KEKE I TECIMIKT KTHIHBn. W H, •i.XZ-ail
Ly thuy§t djch va Cnng dung trong nghien CLPU cai bien
• Dao Le Na
Truing Bai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi vi NhSn vin. OHQG-HCM
TOM
T A T :Djch thuit ra ddi vi phit triin song hinh cOng vdi s(/ phit triin cua loai ngudi. Tuy nhiin. If thuyit dich chi mdi xuit hiin trong vii chiic nim trd lai diy Sir phit triin eua If thuyit dich ddng vai tni quan trong cho sir ra ddi vi phit triin cua ly thuyit cii biin vi cii ban Oirqc xem nhir mil dang phiin djch liin
kf hiiu. vin di tuong dirong trong khic biit eiJa If thuyit djch dS auoc cic nhi eii ban hoc irng dung khi hiiu qui trong viic giii thieh sir khie biit cua cie tic phim cii biin khi dit lai eic chit liiu cd tru<ic trong bii cinh mdi.
Tif khda: djch thuit If thuyit djeti, cii biin, eii biin hQC, tuong duong
I. V i i net vel^ thuyit dich
Khdng phii chi din khi cd sy tiep xuc, gip gd va giao luu vin hda giila nhflng ngucri khdng ndi cimg ngdn ngfl d khip mgi noi Ufn thi gidi mdi niy sinh hifn tugng djch Uiufl. Djch Uiuft, hiiu theo nghla diy dii nhit cua tii niy l i hifn tugng song hinh cimg vdi sy xuit hifn ciia ngdn ngfl loii ngvdi. Khi hai ngvdri ud chuyfn vdi nhau la da cd phit sinh tinh djch Uiuft Theo nhi nghien cim ngdn ngfl hgc Rcmian Jakgvson, djch dugc chia lim t>a loai: djch ngi ngfl, djch lien ngu v i djch lien ky hifu. Djch ngi ngfl li eieh dien giii lai mgt vin di da duge ndi vi viit trudc dd Uong eimg mpt ngdn ngfl. VI dy, khi mgt ngudi mp day eho dira con ciia minh vi tu "chen", cd iy cd the ndi mpt cich dom giin nhu Uong ddi sing van Uiuimg diing: "chen" li cai diing de dyng com. Djch lien ngfl li cich ehuy^ ddi mgt vin bin dugc ggi l i vin bin ngudn, viit bing ngdn ngfl nguon sang mpt vin bin khic ggi la vin bin dich, viit bing ngdn ngfl dich. E>ay dugc xem l i lopi djch Uiupt giy chu y nhieu nhit Uong eic nghien cim djch UiupL Djch lien kf hipu li cich dien dat lai mft vin bin ngdn tir nio dd
thinh mgt Ihi loai khic nhu difn inh, im nhpc, hpi hga'. Nhu viy, djch lien kf hifu cd the dugc gpi li chuyin thi, cai bien Uieo quan diem Uuyen thong cua cic nhi nghien ciru vin chuong.
Djch hoic djch Uiupt cd thi duge hieu li mpt bp mdn khoa hgc ndi chung, tic phim djch ndi rieng hay c i qui Uinh djch. Mic dii, djch thupt li mft boat dpng da xuit hipn tit rit liu nhtmg nghien ciru djch thupt vdi tu cich l i mgt bg mdn khoa hpc chi mdi xuit hifn vii chyc nim gin day qua bai viet:
Tin ggi va bin chdt da nghiin du djch Ihugl ciia James S. Holmes. D i y cung dugc xem nhu li tuyen ngdn cua nghien ciru djch thupt ndi chung. Trong
"bin tuyen ngdn" xuit bin nim 1972 nay, tic gia di cho ring nghien cim djch thual lifn quan den "phire hgp cua nhflmg vin df xoay quanh hifn lugng djdi Uiupt, tir qui Uinh din djch phim"^ Nam 1988, mpt nhi nghien ciru khic cung iing hg cho sy ra dcri ciia nghien ciiu djch thupt Ii Mary Snell Hornby.
