V^ P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E
DO LVONG MIfC DO THOA M A N V O I T l l N LVONC
T R A N K I M D U N G * & NGUY6N DU-ONG TU-CTNG V^
Nghien cuU thqc hi^n kiim dinh thang do thoA mdn vdi tiin lutmg (PSQ) ciia Heneman &
Schwab (1985) trong diiu ki^n cua VN vd xdc djnh li^u muv lutfng hay cff chi, chinh sdch Immg, yiu ti ndo dnh hudng nhiiu hffn din Idng trung thdnh ciia nhdn viin (NV). Nghiin cim sir dung md hinh phuffng trinh tuyin tinh (SEM) vd thtfc hi^n vdi mSu Id 224 NVcd trinh dp cao ddng trd len dang Idm vi^c trong cdc doanh nghidp (DN) trin dia bdn TP.HCM. Kit qud cho thiy thang do PSQ thick App de do ludng thoa man tiin luffng trong diiu ki$n ciia VN vdi bin thdnh phin: (1) muc luang; (2) tdng luffng; (3) phUc Ipi vd; (4) cff chi, chinh sdch luffng. Long trung thdnh cOa NV chiu dnh hudng cua cff chi chinh sdch luffng mqnh hffn chiu dnh hudng cua muc luffng, Nghien cmt thdo lu^n nguyin nhdn vd dua ra cdc gpi y giiip Idnh dqo DN ndng cao muc dp thod mdn ve tien luffng vd long trung thdnh cda NV trong diiu ki^n gidi hqn vi quy luffng.
Tic khda: Thod mdn vdi tien luang: long trung thdnh.
1. Mddau
Tifin luong giu vai trd then chdt ddi vdi viec thu hiit, duy tri ngudn nhdn lye, dac bifit trong thdi ky bao gia khi lam phat nam 2011 len tdi 18,6 %. Nhieu Idnh dao DN cho rang ngudi lao dgng bdt man vdi luang vi DN khdng ed khd nang tai chinh de tang luang tuang iing. Tuy nhien, nhifiu NV trong cdc DN lai cdm thdy ndn long vi miic luang da thdp, md con rdt bat hgp Ii. Nghien cdu ndy dugc thyc hi?n vdi mdu Id 224 NV ed trinh dg cao dang trd Ifin dang lam viec trong cdc DN trfin dia ban TP.HCM nhdm kiem dinh thang do thoa man vdi tien luang (PSQ) cua Heneman & Schwab (1985) trong difiu ki?n cua VN vd xac dinh Hfiu mde luang hay chinh sdch luong, yfiu to ndo anh hudng nhieu ban dfin long tmng thdnh ciia NV trong cdc DN tren d|a bdn TP.HCM.
2. Ctf sd Ii thuyet 2.1. Khdi niem tiin luffng
Tien luang co thfi co nhi^u tfin ggi khde nhau nhu thu lao, thu nhap tir lao dgng... Theo To ehiic Lao dgng Qudc tfi (ILO), tifin luong Id sy trd cdng ho^ic thu nhap, bdt luan ten ggi hay edch tinh the ndo, md cd the bieu hifin bang tifin va dugc an dinh bang thoa thuan giiia ngudi su dyng lao dgng va ngudi Iao
1 3 ''H'^1"'^'*'^'' "oudN NHAN Lyc
dgng, ho9c theo quy djnh ciia phap lu^t, do ngirfri i dung lao dgng phdi tra cho ngudi Iao dgng theo in hgp ddng lao dgng dugc viet ra hay bang mifing, cti mdt cdng vific da thue hifin hay se. phdi thyc hie hoac cho nhiing dich vu da Idm hay se phdi la (trich lai tu D ^ g Due San, 1996). Nhieu nudc tre thfi gidi nhu Phap, Nh^t, Dai Loan... cung co ^ nghia tuang ty ve tifin luang khi de clip dfin tat c ede khodn tifin md ngudi lao dgng dugc nhan dm bat ky hinh thiie, ten ggi ndo cho cdng v i ^ ^ thyc hifin.
Tifin luong cd vai trd rdt quan trgng doi voi ( nhan vien va DN. Vdi nhan vifin, tien luong I ngudn thu chinh de hg tdi sdn xuat siic Iao dgng v dam bao cugc song cho gia dinh. C( mgt khia c^
nhdt dinh, tien luong cdn Id bdng chiing the hie ndng lye, gid trj ciia mgt ngudi Iao dOng. Vdi Dl tifin luong chiem ti trgng Idn trong tdng chi phi hoi dgng vd Id cdng cy qudn Ii nguon nhdn lye hifiu qi neu biet sii dyng dung each.
