Nguyen Hong Kien
Nhu cau giao due hoa nhap dl triroing tieu hpc cua tre em md coi song tai cac cd sd bao trd xa hpi theo tiep can tfac diem tam li xa hpi
Nguyen Hong Kien
Truang Dai hoc GiSo diic - Oai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi So 144 Xjai Thiy, Cai Gily, HS NSi, Viet Nam Email, [email protected]
TOIVt TAT: Tre em mo coi d dp tuoi hoc tieu hgc dang song tai cic cd sd bio trg xa hpi cd nhu cau duac hgc hoa nhap, theo tiip can dac diim tim lixi hdi. Bdi vi sau khi ddt ngpt bi mat di ngddi thin luc tuoi ddi cdn qui nho, cic em bi ton thUdng tim If, song khep minh hoae tu do thiiu tinh tuin thu do thiiu sd chim soc - giao due cua cha me. Khi vio sdng tai cic cO sd bio trd xa hpi, cic em phai thay doi thdi quen song di thfch Ung vdi moi trudng mdi. Khi den trudng tiiu hgc, cac em cd nhu cau giio due hda nhap khi da dang. Vi viy giio vien, nhan vien xa hpi vi cac cd sd bio trd xa hpi can cd nhdng bien phip ho trd cic em hda nhip 6 trudng tiiu hgc - mdi trudng xa hpi hda dau tien cua mdi ci nhan. Dieu dd se giup cac em cd mpt kit qui hgc tap -ren luyen tot hdn di tu lip sau niy va trd thanh ngddi cd fch cho xa hdi.
lii KHOA: Tr6 em mo coi; giao due hda nhSp; ctf sA b^o trtf xa bbi; nba trucfng tieu hoc.
•»• Nhan bai 30/9/2019 -^ NMn ket qua phan bien va chirh stfa 25/10/2019 =^ Duyel dang 25/11/2019.
1. Dat van de
Tre em mo coi (TEMC) dang song tai cac co sd bao tro xa hoi (CSBTXH) la doi tugng tre em khong co cha me, khong duac song cung nguoi than, khong co gia dinh ma dira hoan toan vao cac to chirc bao trg xa hgi. Trong Du thao De an (Joi moi, phat trien trg gitip xa hpi giai doan 2015 ~ 2020 va tam nhm den 2030 ctia Bg Lao dong, Thucmg binh va Xa hpi trinh Chinh phu nam 2015, Viet Nam co 11.365 TEMC hien dang s6ng tai 413 ca CSBTXH trong ca nuac [ 1 J.Thuc t6 cho thdy, TEMC dang s6ng tai cac CSBTXH thudng co tam H bat on khi den truong hgc vi luon co cam giac minh khong CO cha me va khong co mot gia dinh binh thuang nhu nhfmg tre em khac. Cac em thirong song khep minh, it tiep xuc vol mpi ngudi va it tham gia cac hoat dpng tap the, hoat dgng xa hgi. Dieu dd anh hudng khong nho den ket qua hpc tap, ren luyen va phat trien nhSn ban than. Hon nua, TEMC thudng thieu thon ca ve vat chat lan tinh cam, tii do anh hudng rat ldn den su hoa nhap vdi moi trudng xa hpi.
Vi vay, TEMC rat can nhijTig ngudi thuang yeu, co trach nhiem vdi cac em, sir thay the cha me va gia dinh tir phia giao vien (GV), nha tmdng, CSBTXH cung nhu toan xa h6i. Khi tre em khong dugc hoa nhap trong cac he thdng xa hoi thudng tim each de hoa nhap vao nhiing he thong khong dugc xa hpi chap nlian, chang han nhu vao bang dang tren dudng pho, cac em co nguy ca trd thanh nhom tre khdng duac hoa nhap ldn nhSt.
2. Npi dung n g h i e n ci^u 2.1. Motsokhai niem ca ban
Nghi dinh 07/2000/ND-CP [2] vg chinh sach cmi trg xa hpi quy dinh nhu sau- "TEMC la tre em dual 16 tuoi, md
coi ca cha lan me hoae hi bd roi, bi mat nguon nuoi duang va khong cdn ngudi than thich de nuong tua; Tre em mo coi cha hoae me, nhimg ngudi con lai la me hoae cha mat tich theo quy dinh tai Dieu 88 cua Bg Luat Dan sir hoae khong du nang lire, kha nang de nuoi dudng theo quy dinh cua phap luat". Dira theo quy dinh ve tre md coi tren day, cac CSBTXH da xukt phat tit i^u cau cua ngudi than bao trg tre hoae dk nghi ciia dia phuang nai tre sinh s6ng khi khong con ngudi bao trg de dua tre vao song tai cac CSBTXH.