Trong tic pham Nghien cuu djch thugt theo hiring
' Jeremy Munday. (2009). Nhdp mdn nghiin cm dich lliudi (Trjnh LP d|ch). Nxb Tri Ihiic, H4 Npi.
' Jeremy Mundav, (2009). sM
T r a i l l
TAP Clf PIAT Tn^R maCN, TAP IS, SO X2-201S
Idng ghep, bi viet: "Uong nhiing nam viia qua nhieu gidi hge thupt da len tieng ddi edng nhan nghien cim djch diuat la mgt bg mdn ddc lip..."' Vi diy li "bd mdn mdi diy hung khdi, cd the dugc coi li bg mdn hgc thupt tidu bieu etia thip ky 1990"^ nhu Mona Baker di chia se Uong Bich khoa loan thu Routledge ve Ughiin cuu dich thugt.
2. Van de tinh tuong diromg
Mic du Roman Jakobson quan nifm rang cd ba lopi djch nhung eic nghidn eim djch thuit ehd yeu dit ugng tim vio djch lien ngu, tuc li vifc chuyfn dil ngdn ngfl nguon thinh ngdn ngfl dich Uong mdi quan hf tucmg duomg. Niu nhu tir la mpt ky hifu ngdn ngfl bao gdm hai mit nhu hai mil ciia mgt ding xu ma Saussure da di cap thi tinh tuong
^ f o n g dugc xem xet Uong qui uinh djch chinh li tuong duong v i eii dugc biiu dpt chir khdng phii tuong duong v i eii bieu dpt. VI chinh eii bieu dat li cii lim cho ngdn ngfl niy vi ngdn ngfl kia khic nhau. VI dy: "gi" Uong tiing Vift se dugc viit thinh "chicken" Ucmg tiing Anh. Tuy nhien, quan diem vi eii dugc bifu dat uong vifc eiu thinh ky hifu ngdn ngfl di bj Bakhtin bic bd vl tinh dpng ciia tir. Khdng cd tir ngii nio d uong trpng Uiii ttnh vdi mgt f nghTa e i djnh. Do dd, khii nifm tuong duong eung ehi mang tinh chit tuong doi vi khdng phii Itic nio cflng cd mgt tir d ngdn ngfl dich mang y nghTa tucmg duong vdi m$t tii d ngdn ngfl nguin bdi phit xuit tir cic nin vin hda khic nhau thi ehic chin ed nhihig dieu. nhflng quan nifm v i eung ed thi li sy vit, hifn tugng chi cd d quic gia niy, nen vin hda niy ma khdng the tim duge d uoi dau khic.
Vi dy. hoa tulip cua Hi Lan khi vio Vift Nam van gifl nguyen ten ggi nhu Uii. Ddm ca tii hr, nhi nhac, cai luong ciia Vift Nam Uong nhiiu tii lieu tiing Anh vin khcng thay ddi, chi li giin luge di eie diu thanh.
Ngoii ra, cd thf eiing li mgt Vis a ngdn ngit nguon nhung cd rit nhieu tir ngii khic nhau d ngdn
ngO dich. Vi du: Trong tie phim Nhirng cdy cdu a qudn Madison eiia Robert James Waller, ngucri me Francesca da viit mgt birc thu ch'b hai con eua minh di ki v i euge tinh ngan ngiii nhung cd y nghia Idn nhit cu§c ddi bi li nhiep inh gia Robert, ngudi di chyp cic ciy ciu mii d quan Madison. Trong birc tiiu niy, ba ^ k i ring Robert da diing tir
"per^rine" di ndi v i mtah. Tir "peregrine" li tir ed nhieu nghia, khdng ehi ngucri djch bin tiing Vift vin phii de nguyen tir gdc v i chii thich d dudi m i ngay ci nhin vat cung y thirc v i vife sir dyng mgt tit mang nhifu nghia nhu viy ciia minh. Bi viit:,
"dng ndi, giin dj, "Anh la ccm dudng, li peregrin vi li mgi cinh budm ra khoi. Sau niy me da tra tir iy ugng tir diin. Nghia diu tien cua tir peregrine li
"chim ung". Nhung cdn nhieu nghia khie nita mi dng nhin Uiire dugc. Mgt l i "ngoai nhan, ngudi la"
Hai li "ling tu". 6ng Ii tit ci mgi nghia dd cgng lai, uong y nghia bag quit hen eua tir niy, li ling tOr mi Cling la chim ung, gid day mp nghi Uii"'. Vifc mit tir ed nhiiu nghia khie nhau mi nghia nig cung thich bcjip df sii dyng eho mgt ngudi till rd ring se khdng die nig kiim dugc mgt tir tucmg duomg nhu the uong ngdn ngfl dich.