Tien luong bao gom: luong ca bdn, tifin thironi phu cap, vd phuc Igi.
- Luong CO ban (basic pay hode basic salar dugc xac dinh trfin ca sd miic dg phdc tap cua coi vigc; difiu ki^n lam viec, trinh dd ndng Iyc eua ngo lao dgng vd gid thj trudng. Tifin luang ca bdn d^
• PGS. TS., Tnrdmg D?i h<?c Kinh ti TP.HCM
'* ThS.. Tn/dng B^i ht?c Kinh ti TP.HCM I
tra cd dinh cho ngudi Iao dgng do da thyc hien cac trdch nhifim cdng vific cu thfi. Luong co ban dugc tinh theo thdi gian ldm viec (gid, ngay, thang, nam) hoac theo dan gid sdn pham va khong bao gdm cde khodn dugc tra thfim nhu luong ngodi gi6f, luong khuyen khich, cac lo^i bdo hilm bdt bugc...
Q VN, do cac miic lucmg theo quy djnh trong bdng luong nha nudc thap hon so mat bdng luang thi trugng trong khi tdng mde ddng cdc khodn bdo hiem xa hgi, thdt nghiep, y tfi Ifin dfin 30,5 % lucmg trong nam 2012. Dfi gidm bdt chi phi, rat nhifiu DN ngi dia CO hai bdng luong: (1) Mgt bang vdi cdc h? so luong / miic luong theo quy djnh cua Nha nudc dfi dong cdc loai bdo hifim bat budc. Tifin luong trong bdng lucmg nay duge ggi Id luang ca bdn; vd (2) Mdt bang vdi cae he sd luong/ miie luong theo nang lye, chiic vy cua NV dugc ggi Id bang he sd luang / miic lucmg kinh doanh. Vfi bdn chat, khi lucmg kinh doanh khdng cd ede khodn thudng, phu edp, lucmg ngodi gid... van la ehi luong ea bdn.
- Tifin thudng (bonus) la tifin tra cho ngudi Iao ddng khi hg hodn thanh cdng vific tdt hon yfiu cau binh thudng. Thudng la mgt loai kich thich vat chat cd tde dung rat tich eye ddi vdi ngudi Iao ddng trong vific phan ddu thyc hifin cong vific tdt hon. Thudng CO rat nhifiu loai nhu: Thudng nang sudt, chdt lugng;
thudng sang kifin; thudng theo thdnh tich...
- Phu cap Id tien tra thfim, bo sung eho luang ca ban, bu dap thfim cho ngudi Iao ddng khi hg phdi Idm viec trong nhiing difiu kien Ididng dn dinh hoac khdng thudn Igi ma ehua dugc tmh dfin khi xac dinh luong ca bdn nhu phu cdp lam ngodi gid, phu cap ldm dfim, phu cap di dudng... CJ VN, cd nhifiu khodn tifin ggi Id phu cdp nhung ban chdt khdng phdi Id phu cap. Phu cap chde vu dp dyng cbo cdc cdn bg qudn Ii (CBQL) (vi du trudng phdng), ban chdt Id tifin luong trdch nhifim. Phu cdp xang, difin thoai v.v., thyc chat Id mgt khoan chi phi boat dgng md DN nhd ngudi lao dgng thanh toan hg.
- Phuc Igi (benefits) Id khodn tien thdng thudng dugc gidn tifip trd cbo ngudi Iao ddng cho thdi gian khong phdi Idm vice nhu bdo hifim xa hdi vd bdo hiem y tfi; tifin huu tri; cdc dich vu DN cung cap nhu nhd tie, khdm sue khde... Chinh vi vdy, d nude ngodi, tifin luang dugc phan chia thanh thu Iao tdi chinh tryc tifip vd thu Iao gian tifip. Luang true tifip
Id nhiing khodn thu nhap thyc nhan bang tien nhu tien luang co bdn, tiln boa h6ng, phu cdp, tiln thudng. Con luang gidn tiep ehd yeu the hifin qua cac khodn phiic Igi. Ve bdn chat, phiic Igi the hifin sy quan tdm ciia doanh nghifip den ddi song cua ngudi lao dgng. Cac khodn tien tuy ggi Id thudng nhung lai trd bang nhau cho NV khong phan bifit ket qud lam vific nhu "thudng" trong cdc le, "thdng luang thii 13"... ve bdn chat Id phiic Igi. Nhu vay, d VN, phiie Igi bao gom cd cdc khodn tifin trd gidn tiep vd tryc tifip cho ngudi Iao dgng.