Trong tai heu "Thuat ngii bao ve tre em" ciia Bp Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hpi, CSBTXH (Social Protection Center) la cac ca sd do Nha nudc, cac doan the xa hpi hay cac t6 chuc tir thien lap ra de nuoi dudng va eham soc nhung ngudi gia co don, nhirng ngudi ngheo kh6, nhirng ngudi khuylt tat, nhirng tre em co hoan canh dac biet (mo cdi, khuygt tat, bi bo roi, bi nhilm HIV/AIDS). Tiiy theo dac di8m ciia timg dia phuang, moi CSBTXH co the nuoi dudng va eham soc nhieu loai doi tugng khac nhau, hoae chi chuyen trach vl mgt loai doi tugng. Co nhieu CSBTXH nudi dudng va eham soc timg loai tre em co hoan canh dac biet: tre em m6 coi, tre em khuyet tat, tre em hi bo rai, tre em nhilm HIV/AIDS [3, tr.97].
Cac CSBTXH bao g6m ca sd bao tro cong lap va CS- BTXH ngoai cong lap g6m [3, tr.7]: 1/ Co sd bao trg cdng lap do ca quan quan li nha nudc quan li, dau tu xay dung co sd vat chdt, bao dara kinh phi cho cac nhiem vu chi thudng xuyen ciia CSBTXH; 2/ CSBTXH ngoai cong lap do cac t6 chuc, ca nhan trong va ngoai nudc dlu tu xay dung co sd vat chit va bao dam kinh phi cho cac nhiem vu chi thudng xuyen ciia CSBTXH. Co thg liet ke cac loai hinh CSBTXH danh cho TEMC bao gdm-
So" 23 thang 11/2019 73
NGHIEN c a u LILUAN | | E A , ' S ; ^ = ^ « * , '&M^
- He thdng trung tam bao ttg xa hgi cdng iap dugc phan bd theo mang ludi cac tinh, thudng lay ten goi la tmng tam bao trg xa hdi + ten dia ban. Vi du: CSBTXH tmh Nam Dinh.
- CSBTXH ngoai cdng lap mang ten Lang tre em SOS, do to ciiirc phi chinh phu cua ong Hennann Gmeiner dung dku.
Vi du: Lang tre em SOS Quy Nhan - Binh Dinh.
- CSBTXH ngoai cong lap do cac td chiic tdn giao thanh lap Vi du: Trung tam nhan dao Hong Dire - Tinh Bac Ninh (co Quyet dinh thanh lap).
- CSBTXH do cac ca nhan, td chuc thien nguyen thanh lap. Vi du: Mai am Binh Minh Thanh ph6 Hd Chi Minh (co Quyet dinh thanh lap).
Khai niem hda nhap 6' trudng tieu hoc
To chiic UNESCO quan niem: Giao due hoa nhap (GDHN) la mgt qua trinh thay doi toan dien he thdng giao due nhd xae dinh va dap img nhu cau da dang cua tat ca HS, khong phan biet ve hoan canh xa hgi, kinh te, van hda, ngdn ngO, the chat, hoae cac yeu to the chat khac [4, tr.4].
Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Hai quan niem: "GDHN la giao due mgi tre em trong lap hgc binh thudng ciia trudng pho thdng. GDHN la hd trg ragi tre em, trong do cd tre em co hoan canh dac biet, cd ca hot binh dang tiep nhan dich vu giao due vdi nhirng ho trg can thiet trong ldp hpc, phit hgp tai trudng phd thdng noi tre sinh song, nham chuan hi trd thanh nhiJng thanh vien day dii cua xa hpi" [5, tr.20].
Tren co sd nghien cuu dinh nghia cua nhiing nghien ciiu di trudc da dugc cong nlian gia tri va nhiJng dinh nghia hien dang dugc pho bien rgng rat, trong nghien cuu nay chiing toi quan niem:
GDHN d tnidng tieu hgc (TH) la phuong thde giao due dap ling nhu cau giao due ca nhan cho mgi tre em c6 nhu can hoa nhap trong nha Irudng.Trong qua trinh GDHN, tre em dugc quan tam tdi nhirng dac trung co ban nhu tinh ton giao, tinh dan tgc, dnh trang thS chat va tam h, dilu kien kinh te, thanh phan xa hgi, hoan canh song va dieu kien hpc tap:
- Tre em cd nhu cau hoa nhap dupc di hpc d trudng TH tre dang sinh song.
- Mdi tre c6 mpt nhu cau hoa nhap can duoc quan tam, h6 trg, moi tre co mot nang luc khac nhau can dugc phat huy.
- Muc tieu, ngi dung, phuang phap, danh gia ket qua GDHN can dugc dieu ehinh, bo sung cho phii hpp vai kha nang va nhu cau ciia tre tren co sd hudng toi dap img muc tieu chung va kha nang hda nhap xa hgi.
- Mgi GV, nhan vien cua nha trudng tieu hpc lam viec cimg nhau de tao ra mgt moi trudng co hieu qua cho viec hgc tap cua tat ca hgc sinh (HS).
- Nha trudng TH hoa nhap sir dung nhiing nguon luc ben trong dong thdi ket ndi vdi cac ngudn luc ben ngoai xa hgi va cdng d6ng de tao ra su hd trg tot nhat cho tre.