Chinh vi vpy, Roman Jakobson cho ring:
"thuimg till khdng ed nhflng ma tuong duong Ugn vpn gifla eie don vj mi"*. Trong qui U'mh djch, ngudi djch khdng bao gid che rieng timg tir ngfl ra df djch mi ludn dit ehiing vio ciu, vio moi tucmg quan gifla eiu trudc vi ciu sau mdi nim bit dugc thdng difp mgt cich tuong dii chinh x i c ciia ciu can djch. Dd cung la didu m i Jakobson ehia sd Uong nghien cim ciia minh: "Ngudi djch m i hda lai vi truyen di eii Uidng difp di nhan dugc tir mpt nguon khic. Nhu vay, djch thuit li vifc can hf din hai thdng difp tucmg ducmg d hai hf ma khie nhau"^ Tir quan diem niy, Jakobson nhpn ra duge mgt net ddc dio v i tinh tuong duong Uong djch
' Jeremy Mulldly. (2(XI9). sild ' Jeremy MuiKfay. (2009). «M
* Roben James Walla. (2007), Nhiing cfly cau d qu$n Madison, Nxb Phu nP. TP Hi Chi Minh. tr. 180.181
• Jeremy Munday. (2009). sM ' Jeremy Munday. (2009). jrfrf
Trail I I
tCHCE 1 lECIMlKT KVaMHT, III H, ll.Xt-tl1l
thupt, dd li "tuong dirang Uong khie bift": "Tuong duong Uong khie bift li vin di eg bin nhit eiia ngdn ngfl vi moi quan tim cdt ldi nhat cua ngdn ngO hgc"* Tir day, cd the nhpn thay dau cho ngin ngfl cd khie nhau den the nio vin cd nhOng tir ngfl ucmg ngdn ngfl dich dien dpi gin nhu Ugn vpn y nghia cua ngdn ngfl ngudn dil cho ed the phii be ra hay nhpp vio rit nhiiu tir Uong ngdn ngfl dieh. Tuy nhien Uong phien djch vin chuomg, ^ c bift li phien djch dio, khdng the dim bio vira cd sy tuomg duong ve f nghia, vira tuong duong vi vin difu nfn ddi hdi djch gii phii cd sy sing tao rifng eua hg.
Vi nhu the, yiu to "tin" vi "chin" Uong phifn djch dio ea ddi hdi phii xem xet Ipi.
Eugene NIda, mft djch gii Kinh Thdnh nii tiing cung dua ra quan difm rieng cila dng vi tinh tuong duong til thyc tiin djch thupt etia chinh mlnh. 6ng cho ring, uong djch thu$t cd hai loai tuong duong (hay cdn ggi li hai hudng eo bin) li tucmg duong hlnh thiie vi tuong duong ning ding. Tuong duong hlnh Uiire li eieh djch sit, dft Upng tim vio thdng difp cua vin bin nguin. Ngudi djch phii tdn Ugng cie yiu t i ngdn ngfl vi eiu Uuc ciu sao cho nhflmg ngirdi tiip nhfn bin djch ed thi hiiu vin bin gie mft eieh hrong dii loin vpn. Di lim duge diiu niy ddi hdi nguiri djch phii Uiudng xuyfn sir dyng cie bin chu giii di lim rd nhflng tin hifu ngin ngfl khong dugc chuyin doi sang ngdn ngfl dich. Trong mft si tic phim vin hge, nhit li cic tic phim sir dyng nhiiu Uiuft ngfl mang phong eieh vin hda die trung eua ngdn ngfl nguin, ngudi djch Uiudng van gifl nguyen Uiuft ngtt dd, chi phifn im vi ghi ehi.