Luong thyc nhgn (Net total): Id thu nhdp thyc nhdn ciia ngudi lao dgng bao gdm tat ea ede khodn tien: luong co bdn, phu cap, thudng hoac cde loai tra cdng khde (nhu tifin boa h^ng) sau khi tnr di cac khodn thue thu nhdp vd bdo hifim bdt bugc. Nhu vay CO thfi tifin luong co ban hang thang thap nhung cac khodn khde (phu edp, thudng, hoa hdng) cao tbi luong thuc nhan eung se cao.
Tong thu nhap / tong thu lao (Gross total): Id thu nhap trudc thufi cua ngudi Iao ddng, bao gdm tat ca cdc khodn md DN trd eho ngudi Iao ddng: tien luong CO bdn, phu cdp, thudng, phuc Igi (bdo hifim bat huge vd khdng bat huge, hd' trg tifin nhd, xe...) vd thufi thu nhdp cd nhdn (nfiu ed). Tdng thu nhap phdn dnh day dii nhat tien luang cua mgt ngudi.
Muc luong cd the Id luong co bdn, luong thuc nhan hoac tdng thu nhap tii cdng vific.
2.2. Khdi niem vd do ludng thod man vi tiin luffng
Tucmg ty nhu cdc khdi niem thod man ddi vdi cdng viec, ddng vifin... thod man vfi luong cd thfi dugc dinh nghia vd do ludng theo hai cdeh:
- Thod man ve tien luong Id khdi niem don bifin.
Cach do ludng nay thudng dp dung khi coi thod man luong la mdt thanh phdn (ciing vdi cde thanh phan khde nhu thoa man vdi lanh dgo, vdi mdi tnidng ldm viee...) tao ra cdc kfit qud hanh vi cua NV nhu thod man vdi cdng viee (Oshagbemi (1999), ddng vifin khuyen khich nhan vien Kovach (1987)); hoac khi do ludng thoa man chung vfi luong (global scale).
Thod man chung vfi luang thfi hien cam xuc chung cua ngudi lao ddng vfi tifin luang ma hg dugc trd td cdng viec khi so sanh vdi nhijng mong dgi eua hg.
PHATTRI£N NGUON NHAN Lyc % O
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE
- Thoa man vdi cdc thdnh phan cua tien luong (khai niem da bien): the hi?n cdm xiic d6i vdi rifing timg thdnh phan cua tiln luong nhu luong ca bdn, thudng, phu cap, phiic Igi, luang thyc lanh, tong thu nhdp, hoac thod man vdi cde quy che luang, vdi each thuc dieu hdnh, qudn Ii hfi thong luong... Quan difim coi thod man luang Id khdi nifim da bien ndy dugc thfi hi?n trong nghien ciiu cua DeConnick, Stilwell & Brock (1996); Heneman & Schwab (1985); Williams, Carraher, Brower & McManus (1999). Nghifin ciiu thod man vdi cdc thdnh phan cua tien luong giiip DN bilt nhiing khia c ^ h (miie lucmg, phue Igi, chinh sdeh che dg...) dugc ddnh gid cao hay thap trong bfi thong luang ciia DN dfi tu dd tim ra cac gidi phdp hodn thifin, vi v^y, nghifin cuu ndy su dung thang do da bifin.
Nam 1979, Heneman vd Schwab da phdt trien thang do nam thdnh phdn PSQ (Pay Satisfaction Questionaire), sau dd, hai tac gid da dieu chinh vd kifim dinh lai thang do vdi 18 bifin trong bdn thdnh phan: muc luong (Pay level), tang luong (Pay raise), phuc Igi (Benefit) va co chfi difiu bdnh luong (Pay administration) vao nam 1985. Co chfi dilu hdnh luang trong PSQ thfi hi?n each thue thifit lap hfi thdng luong, cac chinh sach vfi luang nhu nguyfin tdc, quy dinh trd luong, each tinh lucmg, each truyfin thdng dfi mgi ngudi hifiu vd cd gdng de duge tang luong. Trong nghifin eiiu ndy (Pay administration) se dugc ggi tat la co chfi chinh sdch luong. Thang do PSQ bon thdnh phan da dugc su dung trong nhifiu nghifin cuu Heneman, Greenberger & Strasser (1988); (DeConinck, Stilwell & Brock (1996); Jeff W Trailer (2005)). PSQ duge xem nhu Id mgt budc dot pha trong nghifin eiiu vfi sy hai long vfi tien luong.