2.2. Oac diem cua tre em mo cdi song tai cac cci sii bao trtf xa hpi theo tiep can tam l i - x a hoi
Ddi vdi tit ca mgi tre em, viec chuyen tir cupc song gia dinh va sinh hoat ralu giao sang ldp 1 la ca mgt su thay dot ldn vdi thii thach nhieu mat. Doi vdi TEMC trong do tuoi TH mdi dugc dua tir gia dinh (do mat mat cha me) vao song
74 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET MAM
tai cac CSBTXH phai thich nghi vdi nai d mdi, trirong hgc mdi, thky CO, ban be mdi lai cang la mdt thir thach Ion so vai do tu6i ciia cac em.TEMC sdng tai cac CSBTXH c6 nhilu hoan canh xukt than khac nhau, mgt so em dugc dua vao trong tinh trang bi viit bo hoae bo roi d diu dudng, x6 chg, da sd tre dugc dua vao do md coi ca cha lan me hoae con Iai mgt ngudi nhung mit kha nang nuoi du&ng, hoae cha me vi pham phap luat va mit quyen nudi con. Cd mgt dac dilm chung la cac em dlu da khong dugc quan t§m, eham sdc va nudi day chu dao trudc khi den CSBTXH. Vi vSy, cac em cd nhiing dac dilm co ban sau day:
2.2.1. Oac a^m tam li - xa iipi do hoan canti xuat than Viec mat di cha me rudt, mit gia dinh ddng nghla vdi viec mit chd dua vk vat chit va tinh than khi tu6i ddi dang rat can sir eham soc yen thuang tir nhdng ngudi sinh ra minh va phai chuyen sang mgt "gia dinh thay the" hoan toan xa la la mgt dac diem xuat than khien TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH bi ton thuang tam li va thudng hay thu minh trong giao tiep (ket qua NC cu the, bao nhieu %, miic dp nhu the nao?).
Nhieu nha nghien cdu da chi ra rang, khi sgi day tuih cam va yeu thuang, eham sdc ciia ngudi me noi rieng va ngudi than noi chung bdng dung bi cat dirt hoan toan khien cac em bi ton thuang tam li mdt each nghiem trpng, nhieu em CO nhijng bieu hien roi loan sau sang ehan,TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH bieu Id nhieu loai ton thuang ve tam li dugc the hien ra hanh vi ben ngoai nhu sau:
- Mat dl dgng lire va sinh luc: Tre dau khd, lo lang, sp set CO the ngoi yen mgt chd sudt ngay, khong ham thich bat ki hoat ddng gi.Tre buon, lo lang va rat khd tap trung. D6i khi cang thang qua tre trd nen qua hieu ddng, birt nit, chay nhay kliap noi, khong the ngoi yen, dl hi kich dpng [6, tr.72].
- Hung hang va pha phach: Tre dam ra hung hang va pha phach khi co cam xuc manh do khong the diln ta tam trang bing ldi ndi, tre cd the danh dap ngudi khac khi em cam thay cang thing, tiic gian hoae sg hai. Trong nhilu trudng hgp, tre khong tin tudng vao ngudi ldn nlu tre da timg bj ngudi ldn ddi xir tho bao.Tuy nhien, co khi tre md coi lai bam chat ngudi ldn nhu sg bi bd roi, co khi tre lai khong mudn dem long thuong min ai [6, tr.72]
- Budn ba va rit dl n6i cau: Tre khong phai luc nao ciing cd the noi ve tam frang ciia minh. Co thi tre vi qua bli rli hoae sg hai nen khong xae djnh dupc tam trang ciia minh hoae khdng biet ndi thi nao dl diln ta tam trang cua minh [6, tr.73].
Trong giao tilp, tre ml coi cd thi bam liy ai, bit cd luc nao mgt each de dang nhung do chi la bl ngoai, ben trong tre van khong dam coi do la mgt mli quan he chic ch^n Nhin ben ngoai, ngudi ta thudng nghT chiing c6 thi dg dang quen me nhung thuc chat chung khong quen, khi lo hai tre sg eoi me hoae nhd den me. Tre song trong CSBTXH thudng la nhiing tre phai rdi me tir rat nho. Tuy duoc C^RT-V.T I
. I.- • • - ^1 ; ' - ^ H e h a m soc nhung sir eham soc va yeu thuang do cijne d - han nhat dinh. Cac em ludn cd suy nghT minh v A'
i^guyen Hong Kien
khong CO cha me mdt thit ben c ^ , phai sdng nhd vao tinh yeu thucmg va eham sdc ciia ngudi la nen cac em thudng rut re han so vdi cac tre em bmh thudng khac. Td do, TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH thudng cd bilu hien s6ng thu mmh, tirti trong giao tilp, ludn co cam giac bi ki thi vi mo cdi [7, tr.224]. Cu the tre cd nhiing bilu hien hanh vi sau day:
- Tre thudng thich ngdi lang le mdt minh, guong mat thuang buon rau, doi mat thudng bat dgng.
- Khi gap cac ban ciing liia chua quen biet hoae ngudi la cac em thudng khong noi, khong giao tiep.
- Dil la d CSBTXH hay d trudng, tre Iudn cd cam giac la ngudi khac khong quy mgn minh hoae ki thi minh vi minh la mpt diia tre mo cdi.