Diiu niy si khiin cho dfe gia hiiu rd hon vi boi cinh ciu chuyfn, Uiam gia vio nhflng hopt dfng vin hda dugc de c|p din Uong ngdn ngtt nguin vi Uiim nhip vio ngdn ngtt, vin hda nguin nhiiu hon.
VI dy: uong tic phim Mgt miia tha dgi cua Higuchi lehiyo mi djch gii An Nhien djch tir tiing Nhpt cfi di Ipi rit nhiiu ghi ehi uen uang sich. Ching hpn.
d doan Shouta gip Midori, Shouta ndi: "Midori i, di tdi cho ed coi cii hagoita hdi xua". Vi bfn dudi.
djch gii chQ thieh "hagoita li mdn do uang ui ho^c dimg di choi dinh kifn, ed trang ui hinh nguiri nhiiu miu sie"'. Ngoii ra. cdn rit nhiiu tir ngil phii eho thich khic Uong eudn sich niy nfla nhu:
chawanmushi: Uimg hip kieu Nhat, dengaku: mdn d$u hu xien que phet tuong, obi: Uiit lung ao kimono, hozuki: mit lopi uii eiy cd hlnh dpng nhu dfn chyp, miu dd, yakitori: thjt ga nudng xiin que.
Tuy nhifn, khdng phii dich gii nig cung muin giit lai nhflmg Uiuft ngfl nguon mi hg khdng Um thiy tir ngfl thieh hgp uong ngdn ngfl dieh df phifn djeh. Giing nhu Jakobson di di e$p d Ufn, khdng cd tir ngfl nio li khdng Uie djch dugc bdi "khdng bag gid cd sy tuong ducmg toin vpn gitta cic mi"
vi bin chit ngdn ngfl' li vd doin'°, ngudi djch cd the sing tao nhflmg thu$t ngtt rieng khi mi hp khdng tim thiy nhflmg tir tuong duong vi y nghTa uong ngdn ngtt dich. Vi dy: Nhal Chiiu da dimg tir "dinh huong" di djch tir "hagi" Uong nguyen vin li mft loai ed ba li d Nhat di ggi ien tinh son phin cua cic cd du nfl Uong mft bii haiku. Xet mit ehin xic Uil khdng xic, nhung xet vi mJt ggi cam thi "dit" hon.
"Chung quin bdn dudng Cie du ntt ngu Tring vi dinh huong"
Cich djch niy duge Nida ggi tfn li Wong duong ning d$ng. Sd di ed loai tuong duong niy \i do ngudi dgc muin dugc tiep nhfn Uidng difp ciia ngdn ngfl nguin bing cich dien dpt ty nhifn nhit eiia ngdn ngfl dich nhim dge thdng difp iy bing ngdn ngfl mp df Uiyc Uiy. Di lim dugc diiu niy ddi hdi ngudi djeh phii rdi bd nhflmg yiu t i ngopi lai, nhflmg eau Uuc ciu ciia ngdn ngtt nguin, vi hpn chi tdi da hay tham ehi li cit bd sy can Uiifp vi mit tii vyng cua ngdn ngtt nguin.