2.3. Ldng trung thdnh cua nhdn viin doi vdi td chuc
Nghifin cuu ndy sii dung quan difim ciia Price (1979), long trung thanh thfi hifin y djnh hogc mong muon manh me d lai cCing td chiie.
2.4. Mdi quan h^ giira thod man vdi tiin luffng vd long trung thdnh cda NV ddi vdi to chuc
M6i quan he giiia thod man vdi tifin luang vd long trung thdnh eua NV ddi vdi td chiie dugc nghifin ciiu chu yfiu qua mdi quan he giua thod man vdi cong vific (trong do cd yfiu td tifin luong) vd Idng
trung thdnh cda NV d6i vdi to chiic (Chang, Chi Chen, 2010). Trong thyc te, theo khdo sdt ciia D trong bdo cdo khdo sdt thyc trgng qudn trj nhan!
tgi DN VN eho thay nguyfin nhdn nghi vi^c ciia H vl tien luong chiem gkn 40% (Lfi Quan, 2011 Trong mgt nghien ciru khde, 31% ngudi tham gi khdo sdt cung cho rdng II do chinh khien NV ngt vipe Id vi tiln luong (Tran Kim Dung, 2011)
2.5. Md hinh nghiin ciru vd gid thuyit Nghifin ciiu ndy xem xfit tdc dgng ciia b6n th^
ph4n hdi ldng vdi tiln luong trong nghifin ciiu cfi Heneman vd Schwab (1985) bao gom: mdc luong tdng luang, phiic Igi, co che ehinh sdch luong il£i ldng trung thdnh ciia NV vdi to chiic. Thod man va tiln luang se lam NV muon gdn bd hon cung ti chde, no lye ban vi td chuc. Gid thuyfit:
HI: Thod man vdi miic luong c6 quan he dhij chifiu vdi long trung thdnh ciia NV doi vdi td chiic
H2: Thod mdn vdi tdng luang ed quan h^ ciiiiE chifiu vdi long trung thdnh cua NV ddi vdi to chiic.
H3: Thoa man vdi phiie Igi cd quan h^ cikg chieu vdi long trung thdnh eua NV ddi vdi to chde.
H4: Thod man vdi co chfi chinh sdch tien luong ed quan hfi ciing chifiu vdi long tnmg thanh cuaNV ddi vdi td chuc.
Quan sdt trong thyc tfi, yfiu td cdng bang noi bp dnh budng den sy bdt man eiia NV nhifiu bon cong bang bfin ngoai (so vdi muc luong thi trudng).^ia
thuyet; s H5: Thod man vdi ca che chinh sdeh luong co tac
dOng mgnh han tdc dgng ciia thoa man vdini^
luong den long trung thanh eiia NV doi vdi to chiic.
3. Mau nghien cufu
Do nhdm NV ed trinh dg van hoa cao thuonglay mong mudn nhieu hon vfi co hgi ddo tgo-thangti&i cd mue luong cao hon vd lai hay nghi viec nlueu ban nen nghifin cdu chgn doi tugng nay de khao sat Nghien ciru dinh lugng duge thyc hi?n t^i TP.HCM van thdng 10/2011 vdi 300 nhan vifin cd trinh do cao ddng trd Ifin ldm vific tai cdc DN t^i TP.HCM bang each phdng vdn tryc tiep vd thu dugc 224 bai^jtra ldi hgp 1$.
Co 136 ngudi tra Idi la nir (60,7%); 88 la nam (39,3%); 66 ngudi (29,5)% tre hon 26 tudi; 62,5^
9 O PHAT TRI^N NGUON NHAN L
trong do tudi 26-35; 18 ngudi co dg moi 36 trd len, chifim ti lfi 8 %. Theo trinh dg hgc van, chuyen mon:
12,5% tdt nghiep trung cap, cao dang; 77,5% tot nghiep d^i hgc trd len. Theo tham nifin, cd 125 ngudi (63,5%) ed thdm nifin dudi 3 nam; 21,9% co tham nifin 3-5 nam; 14,7% cd thdm nifin tren 5 nam.
