tham gia bao hiem cua 2 tinh khu vuc dong bang sdng Hong, cung nhu dien lich Iiia va gia trj duge bAo hidm cua 2 tinh nay lufln chie'm mpt ty le xap xi 30-35% (tren long sd 7 tinh trien khai).
2.2. NhQng han che va nguydn nhAn Mac dil da ed cae cbinh saeh khuyen khich trien khai bao hiem ndng nghiep, song ket qua thi diem thdi gian qua vAn cdn bdc Id mdt so' ban che nhu:
- Sd lugng hd ndng dan bidt va tham gia bAo hidm cay lua cdn han che so vdi tiem nang, chi chidm 3% sd ho thudc ddi tugng tham gia bao hiem ndng nghidp.
- Sd ho ndng dan tham gia bao hidm cay lua chu yeu IA cAe ho ndng dan ngheo, chie'm khoang 85,59%.
Bao hiem cay lua van chua thu hut dugc su tham gia cua cac hd san xuat cd nang lue tai chfnh vung manh.
- Dien tich tham gia bAo hiem chua Idn: mdi chi bao hiem dugc 24.792 ha lua; Kdt qua nay eon rat han che so vdi tiem nAng ndng nghiep cua Viet Nam.
- cae DNBH vAn thue su chua man ma vdi vide Irien khai bao hiem cay lua. Ngoai hai DNBH dugc chi riinh la Bao Viet va BAo Minh va mdt sd doanh nghiep vAn trien khai cam ehung thi vAn chua ed DNBH mdi nao "dam" tridn khai sAn pham nay.
- Hoat ddng lAi bAo hiem nong nghidp ehua phAt trien luong xiing vdi nhu cAu phAn tAn rui ro Dac bidt, chi cd duy nhat mgt doanh nghidp lAi bao hiem nude
ngoai la Swiss Re tham gia nghien cuu va nhAn tAi cho cAe hgp ddng bAo hiem ndng nghiep.
Nhiing ban che trdn do mdt sd nguydn nhAn sau:
- Thu nhat: Nhan thiic cua ngudi ndng dan ve quAn ly rui ro va ve bao hiem cdn thap. Dai da so' ngudi ndng dAn vAn chua bidt dugc nhung Igi ich ma bAo hiem mang laima chi thay d hie)t tai hp mat phi bAo hidm, edn cd dugc bdi thudng hay bdi thudng bao nhieu thi vAn ehua bid'!. Mat khae, ngudi ndng dan vAn quen phd mac hoae thu ddng trude rui ro thien tai mA chua ehu ddng tim each quan Iy eae rui ro trong san xuat ndng nghiep. Vdi nhiing ydu to' tren, vide cac DNBH tiep cAn vdi ngudi ndng dAn trd ndn rat khd khan.
- Thu hai: Thu nhap cua ngudi ndng dan hau het cdn thap ndn kha nang tai ehinh de tham gia bao hiem bi ban che. Dd'i vdi nhieu hd can ngheo va khdng can ngheo tuy da duoc hd trg mgt phan phi, nhung khoan phi cdn lai ma ho phai dong gdp vAn cdn la mdt gAnh nang, gAy cAn trd de'n khA nang tham gia bao hidm ciia ndng dAn.
- Thu ba: San xuat ndng nghiep Viet Nam ehu ydu la phan tan va ho ndng dAn sd hiiu manh dAt nhd, manh mun; do vay, dd tridn khai dai tra, cac DNBH gap rat nhieu khd khan do ehi phi ky kdt hgp dong, ehi phi quAn ly nil ro Idn. Mat khae, ngudi sAn xuat sd huu didn tieh gieo trdng nhd thudng la nhung ngudi ngheo cd thu nhap thap, vi the' vide tham gia bAo hiem ndng nghidp cAng gap nhieu khd khan.
- Thu tu: San xuat ndng nghiep d Viet Nam chu ye'u la san xuat dua vao kinh nghiem, thieu nang luc quan Iy kinh doanh. Do dd, nhung nhin nhan tich cue vd hidu quA cua bao hiem da khdng dugc xem xet mot each thau dao, khd thuyet phuc ngudi nong dan tham gia bao hidm.
- Thii nam: TAm Iy y lai vAo eo che hd tro tai chinh tu phia Nha nude vAn cdn tdn tai phd bien trong ndng dan Viet Nam. Mdt khi xAy ra dich bdnh tren dien rong, lu lau Nha nude vA xA hdi ludn danh cho ngudi ndng dAn nhung tinh cam vA su hd trg ddng ke. Nhiing ehinh sach nay da phan nAo gdp phAn dn djnh trong phAt trien ndng nghidp, dn dinh cudc sdng cho ngudi ndng dAn. Tuy nhien vide nAy cOng tao ra tam ly thu dgng dd'i vdi ngudi san xuat ndng nghidp tmdc eae nii ro thien tai, djeh benh, gay anh hudng khdng nhd dd'n viec phat trien bao hiem ndng nghidp.
- Thii sAu: Vd phia cAc doanh nghidp bAo hiem:
+ Tii nhieu nam qua, cac DNBH trien khai bAo hiem cAy lua ddu cd chung mdt nhan dinh: Nhiing nii ro trong ndng nghidp phuc tap, tan suat xAy ra rui ro lai khA cao, lam cho kdt quA kinh doanh cua cAc DNBH bi thua Id. De dd'i pho vdi thuc te tren, bude cAc DNBH phai tang phi bao hiem, that chat cac dieu kien bAo hiem, pham vi dugc bao hiem hep, khd kieh thich duoc nhu cau cua ndng dAn. Vong Iuan quan nay lai lAm cho BHNN khd tiep can vdi ngudi sAn xuat.
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