' Jeremy Mundav. (2009), sM
Trail 12
' Higuchi Ichiyo, (2013). Wl miia tha dai. An Nhiin dich. Nxb H^inhivSn, trl23
" Jeremy Mundav. (2009). md
TAP H i PIAT THR ntCW, TijP W, ID X2-201I Nhu v$y, hai loai tuong duong Uen khie nhau
CO ban la do ddi tugng Upng tam dugc lya chgn Uong qui trinh djeh. Lopi tuong duong hinh Uiire liy tic gii eiia vin bin ngudn lim Ugng tim nfn ngudi djch phii cd ging chuyen tii sao eho hifu f- qui nhit vin phong va tinh thin etia ngucri vift Trong khi dd, lopi tucmg duong ning ddng lay ngudi dgc bin djch lim Ugng tim nen ngudi djch phii c6 ging chuyfn tii sao hifu qui nhit thdng difp mi hg tiep nhfn ihige tir vin ban gie. Nida eung dua ra "bin yfu eiu eo bin etia m$t bin djch", dd li: cd nghii; truyen dat tinh thin v i cung cich ciia nguyen tic; cd hinh thirc dien dat de ding v i ty nhien; giy dvgc phin img tucmg ty. MJc dii djch gii neu ien hai lopi tuomg Chiong nhu thi nhung chinh bin than dng eOng hiiu rd, ddi khi, ed nhiing Uudng hgp bit buge phii lya ehgn mil Uong hai, hoic li y nghia, hoic li hlnh thirc. Vi di nhidn, Nida da ung h i tucmg ducmg v i y nghia.
Quan difm v i nguyen 1^ hiiu qui tucmg duong eua Nida da thu hiit nhieu sy ehd y v i tranh lupn ciia cie nhi nghien eim djeh Uiupt sau niy.
Newmark, tie gii cua hai cuin sich chuyen luan vf djch thuat li "Nhflng dudng lii djch thuft" v i "giio khoa djeh thuft" da di xuit thay thi khii nifm tuong duong etia Nida thinh: djch Uuyin dat v i djch ngtt nghia. Djeh truyin dal la quan diim gan giing vdi tucmg dirong ning ding, tire li lay ngucri dpc tic phim djeh lim Ugng tim sao cho tpo ra hifu qua dgc gin vdi ngucri dge vin bin goc. Cdn djch ngtt nghia lai gin giong vdi tucmg ducmg hlnh thirc, tire li chuyen tii thdng difp sao cho sit vdi bin gie nhit de ngucri dgc cd the nhan ra dugc him nghia mi tic gii vin bin goc chuyin tii, diiu nay ddi hdi ngudi djeh phai sir dyng cie cich sip xep tir ngtt, ciu Uiic eiu gin vdi nguyen tic. Tir quan diem uen ciia Newmark. ed the nhan thay ring, djch ngtt nghia vin chua thoit khdi boi cinh vin hda ciia ngdn ngfl ngudn, Uong khi do djch Uuyen dat da cd sy cii biin din din cic yeu td vin hda ngopi lai thinh vin hda etia ngdn ngtt dieh. Ve mdi quan hf
vdi vih bin ngudn, vi dieh ngtt nghia ludn ludn cd ging hudng uong tam vio van ban ngudn nfn nd se 1^ If thuie v i l i "eii bdng" cua vin bin ngudn, do dd thudng bj dinh gia li kem hem so vdi vin bin nguon. Ddi khi, djeh ngu nghia gip nhimg eiu Uuc eiu khd djch, nhiing ttiuit ngtt die uung se edn lim mat nghia vin bin nguon v i bj quy chiiu vio hf thong danh gii "Uung tiianh" hay khdng "Uung thinh" vdi nguy«i tic. Ngugc lpi, dich Uuyin dpt hudng ugng tam vio ngudi dge ngdn ngu dich nen bin djcii cd thi mem mai, uyen chuyen hon vin bin ngudn di tao ra hifu qui tiep nhin. Chinh vl viy, djeh Uuyin dat khdng bi If thude vio tinh Uung thinh mi tap trung vio eie ehuin mye cua ngdn ngtt dich.
Ki thira quan diem tuong duomg ciia Nida, mgt s i nhi nghien eiiu v i sau eiuig dua ra quan diim rifng cua minh v i tuong duong Uong djch Uiu§t nhu Werner Koller, Bassnett, Mona Baker. KoIIer da phin bift khii nifm tuong ducmg v i tuong ximg.