Vfi thu nhap, ed 16,1% ngudi cd thu nhap dudi 5 trifiu/ thdng; 53% tir 5 dfin 10 trifiu; 30,8% dfin 10 trifiu.
4. Thang do va phUdng phap xu* ly so lieu Nghifin ciiu sir dyng thang do PSQ cua Heneman va Schwab (1985) vdi 18 bien trong 4 yeu to chinh;
mde luong, tang luong, phuc Igi vd co chfi luong dfi ldm CO sd thdo ludn nhdm. Trong thdo ludn nhdm, ngi dung "dnh hudng cua CBQL true tifip dfin tifin lucmg cua tdi" bi loai vd mdt yfiu td dugc bd sung:
Tiln thudng xung dang vdi cdng siic ciia anh chj cho phu hgp tinh hinh thyc tfi.
Thang do long trung thdnh cua nhan vifin cd ngudn gdc tu thang do gan kfit td chuc eua Mowday, Steers va Porter (1979). Bien "San sang lam bat cu viec gi dfi cd thfi d lai sudt ddi vdi td chuc" khdng phil hgp de do ludng Idng trung thdnh cua cdc tri thiic tre d thdi diem hifin nay nfin bi loai bd. Thang do cd 3 bifin quan sdt nfin duge kifim dinh chung trong mo hinh do ludng. Thang do Likert (1932) 5 bdc dugc su dung, trong do bac 1 tuong iing vdi mdc do hodn todn khdng ddng y va bdc 5 tuong ung vdi muc do hodn todn ddng y.
Sau khi kifim dinh do tin edy Cronbach alpha ciia cac thanh phdn ciia thang do, nghifin ciiu thuc hien phdn tich nhan td khdng dinh (CFA) ddi vdi cac thanh phan cua thang do, md hinh do ludng, md hinh nghifin ciiu. Cdc thang do vd md hinh do ludng, md hinh nghifin ciiu dugc kifim dinh ve cdc tham sd (Chi-square; do ty do (df), gid tri p, cdc chi so CFI;
GFI; TLI; RMSEA); do tin c?y tdng hgp; tdng phuang sai trich; tinh dan nguyen; gid tri hdi tu; vd gia tri phdn biet phu hgp. Phuang phap udc lugng Maximum Likelihood (ML) dugc su dung de udc lugng cdc tham sd do tdt cd cac bifin dfiu ed do nhgn vadd cheeh ndm trong khodng [-1, +1].
Kiem dinh thang do. Thang do PSQ bdn thdnh phan thod man vdi tifin luong ed he sd tin cay Cronbach alpha trong khodng 0,76 vd 0,91. Trong
kiem dinh CFA, thang do cd ket qua phu hgrp vdi cdc tham s6 x^[96] = 185,881; GFI= 0,905; TL1= 0,946;
CFI=0,957; RMSEA=0,065 (Bang 1). Trong qud trinh kiem dinh thang do bdng CFA, 2 bien thugc nhdm co che chinh sdch luang bi lo^i do co he so tdi trgng thap.
5. Ket qua kiem dinh mo hinh nghien cli'u.
Md hinh nghien ciiu chi co hai khai niem: thoa man vdi luong vd long trung thdnh nfin md hinh do ludng vd md hinh nghifin ciiu c6 kfit qua tuang duang. Md hinh cd ede tham sd phii hgp vdi Chi- square (140) 279,695; p=0,000; GFI= 0,882;
TLI=0,929; CFI= 0,942; RMSEA=0,067. He so tuong quan giua cde thdnh phan cua thoa man vdi tifin luong vd miie dg thoa man chung vfi tifin luong ndm trong khoang 0,313 dfin 0,76 vdi tdt ca cac gid tn (I-r)/SE > 1,96 thfi hien gid tri phan biet cua cdc khdi nifim trong md hinh do ludng.
Nhu vay, 3 gid thuyfit HI, H3, H4 dugc chdp nhan. Muc luong, phuc Igi vd co chfi luong deu lac dgng c6 y nghia thong kfi dfin long trung thdnh.
Rieng gid thuyfit H2 cd muc y nghia (Sig.) = 0,101 khdng dugc chdp nhdn, tang luong khdng anh hudng den long trung thanh cua NV vdi to chuc.