Mac dil hoan canh dac biet tao ra cho cac em nhiing dac diem nhu vay nhung vdi dp tuoi tieu hoc cdn hon nhien va ngay tha,TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH cd the nhanh chdng vugt qua hoan canh cua ban than de vui ve hoa ddng tai nai song va nai hpc tap neu nhan dugc sir se chia va ygu thuong Clia nhirng ngudi xung quanh cac em.
2.2.2. {lac diem ve moi trililng song va phat trien a. Dgc diem vi moi trudng sdng
Khi dugc chuyin vao sdng tai cac CSBTXH, tit ca TEMC deu phai hpc each de thich nghi vdi moi trudng song mdi, hoan toan khac vdi moi trudng song trudc day ciia cac em.
Hau het cac em du nho tuoi nhimg da higu dugc hoan canh kho khan cua ban than, cac em ludn cd gang de eham ngoan, nghe ldi ngudi bao trg, nhan vign giao due cua CSBTXH.
Sau mot thdi gian, cac em se dan thich nghi vdi nhimg quy djnh, nln nip tai CSBTXH. Tuy vay, mgt bg phan TEMC tung song lang thang trudc khi vao CSBTXH thudng cd hanh dgng hot phat, kha nang chiu dung nhirng quy dinh ve nen nep kem hon tre dugc dua td gia dinh vao CSBTXH,
"tnrdc khi vao tnmg tam, em song lang thang tren dudng pho va da hinh thanh mgt sd thoi quen khong phii hgp nhu:
khong danh rang, ngu d dudi dit..." [7, tr.l62]. Vi vay, khi ire bat dau di hpc hoae quay trd lai trudng hgc sau mdt thdi gian bo giira chimg, viec giu trat tir trong Idp, lam bai tap CO giao tren ldp hay d nha doi vdi nhiing tre nay ban dau rat kho khan. Dong thdi, nhirng ngi quy cua nha trudng nhu di hgc diing gid, mac dong phuc, bao vg mdi trudng xung quanh ciing luon can sir nhae nhd va giam sat.
Mgt bg phan nho TEMC sdng tai cac CSBTXH timg sing lang thang trudc khi vao CSBTXH thudng co xu hudng song tu do, thich lay do cua ngudi khac d trudng va d nha [7, tr. 162]. Tre em chua hinh thanli nhan each on dinh, viec cac em lay do ctia ngudi khac vi nhiing sd thich tre tha hoae do qua thigu thon la mot dac diem hoan toan co the li giai dupc Co nhirng em do chua co ngudi day do de chi ra rang do la hanh vi tigu cue, phai chinh ddn. Vdi nhiing em thigu sy eham soc va giao due mpt thdi gian dai nhu vay, khi vao song tai cac CSBTXH cac em cin dugc udn nin kip thdi de trd thanh nhirng cdng dan tuong lai co tinh man thu tdt.
b. Dgc diim vi nhu cdu hgc tap vdphdt tnen TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH trong do mli TH dlu mudn dugc dgn trudng ke ca nhirng em da timg phai bo hgc giua
chung vi hoan canh gia dinh.Tliy nhien, theo kit qua phong van sau, chiing tdi nhan thiy, vin cd mdt sl tre sg din tnrdng vi nhung nguyen nhan chinh sau day:
Thir nhdt, nhigu tre da bo hpc mpt thdi gian kha dai trudc khi dgn vdi cac CSBTXH. Nhiing tre nay hiu hit kiln thiic da rai rung va khdng the dugc hgc vdi cac ban cung do tuli.
Thong thudng, nhirng em nay se dugc CSBTXH bli dudng kign thiic mgt thdi gian va xm vao hpc tilp d mgt Idp phii hgp vdi kha nang thuc te ciia em.Tuy nhien, hiu hit nhirng em nay phai hgc lai vdi cac em nho d cac ldp diu cip TH.
Vi vay, cac em co tam li xau hd va ngai din ldp.
Thir hai, nhigu tre duoc chuygn tu vimg sau vimg xa din cac CSBTXH tai cac hung tam hoae thanh phi, nen khi di hpc kha nang tiep thu khdng theo kip cac ban ciia mdi tnj-dng mdi. Trong thuc tiln, cac CSBTXH thudng dong tai cac trung tam cua cac tinh nhu la thi xa hoae thanh phi.
TEMC dugc mang vg tir mpi viing mien trong do co vimg sau, -vung xa. Khi chua thich nghi dugc vdi mdi trudng sdng mdi, cac em ciing cd tam li khdng muln din trudng vi Iai phai tiep aic lam quen vdi mot mdi trudng khac xa vdi dieu kien, hoan canh sdng trudc day ciia cac em.
Thir ba, mgt sd tre con mang nhieu ton thuong tam Ii do sir mat mat cua bd me hoae bi chia cat vdi bo me, cac em chi muon thu minh, khong muon gap gd va tigp xuc vdi nhung ngudi mdi nhu thay co, ban be d nha tnrdng mdi.
Thir tu, mgt sd em bi bat nat hpc dudng hoae bi cac ban ki thi d trudng TH se kliong muon di hpc, khdng muon den tnrdng vi sg bj danh hoae cd cam giac tiii than khi thay ban be CO bo me dua ddn d trudng hgc.