Theo nhi nghifn curu niy, tuomg xiing "thuge linh vyc ngdn ngtt hgc dil ehifv, sg sinh hai hf thdng ngdn ngtt v i md ti, ddi chiiu nhitng khie bift v i tucmg ddng ctia chiing" cdn tuong duong li "eie trudng hgp tuong duong eiia nhihig cip ddi vi ngtt einh cua hai vin bin ngudn - dieh"". Bassnet Uong edng uinh nghidn cuu vi djch Uiuat da dinh hin mgt di myc di chi bin "nhihig vin di vi tucmg duong". Cdn Baker iing dyng tinh tuomg duong Uong vife phin lopi cie thanh t i ngdn ngfl.
Mic dil eho din nay, tuong duong van li mpt khii nifm thudng xuyen bj dua ra xem xet, phe phin nhung nd ed vai Ud rat quan Upng Uong vife djnh hudng djch Uiuat vi li "khii nifm Uung tim Uong ly thuyit djch thuft". Nhi nghien ciru Baker da cho ring "mgt khl djch gia thoit khdi dugc cii tucmg duong ngdn ngfl, nhflng vin di xic djnh ban chit chin xic cua mirc dg tuong ducmg mong muin mdi bit diu xuit Ig"'^
Jeremy Munday. (2009). sdd
" Jeremy Mundav. (2009). sdd
Traai 53
1 TECIMIKT K V B i n E r . Vil l i fcit^W
Song song vdi khii nifm tuong duong Uii khii nifm "tin", "Uiin", "chin" uong Ijch su ly Uiuyit djeh Uiuat ciing dugc d i cap khi nhiiu. "Tin" nghia l i trung Uiinh vdi y muin ndi cua tic gii, "chin" I i Uuyin dpt diing ngi dung v i d l hieu. Rieng ehu
" t h i n " duge bin nhiiu nhit vi quan diem niy xuit phit tir qui Uinh djch Kinh Thinh nen ban diu, nd ed y nghia "Uiin Uiinh" ben cpnh y nghia ning lugng sing tao. Tuy nhien, ve sau, khii nifm thin chi cdn dugc hiiu l i tinh Uiin ciia ngdn ngtt, l i ning lugng sing tao" d Trung Quic, djch gia Nghiem Phyc Uong Idi tya ctia Thiin dien ludn cung dua ra khai nifm tuong ty l i "tin", "dpt".
"nhi". ""Tin" ddi hdi nghia eua ngdn ngtt dich phai Uung thinh vdl nghia ciia ngdn ngtt nguon; "Dpt"
yeu ciu mgt bin djch de hieu. bin djch dugc hinh vin Uieo quy tic ciia ngdn ngtt dich; "Nha" ddi hdi tinh Uiim mi cao eiia vin b i n " " . Cd the ndi, tin, diin, ehin hay tin, dpt, nhi l i cic tieu chuin m i hiu hit mgi bin djch diu hudng tdi. Mic dii nd cung giy tranh lufn rat nhieu t>di ddi khi de dat dugc tieu ehuin thin, nhi Uil tieu ehuin tin bj mit di. Diu sao, diy eung l i djnh hudng tot cho djch Uiuft v i cic lieu chuin dat dugc deu chi mang tinh tuong dii.