Anh hudng eua yeu td ca chfi chinh sach tifin luong dfin long trung thanh la 0,407 cdn dnh hudng cua muc luong dfin Idng trung thdnh Id 0,246. Ap dat anh hudng eua yfiu td co chfi chinh sach tien luong dfin long tmng thanh bang dnh hudng cua muc luong dfin long trung thdnh, cd kfit" qud: Khi do ty do gidm di 1 don vi, x^ thay ddi 21,355 vdi p=0,000, nghia Id dnh hudng cua yfiu td ca chfi chinh sach tien lucmg dfin long trung thanh manh co su khac biet co y nghia thdng kfi so vdi dnh hudng cua muc luong dfin long trung thdnh. Gia thuyfit H5 dugc chdp nhdn.
Diem trung binh muc do hdi long vdi mdc luong va hdi long vdi co chfi chinh sach luong khdng khac bifit. Muc do gidi thieh cua thod man ve luong Id 72,5% bifin thien cua long trung thdnh. Thang do PSQ vdi 4 thdnh phdn: muc luong, tang luong, phiic Igi va CO chfi chinh sdch luong dugc kifim dinh thich hgp dfi do ludng thoa man tifin luong trong difiu kifin eua VN.
PHAT TRI£N NGUON NHAN LUC
21
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE
Bang 1. Ket qua kiem djnh thang do PSQ thoa man vdi tren lu'rfng bang CFA
PSQ Mi>c li^ffng Tang lirang PhCic lip-i Co che, chfnh sach lu-tyng L6ng tmng thdnh
So lu'Q'ng thinh
phiin 4 4 4
)
»
3
O9 tin c^y tong hp'p
(pc) 0,8592 0,9133 0,7982 0.8958 0,7637 0,7902
PhU'O'ng sai trich (pvc) 0,6549 0,7291 0,5020 0,6851 0,4488 0,5571
Tr^ng s 6 trung binh
(M
0,7370 0,8445 0,7018 0,8228 0,6673 0,7457
Ket qud kiSm djnh '
D^t ygu c^u Dgt y§u cau Oat yeu cau Dat ySu cau pvc hoi thSp, cd t h i ch^p nh$n Ogt ydu c^u Bang 2. Ket qud kl€m djnh gia thuyet
U d c lu'9'ng Mde luang -> Ldng trung thdnh
Tang lu-ong -^ Ldng trung thdnh PhOc Igi -> Ldng trung thanh
Co che, chfnh sach luang -> Ldng trung thdnh
0,246 0,175 0,241 0,407
0,048 0,082 0,077 0,117
3,279 1,638 2,939 3,408
0,001 0,101 0,003 0,000 So sanh x^ va do t i r do ( d f )
/ I 301,05
dfl 141
X^2 df2 A df 279,695 140 21,355
4X=
1
Gia trj p 0,000 6. Thao luan ket qua
Cd thfi gidi thich gid thuyfit H2 (tdng luong anh hudng duang den long trung thdnh) khdng dugc chdp nhan nhu sau: Do lam phdt trong may nam qua tang qud cao, Nha nudc l^i thudng xuyfin yeu cau difiu ehinh mdc luong tdi thifiu nfin nhifiu DN phai thu dgng tang don gid luong theo trugt gia ho^c quy dinh cua Nha nude. Vific tang dan gid tifin luang tu 1,350 trifiu Ifin 2 tri?u ddng (48%) trong thang 10/2011, lai sudt vay ngdn hdng den ban 20% /nam va sue mua trfin tbi trudng gidm da khien nhifiu DN rat lung tung. Cd the cac DN da phdi co gdng cao nhdt dfi dap ung yfiu cau tdng don gia luong eiia Nha nudc va khdng cd khd nang tdi chinh cho vi?e tang luong vi cdc H do thdng thudng khac.