Thu' ndm, nhieu tre chua thao tieng Viet vi cac em thugc con em dong bao cac dan tgc thieu so khdng ndi tigng Kinh, nhung HS nay rat ngai ngan khi phai xuat hien d trudng hgc va cac em thudng muon Ian tranh viec di hgc.
Trong sd rat nhieu nguyen nhan ke tren, nguyen nhan xuit phat td nhirng sang ehan tam li din din sir ton thuong cho cac em, gay mat tap trung trong hgc tap, ket qua hpc tap kem la nguyen nhan chinh, rat can su luu tam ciia tihiing ngudi ldn dang cd trach nhiem vdi cac em.
2.2.3. flac diem nang iiic ciia tre em mo coi hinh thanh Xii hoan canh xuat than va moi trudng song
Thuc tl cho thiy, hiu hit TEMC bac TH da sing tai cac CSBTXH trong mdt khoang thdi gian nhit dmh dgu co kha nang tu lap ma nhiing diva tre song vdi cha me co the chua lam dugc. Cu thi, tre co thi tu Iam dugc nhiing viec sau day:
Thii nhit la viec ve sinh ca nhan, hiem khi co ai Iam thay hoae giiip dd tre nhdng viec danh rang, rira mat, tam giat...
Thu hai, tu hpc mgt minh, tu sip xip goe hgc tap, tu chuan bi sach vd, quan ao de den trudng.
Thir ba, tu din trudng cimg cac ban hoae anh chi bang each di bp hoae di bang xe dap.
Thir tu, tham gia vao cac cong viec cua gia dmh thay the va CSBTXH nhu niu com, eham soc cay coi, ve sinh not d...
Dac biet, TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH cd kha nang chiu dung kho khan thilu thin do khong cd su bao bpc, chieu
So23thangn/2019 75
NGHIEN cuu LILUAN
chuong cua ngudi ldn. Bat cir mdt diia tre nao trong do mli TH ciing cd nhiing nhu cau ve nhiing mon an hay do chcri, do dimg hgc tap, quan ao dep. Nhung TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH gan nhu khdng bao gid ddi hoi ve nhung nhu ciu nay ciing nhu khong bao gid than phien ve dilu do. Hiu hit tre deu hieu hoan canh sdng ciia ban than [8, tr.327]. Mac dil quyen Ipi tir chinh sach ciia Nha nudc con han hep, viec dap img cac nhu cau vat chat cdn nhieu thilu thin va kho khan nhung tre mo cdi deu bang ldng vdi cugc song tai cac CSBTXH [8, tr.333].
TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH do chinh hoan canh khic nghiet da hinh thanh cho cac em nhihig pham chat va nang luc ma nhiing tre luon dugc eham Io bao bpc co thg chua hinh thanh dupe. Chang han, kha nang tir eham soc ban than, kha nang sinh ton trong dieu kien thigu thon va khac nghiet. Trong dp tudi TH ma cac em co nhirng kha nang tu lap cao, kha nang chiu dung thigu thon nhu vay chinh !a mdt diem manh de sau nay cac em dg dang vugt qua nhiing khd khan thit thach ciia cugc song.
2.3. Nhu cau giao due hda nhap cua tre em mo coi song tai cac cd sd bao trd xa hoi tir tiep can tam li - xa hoi Ngu d bac hgc Mam non, hoat dgng chii dao ciia tre la vui choi thi dgn tuoi tieu hgc hoat dong chii dao ciia tre da cd sir thay ddi ve chat, chuyen tir hoat dpng vui choi sang boat dong hpc tap. Tuy nhien, song song vdi hoat dpng hgc tap d cac em con dien ra cac hoat dpng khac nhu: Hoat dpng vui chai, hoat ddng lao dgng, boat dgng xa hgi.