3. s i i cinh v i n hda cua phien dich hpc Di ra khdi vin bin, hinh dgng djch v i vin d i chgn lya Uong djch Uiupt cung I i yiu to dugc bin den v i giy tranh lupn rit nhiiu Uong gidi nghien eihi djch thupt. Trong hgi Uiio Khoa hgc Quie t i Nghiin du vdn hgc Viit Nam vd Nhgt Bdn trong boi cdnh toin cdu hia thi ky 21 duge l i chirc vio ngiy 21 thing 12 nim 2013 tpi Thinh phi Ho Chi Minh da cd nhieu bio cio xoay quanh vin d i tiip nhfn tic phim v i djeh d Vift Nam nhu: "Q uen cing uang sich vdi nhttng ngudi khic: vifc tiip nhfn Kim Binh Mai d Vift Nam, khio sit Uong bii
cinh dja phuong va khu vyc" ciia TS. Nguyen Nam,
"VI sao Kenzaburo Oe ehua vio dugc Vift Nam"
cua n h i nghifn ciru Pham Xuin Nguyen, "Gidi Uiifu v i quing l>i Vift Nam va v i n hda Vift Nam tpi Nepal, vin hije va v i n hda Nepal tpi Vift Nam*
eua nha vin Nepal Sandhya Regmi, " V i n d i phien djch tic phim vin hge Nhpt Bin d Vift Nam - ugng tim l i tifu thuyit Kgkoro ciia Nalsurae Soseki" cua PGS.TS. Nguyen Thj Oanh, "Tinh hinh djch, gidi thifu vin hge Vift Nam d Nhpt Ban tir diu t h i ky X X I din nay" ctia ThS. Nguyen Thanh Tim. Trgng tim cua cie bio cig nfu ien mpt die diem chung Uong qui trinh djch thuat l i sy anh hudng etia vin hda tifp nhpn. R9 ring, khi tien hinh djeh thupt mgt tic phim nio dd, djch g i i phai xuit phit tir sy himg thit ddi vdi vin hda chira d^mg v3n bin chir khdng phai vl himg thii vdi vin bin nguin m i bd qua yeu td vin hda cua bin ngudn iy". Nhi nghien ciru Nguyen Nam da dan ra Uudng hpp phidn djch Kim Binh Mai a Vift Nam. Kim Binh Mai vdn l i mgt tic pham vin chuomg noi tiing d Trung Quoc v i cd the sinh ngang vdi Hdng Liu Mgng, Nho Ldm ngogi su va da dugc djch ra rat nhieu thir tieng uen the gidi. Tuy nhien, cho din nua diu the ky XX, tic pham niy van chua dupc djch ra tiing Vift va eie dgc g i i Vift Nam da phin deu tiep nhfn nd tir bin tieng Anh ho$c tiing Phip.
Mai din nim 1969, tic phim niy mdi dugc Nguyen Quie Hiing djch sang tiing Vift v i dugc nhi xuit bin Chieu Duong i n hinh. Tuy nhien, bin djch ciia Nguyin Quic Hiing khdng phai duge djch tir ban gdc Kim Binh Mai m i l i tir C<5 Bdn Kim Binh Mai (1936) vdi cic chi t i i t dim dye d i dugc spch hda vi
" l i ban thira hudng t i t c i nhihig gl da bj luge bd, Uiay d i i v i thdm thit cd tir bin Huiluzhen ben (1916)""'. Cd t h i thiy, Kim B'mh Mai Uong nguyfn
" Jeremy Munday. (2009). sdd
" Weihe Zhong. (Pham T A Thy dicli) (2013).-Ting quan lich sii dich Ihull Trang Quic Ly thuyet v i ihvc h W i " . Tap chi Buih hidn vdn *oc. Dai hpc Sti 06n. tfitoa 12.2011
54
Nguyin NaTTi. "<5 trtn ciing trang sich vai nh&ng nguoi khic- Vicc licp nh$n Kim Binh Mai a Vict Nam. khao s ^ trong b^
canh dja phirong vi khu vvc". Ky y ^ HOi thao Qudc tc Toin du h6a van hoc V i ^ Nam vi Nh^t Ban thd ky X X . TP. H& CM Minh, th^ng 12.2013
"' Nguygn Nam, dfl d3n
TAP Cii MAT TKEi KHftCN, TAP 19, SO XZ-2016 tic vdn ndi tieng la tic phim van chucmg khieu dam
nen khdng did khdng cd nhimg einh "dam d, tyc iTu", eii lim nen bin sac cho the lopi vin chuong niy. The nhung Uong Kim Binh Mai dugc djch ra qudc ngir tpi Vipt Nam, do sy kiem duyet kbit khe va do vin hda tiep nhan, cii "bin sac" i y di bien mat va do dd ban djeh di Ud Uiinh "bin meo md khic hoin loan vdi kift tic nguyen gdc"'^ Dieu niy, se dan den sal Ifeh khi nghien ciru Kim Binh Mai dya ufn ban djch dang luu hinh d Vift Nam vi se trd thinh •thim hga" Ugng djch thuit v i nghien cim.