Hien nay, gid cd tang manh khifin tifin luang th\ic tfi cua ngudi Iao ddng giam m^nh, 37% ngudi tham gia khao sat cho rang muc luang hien tai qud thdp, khdng du sdng (Trdn Kim Dung, 2011). Tuy nhifin, kfit qua nghifin cuu ndy lai eho thdy yfiu to dnh
hudng manh ban dfin long tnmg thanh cua nguoi lao dgng khdng phai la do muc luong thdp ma la do ca chfi chinh sdch tifin luong chua hifiu qud. Khao sat cung cho thdy, trong tat cd cae ehinh sdch nhan luc, NV mong mudn dugc iru tifin eai td trudc nhat la h?
thong chinh sach luong, thudng, phuc Igi. Difiu niy cho thdy nhung van dfi nghifira trgng ciia he thSng trd cdng Iao dgng d nhifiu DN bifin nay va co hoi cho DN ndng cao mue dg thod man ve luong cho NV vi doanh gnhifip cd thfi bi h ^ che vfi khd nang tang luong cho NV nhung lai hodn todn cd tiie chu dong vfi vi?c thifit l9p h$ thdng co chfi, chinh sach luong.
7. Xac dinh nguyen nhan va gdi y giai phdp nang cao mufc do hai long cua NV vdi cd che, chinh sach iu'dng
(1) NV khdng hai long vdi each thdc xac djiJi muc luang, he so luang cho cdc vj tri chuc danh trong DN theo bdng luong nha nudc hien nay. Khi t\i thiet lg.p cdc he so luong, nhifiu DN thifiu ccr sft khoa hgc, khach quan, thifiu thdng tin tifin luong tr^D
O O PHAT TRI^N NGUON NHAN Lire
thi trudng, tam Ii cdo bang cd ne, va ch;u tdc dgng cua nhiing quy chfi Idi thdi. Quy dinh tra luong theo tham nifin eung khifin nhieu DN ngi dja cd xu hudng tra luong rat thdp cho Iao dgng cd trinh dg cao nhung lai tra luong qua cao cho lao dgng cd trinh dg thdp. DN nen thiet lap he thdng bang luong rieng thay the cho hfi thdng bang lucmg nhd nudc bgc Ig qua nhifiu nhuge diem. DN nfin xdc dinh gid fri cong viec va tham khdo mue luang thi trudng Idm co sd cho vific thifit lap bang luong rieng phd hgp vdi dieu kifin, yfiu can cua DN. Ddng thdi, DN nfin phoi hgp tra luong theo cd 3 khia canh: luong theo chde danh, luong theo nang l\rc cd nhan, vd luong theo hifiu qud thuc hien cdng vific.
(2) Luong CO bdn, thudng tai DN khdng gan lifin vdi kfit qud. Ti trgng tien luong co dinh qud cao, khdng dii tao ddng lire Idm viec cho NV. Mdt sd DN mudn ap dung che do thudng dam nhung 1^ lung tiing khdng bifit thudng nhu thfi nao vi chua dinh lugng dugc mue tifiu vd danh gid kfit qud cdng viec thdm chi ddi vdi ca bd phdn true tifip kinh doanh, sdn xuat. Co the tham khao mgt sd chinh sdch trd cdng Iao ddng cd tinh ddng vien khuyfin khich manh ddi vdi NV hifin nay:
- Ndi rdng bdi sd luong DN theo muc luong thi trudng nhdm ndng cao khd nang thu hut vd giu NV gidi, CO ndng lire. Thuc hien thufi ngodi (outsource) hoac thod thuan ki lai hgp ddng vdi cdc nhdn su da dugc tra luong qua cao (vi chfi do luang thdm nien tnrdc day) nham gidi phdng quy luang DN.
- Thifit lap cdc nguyen tdc, quy dmh xac dinh quy luong, phan phdi thu nhdp gan vdi kfit qua cdng viec. Tao dgng luc cho NV bdng cdc quy dinh, nguyfin tdc thudng dam. Xdy dung chfi do luang Idioan luy tifin doi vdi cae bg phdn true tiep sdn xuat kinh doanh nhung van khdng chfi duge miic chi phi tifin luong trong pham vi cho phfip. Khdng nfin dp dung hinh thdc trd luong thudn tdy theo thdi gian cho CBQL, dac bifit CBQL edp cao trong DN. Cdp bac cdng cao thi thu nhdp cdng phu thudc vao kfit qud hoat ddng cua DN.
- Xdc dinh nguyfin tac, quy dinh ghi nhan kfit qud vd khen thudng cd nhdn gdn vdi ket qua t^p thfi phdng ban, cdng ty.
- Xdc dinh nhdn su ndng cot trong DN vd cac nang lyc khan hiem td thi trudng de thiet lap che do uu dai, khuyen khich.