Tuy nhign, doi vdi TEMC, mac du cac em da nhan dugc su ygu thirong, diim bge ciia mgi ngudi song cac em van con mac cam, tu ti trong cac hoat dgng vui choi, hgc tap va tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hpi. Sir tir ti, mac cam cua TEMC la mgt trong cac nguygn nhan dan den ket qua hgc tap thap va anh hirdng nghigm trgng den su hoa nhap cpng dong ciia tre sau nay De tim hieu dac digm tam li cua TEMC, chiing toi tign hanh tnmg can y kien va phong van sau dpi ngu GV va HS. Cu thi, chiing tdi da tiln hanh khao sat 37 GV (chilm tl le 100% GV) day hoa nhap cua 4 trudng tilu hgc (trong do c6 11 GV trudng TH Hermann Gmemer Ha Npi true thugc trudng Lign cap Hermann Gmeiner Ha Ngi, 10 GV trudng TH Hermann Gmeiner Thanh Hda, 16 GV thugc 2 trudng TH Nhon Binh 1 va TH Nhan Binh 2, thanh ph6 Quy Nhan, tinh Binh Dinh). Ben canh do, chung toi tiln hanh khao sat 125 HS dang hpc tai 4 tnrdng TH noi trgn la TEMC dang sing tai 3 lang SOS (33 HS sing tai lang tre em SOS Ha Npi, 32 HS sltig tai lang tre em SOS Thanh Hoa va 60 HS song tai lang tre em SOS Quy Nhon). Ket qua thu dupc nhu sau (xem Bigu do 1):
Phan tich kit qua khao sat tren Bieu do 1 chiing ta thay, d noi dung I "TEMC thudng nhiit nhat, tu ti, it khi the hien minh trudc ldp" va ndi dung 2 "TEMC thudng co bieu hien buin ba, thu minh, khong vui ve nhu cac ban cimg ldp" cd tdi 35,10% GV ding y vdi npi dung 1; 27% GV ddng y vdi ngi dung 2. Nhu vay, co khoang 1/3 TEMC con rat nhdt nhat, tu ti, chua thi hda ddng trudc tap the d ngi dung sd 3, "Khi budn, TEMC thudng ngoi mot mmh ma khong chia
76 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
I -TEMC aiUijiigiihiltobM,nrty.nlduUiiliipinilnhiiffflcl&p 3 Khibufin.TEMCtlHEimgnEAinietminhmiaiflnEctiTasi viJjb^hihoScthJycfl 4 -TEMC Ihatmg luyin k i VOI ban hi. Ihlyfcn vi nm mmh ding song 11 CSBTXH i. Tronj lilp, trdng ttuoDg c6 nhfnigbsn lc* Ihj vijc TEMC sing d CSBTXH.
6 Phg!iuyiibcuatrcbijihihl(ftnikh6nginu6ncnnnibihcliaiviMTEMC songicici
Biiu do 1: Kit qud khdo sdt su hda nhdp tdm li - xd hpi etia TEMC
se vdi ban be hoae thay co", cd 45,90%) GV dugc hoi dong y vdi ngi dung tren, chinh vi su tu ti, bi quan vg cupc song md coi dan dgn tre ludn d trang thai "budn tui" cho ban than va ludn nghi rang "khdng ai cd thg giup dd cho minh". 0 ngi dung so 4 "TEMC thudng xuyen ke vdi ban be, thay/
CO ve nai minh dang sdng la CSBTXH", co 35,10% GV xae nhan la co, 27% GV dugc hdi con phan van, dieu nay ciing dg kiem chiing cho cac ngi dung so 1,2,3 vg su mac cam, tu ti ciia tre khi song trong cac lang SOS. Npi dung so 5 va so 6 "Trong ldp, trong trudng cd nhiing ban ki thi viec TEMC sdng d CSBTXH" va "Phu huynh ciia tre binh thudng khdng mudn con minh choi vdi TEMC song trong cac CSBTXH", 18,90% GV dugc hoi cho ring co hign tupng nay dien ra, day la con so khdng ldn tuy nhien cung anh hudng khdng nho dgn qua trinh hda nhap cua tre.
De tim hieu kT hon, chimg toi tten hanh phdng van sau em Le Thi M, ldp trudng ldp 4 Trudng Tieu hgc Nhon Binh 1, thanh pho Quy Nhon, tinh Binh Dinh, trong ldp cd 4 ban la TEMC dang sdng tai lang SOS Quy Nhon, vdi cau hoi nhu sau: "Theo em, vi sao cac ban TEMC sdng lang tre SOS lai ed bieu hien tu ti, nhut nhat hoae buIn ba khi d trudng?".
Em Le Tbi M da tra Idi nhu sau: "Vi cac ban nghT cac ban khdng CO bl me nliu cac ban khae, mdi lin ldp co giao noi din vigc thdng bao cho bo me di hgp phu huynh, cac ban lai rat bulii. Da so cac ban trong ldp dugc bl me din ddn vl, cdn cac ban d lang SOS thi khdng co ai di don"
TEMC dang hgc hoa nhap tai cac tnrdng tilu hgc vl ca ban da thich nghi vdl viec bpc tap cua nha tmdng va hoa dong vdi cac ban trong ldp, trong trudng. Tuy nhien co khoang 16,20% TEMC co kit qua hoc tap chua dat liiuc tigu theo tien dp chung ciia nha tnrdng cin duac bdi dudng theo chuang trinh rigng, Cd khoang 1/3 GV ding y ring TEMC con tu ti, nhiit nhat, khSng thg hien minh trong IdiJ va hay buon mgt minh, khong cdi md hoa nhap ciine cac ban. Da so TEMC cdn vi pham vl tinh tuan thii no' - nep Clia nha tnrdng. Doi vdi nhiing HS hpc hoa nha t "^"
16p cung TEMC sdng tai cac CSBTXH, cd mpt sl lugng nho HS chua bilt yeu thuong chia se vdi ban la TEMC ma CO y coi thudng, phan biet giiia ban cd gia dinh binh thucmg, CO dilu kien vat chit tit vdi nhiing TEMC den tir cac CSBTXH. Bgn canh do, mpt sd phu huynh cdn ki thi vai TEMC sdng tai cac CSBTXH. p i GDHN dugc tit hon, mang Iai hieu qua tich cue han, can thilt phai cd cac giai phap giao due cu thg, thigt thuc gop phan cai thien chat lugng GDHN trong nha trudng tigu hpc.