(3) Cdc quy che chinh sdch trd cdng lao d$ng khdng rd rdng, day du, minh bach vd nhdt quan nfin khd qudn Ii, khd Idm vific, Nhi^u DN khdng cd quy che luong, khi van dung moi lan mgt kifiu khifin NV thdc mac, suy bi. DN nfin thifit l^-p ho^c bd sung cac dieu khodn cho quy che trd cdng Iao dgng (bao gdm cd luang, thudng, phuc Igi, phy cap), rd sodt cdc quy ehe loi thdi phdi bdo ddm tinh nhat qudn, edng bdng vdi ben ngodi thi trudng vd bfin trong nOi bg.
(4) Nhdn thue vfi tifin luong chua phu hgp cua lanh d?o DN. Nhifiu giam ddc khdng quan tdm cd chifin luge chinh sdch tien luong tdt, chi coi tifin luong thudn tiiy Id ehi phi, dfi ddng cdt thudng, gidm luong mdi khi DN cd kho khan vfi tdi chinh trong khi rat nhifiu khodn chi phi bdt hgp li hoac tdn thdt khdng duge nghifin cuu \o^i bo. Trfin the gidi, khi chuyfin sang thfi ky 21, cde DN bdt ddu eoi NV Id cdc nha ddu tu ea nhdn vfi ngudn vdn con ngudi, neu Idnh dao DN VN khdng thay ddi, vdn coi NV la ngudi lao dgng Idm thue, coi tifin luong la chi phi, chiing ta da di cham hon cdc DN trfin thfi gidi 40 nam vd dang lam mat di Igi thfi canh tranh vfi nguon nhdn Iyc.
(5) Nhifiu edn bd phdng nhdn su chua dii tam dfi tham muu va chua cd ky nang thiet Igp bang luong va cdc chinh sdch trd cdng hifiu qua. Thfim vdo dd, cac trudng dai hgc d VN hien chua cd cdc tdi lieu chinh thdc hudng ddn thifit lap va quan U he thong trd cdng lao dgng hieu qud theo thi trudng; trong chuang trinh gidng hdu nhu chua cd ngi dung thifit lap bdng luong DN. Dieu nay khifin cdc DN cdng Iiing tung trong vific c§ip nhat, nang cao trinh do cho can bg phdng nhdn sy. Vific khan tnrong nghifin ciiu, ban hanh tdi lieu chinh thuc hudng dan thiet lap vd quan li he thong trd cdng lao dgng hieu qud vd ap dung chuong trinh ddo tao ndy cho sinh vifin chuyen ngdnh qudn tri nhan lyc la rdt can thifit.
Kiin nghi ddi vdi cdc don v/ qudn li nhd nudc ve lao ddng
- Phat trifin he thdng thdng tin thj trudng lao dfing giiip cdc DN biet eac muc luang thdng dung tren thi trudng, bdi sd tifin luong trong DN, cac cdng vific dang thu hut hien tai va trong tuong lai.
PHATTRI^N NGUON NHAN Lyc 9 3
mi
PHAT TRIEN KINH TESo 260, Thang Sau ndm 2012
- Cho phep DN nhd nudc dugc ty thi^t Igp bang cua NV. Vific tdc dgng eua eg che, chinh sdch tiei luong rifing, khdng dp d^t mdc luong trin vd thyc luong m^nh hon tdc dgng eua mdc luong den I6n|
hifin che dg khoan thu nh^p cho tong gidm doc theo trung thdnh se giiip eho cdc lanh d^o chii trgng hoi ket qua kinh doanh. trong vi?c dua ra nhung gidi phap nang cao lonj
- Cdc DN cung nfin luu 9 Id khdng thi cdi t6 h? t r ^ S thdnh cua NV md khong bj ban ch^ vfi quj thong trd cdng lao dgng ma khdng cai to eg cau to luong DN»
chuc, dinh bifin nhan sy, klidng cdi to h? thong ddnh gid vd thiet lap mdi trudng van hod phfi hgp.
8. Ket luan
Ve mat H thuyet, nghien cuu da kiem djnh thang do bon thdnh phan thod man vdi tien luong (PSQ) ciia Heneman & Schwab (1985) ung dyng vdo dieu kifin VN. Vfi thyc tifin, nghifin cuu cho thay rnuc dg dnh hudng ciia cac thdnh phan thod man vdi tifin luong dnh hudng nhu thfi ndo den Idng trung thdnh
T U LIEU THAM KHAO
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