2.4. Giai phap trd giup hoa nhap ii trUfing hoc tieu hoc cho tro ein mo cot song tai cac ctf sit bao trd xa hoi
2.4.1. Xay dung moi trifcing hoa nhap cho hoc sinh 6 trifcing tieu lipc
Tang cudng su tuang tac giiia hpc smh trong ldp, trong truanfi vdi trg em md cdi song tai cac co sd bao trg xa hgi.
Doi bgn ciing tiin: Doi ban ciing tign la hinh thicc ban be giiip dd nhau trong hgc tap de cung tign bp. Viec giup do nhau CO Ipi cho ca hai phia: ngudi dugc giup dd va ngudi giiip da, Tre giiip dd nhau de hon ngudi ldn giup do tre vi gi&a tre co tigng noi chung. Chung dimg ngon tu cua chung, bieu dat theo each higu ciia chiing va khong bi mac cam, e ngai vdi nhau.
Vdng tay nhdn di: TEMC sdng tai cac CSBTXH rat thigu linh thuang ygu rudt thit, thieu tinh thuong yeu gia dmh. Vi vay, GV nen tao ra cho cac em mdt vdng tay yeu thuang, quan tam, ho trg giiip dd tir nhijng ngudi xung quanh. Thong qua vong tay nhan ai, nhiing HS la ban be cua TEMC se la lire lirgng Uiyen truyen tot nhat den phu huynh cung nhu nhtfng ca nhan to chirc thien nguyen khac. Thuc tg cho thay, tte era la Iuc Iupng tuyen truyen quan trpng da mang lai thanh cong cho nhigu chuang trinh tuyen truyen.Tre em cd the tham gia vao viec xay dung ke hoach, dat ra cac quy tac va thirc Men nhiing gi ma cac em da xay dung ngn.
2.4.2. Tao lap van hoa Ion trpng va khong phan biet 66\ x^ trong nha trifcing tieu hgc hoa nhap
Tai Viet Nam, nha trudng tigu hgc la mdi trudng xa hgi hoa bat huge dau tign ciia tre em theo chu truong pho cap giao due va luat giao due [9], [10]. Xay dimg van hda la viec lam can thiet trong mpi nha trudng noi chung, rdia ttirong TH ndi rieng. Doi vdi nhiing trudng tigu hpc cd TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH theo hpc, viec tao lap van hoa ton trpng va khong phan biet can dugc tngn khai td chu tnrong den nhan thirc va hanh vi cua lanh dao nha tnrdng, GV • nhan vien, HS va phu huynh ciia nha trudng. Tnrdc lien, doi vdi ban giam hieu nha trudng, can cd nhirng chi
&o cu thg ve viec GV day hda nhap can quan tam dgn cac em HS mo coi. Neu cac em cd dieu gi chua tot nhu nhung HS CO rapt gia dinli binh thudng, dugc cha me eham soc, giao due chu dao thi phai coi dd ia thiet thdi cua HS md coi. Khong ngn vi dieu dd ma co thai do khdng quy men, yeu thuong cac em. Cac bac phu huynh trong Idp co HS md coi cQng nen quan tam ddng vien cac em vi cac em thigu thon ca vat chat lan tinh than, khdng cd cha me day du nhir con cai hg. Cac ban HS trong ldp nen quan tam, giup dd,
yeu thuang cac ban HS md coi dgn tu cac CSBTXH dl cac ban cam thiy dugc chao don, dugc hoa nhap that sir d nha trudng TH.
2.4.3. H 5 trd nang life hoa nhap cl trifcing tieu hoc cho tre em mo col song tai cac cd scl b^o trd xa hoi
Can ho trg TEMC nhiing nang lire hda nhap sau day dl TEMC song tai cac ca sd bao trg xa hdi co thi hoa nhap d trudng tieu hgc:
- Giao due kha nang vugt qua ton thuong tam li cho TEMC song tai cac sd bao trg xa hot. CS cac trudng hgc hoa nhap, can co phdng tham van tam li hgc dudng dg h6 trg nhiing HS co nhu cau tu van tam Ii.
- Ren Iuyen ki nang giao tigp d trudng tigu hoc cho TEMC song tai cac ca sd bao trp xa hgi. Nha trudng can tang cudng td chirc cac hoat dpng giao due kT nang song, cac hoat dgng trai nghiem dg cac em dugc ren luyen kT nang mem, dugc giao tigp trong nhigu moi trudng khac nhau, nhieu doi tugng giao tiep khac nhau.
- Giao due tinh tuan thu ngi quy, nen nep d trudng tieu hpc cho TEMC song tai cac ca sd bao trg xa hgi. Timg budc, nha truong thay doi nhiing thoi quen tu do ttirdc kia, dua cac em dan tuan thii diing cac noi quy ciia trudng, cua ldp,
- Ho trg hgc tap cac mon co ban cho TEMC song tai cac CSBTXH. Bing cac ke hoach hpc tap ca nhan cho mdi em HS mo cdi hpc hoa nhap, nha trudng len ke hoach cir GV hd trg cac em tren ldp, co the phoi hgp vdi nhan vign giao due cua CSBTXH dl hd trg cac em them khi cac em hoc d tai noi cac em dang song.
3. Ket luan va kien nghj
TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH co nhu cau giao due hda nhap rit Idn tir goe do tiep can tam Ii - xa hdi. Dieu quan trpng nhit trong qua trinh GDHN d trudng tieu hgc cho TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH chinh ia cin xae dinh dugc nliiing muc tigu ro rang tu' nang lire va nhu ciu ciia chinh cac em. Nha trudng hoa nhap va GV day hoa nhap can thigt kl dugc chuang trinh GDHN phii iigp vdi nhu can dac biet cua timg HS la TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH, dilu chinh chuong trinh, day hgc phu dao, hd trg thong qua KHGDCN dl cac em thich nghi kjp vdi nliiing gid hpc tren Idp. Dac biet, qua trinh GDHN cin dugc dign ra U-ong mgt moi trudng hda nhap tich cue. Viec hd trg hgc t^p cho timg HS la TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH cin dugc tiln hanh tl chuc mgt each quy cu vdi phuong thii'c kiem tra danh gia phii hgp.
- Bd Giao due va Dao tao da chi dao chii truong giao due hoa nhap trong Thong tu 39/2009/ BGD& DT vl GDHN cho tre em cd hoan canh kho khan ndi chung, TEMC noi rigng. Thong tu nay cin dugc Uiln khai cu the den tan cac nha trudng TH hoa nhap mgt each quylt liet va manh me han nira, khong ngn dl tinh trang chua tnln khai trong thuc tl nhu d mgt sl nha trudng co dli tuong HS noi tren hpc hoa nhap hien nay.
- Nha tmdng tilu hgc day boa nhap cin phai chu dpng va tl chirc GDHN cho TEMC sing tai cac CSBTXH manh
So23tha[ig 11/2019 77
l^llaniLn L U U Ll LUAN
m e hon niia; Can phai coi do ia nhiem vu quan trgng khi da don T E M C eua cac CSBTXH vao hoc ma khdng coi viec GDHN cho cac em la mdt vigc lam mang tinh kinh nghigm, tu phat.
- Cac CSBTXH, cu the la nhan vien xa hpi va ngudi bao trg, can bp quan Ii can phoi hgp chat che vdi nha tnrdng tieu lipc trong G D H N cho T E M C de dat hieu qua giao due cao nhat. Bdi vi CSBTXH chinh la gia dinh thay t h i ciia cac em, nhan vien xa hgi va ngudi bao trg va can bg quan li d l u la cha m e thay the (phu huynh) cua cac em.
Tre em bi m l coi cha me hoae vTnh v i l n mat di su chara sdc giao due cua cha m e rugt khi tudi ddi con non ndt da vo cimg thiet thoi, T E M C bugc phai rdi xa gia dinh, que huong d l d i n s i n g tai cac CSBTXH, dua vao su bao trg cua Nha nudc con thiet thdi h a n nira. Coi GDHN cho T E M C s6ng tai cac CSBTXH d nha trudng tilu hgc nhu mgt chu tmong, mgt quan d i l m giao due c i n thilt va nhan van la mgt viec Iam thilt thue, dung d i n d l gop p h i n giam nhe nhiing thiet thoi ma TEMC s i n g tai cae CSBTXH dang phai ganh chm.
Tai lieu tham khao
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bdo ve tre em. Ha Npi.
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xd hoi vd ldng Ire md cdi, NXB Van hoa Thong tin. Ha Noi.
[8] Nguyin H6ng Kien - Trin Van Cong - Lai Yin Ngoc - Trin Thi Quynh Trang - Trin Thi Thu Hing, (2015), Thuc trgng chinh sdch An sinh xa hoi cho tre em mo coi dang sing tgi cdc Trung tdm Bdo trgxd hoi VietNam, Ki yeu Hgi thao khoa hpc qu6c tc cua Tnrcmg Dai hpc Lao dpng Xa hpi 2 - Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Chi Mmh.
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THE NEED OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF ORPHANS LIVING IN SOCIAL PROTECTION CENTERS BASED ON THEIR PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERS
Nguyen Hong Kien
VNU University of Educafion, Vietnam Nationai University, Hanoi
^AA Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi. Vietnam Email; Nguyeihongkiengd@gmail com
ABSTRACT: Primary school-aged orphans living in social protection centers have a great need to integrate in their schools based on their psychosocial characteristics. It is the fact that when suddenly losing loved ones at an early age, they are likely to suffer from psychological trauma, solitude, or freedom of compliance due to lack of parental care and education. When living in the social protection institutions, they have to change their living habits to adapt to the new environment Therefore, when these children enter primary schools, they have diverse needs for inclusive education. Not only teachers but also social workers and the social protection institutions are required to take measures to support these children to integrate into the primary schools which is their first socialized environment, helping the students have better academic results as well as positive behaviors to become independent citizens.
KEYWORDS: Orphans; Inclusive education; social protection institutions; primary
78 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC V H NAM