Bdi canh vin hda khdng chi kiim duyft hinh dgng djeh thuit mi cdn quy djnh tic phim djch Uiupt. Dd li sv se ehia vin hda va sy dong cim cua
^ j i c gia, din tge ma vin bin nguin dugc chira dyng vdi qudc gia, din tpc mi vin bin dich dugc xuat ban. Diiu niy ly giii nguyen nhin tpi sao eic tic pham viit ve chien Uanh nhu Nhdt In Dgng Thiiy Trdm. Mdi mdi tudi hai muai Ipi dugc chgn djch trudc tien d Nepal, nai xiy ra cic cugc chidn Uanh tugng ty Vift Nam.
Ngoii ra, bdi cinh van hda ciing gdp phin lim cho ban djch dugc chinh xic, toin vpn. Ngucri djeh di cd thiu uift ve ngdn ngir tdi dau nhung neu khdng dit nd vio bdi einh vin hda, khdng thyc sy am hieu ve bdi einh vin hda dil se de din den nhim lan vi djeh sai. Djch gii Trin EMnh Hien H phit bieu: "Djch Ihyc ehat li giao luu giira hai nen van hda mi nhieu khi yeu to vin hda eho mgt djch phim thinh cdng quan Upng hon ngdn ngir. Vin hda rat quan Upng vdi ngudi djeh, can phii cd phdng vin hda siu rgng cua ca hai nen vin hda. Neu bd qua boi einh vin hda Uii khdng the dpi dugc sy giao luu giila hai ngdn ngit"". Mgt vi dy vi Uudng hgp djch sai vi khdng dit vin bin vio boi cinh vin hda gay
' Nguy^ Nam. di dan
'* Nguyen 1 hi CVinh. "Vin dc phi^n dich tte pham \An hoc Nhal Han Ul Vi«l Nam - Trong lim la lieu Ihuyel Kol.oru (Noi long) cua Nalsumc Soseir. K> yeu lldi thao C^oc le Toen cau hoa vJn hoc V* Nam va NMl Ban Ihf k< XX. TP. Ho Chi Mmh.
thine 12 2013
xdn xao du luan gin day l i tip Tha Haiku Nhdt Bin ciia djch gii Thai B i Tan do Nhi sich Ddng Tiy lien kit vdi NXB Lao Ddng in hinh. Ban djeh giy chu y nhit Ii bii tho haiku ciia nir tic g i i Chiyo-Ni.
Bii tho nay dugc Thii Ba Tin djch ra nhu sau:
"Tir rang sing, Tdi eim chiec xd nhu cim con tin,
Xin nude"
Cd the khang dinh bii Uio niy dugc djch tir t>an tiing Anh vi theo tifng Nhit, cau diu tifn li:
"Asagao", nghia la "hoa trieu nhan", "hoa bim bim"
chir khdng the nio la rpng sing dugc. Ngay Uong tieng Anh, "moming-glory" li cich ggi "hoa Uieu nhan" chir khdng phii nghTa Ii rang sing. Bin tieng Anh ciia bii tho niy nhu sau:
"A morning - glory having taken The well-bucket, I begged for water"
Rd ring, "morning - glory" Uong ban tieng Anh nay la mdt chii the chir khdng phai Uang ngir. Bai tho niy di timg dugc djch gii Nhat Chieu djch ra tieng Vift vdi diy dti du vj eiia mgt bii Uio haiku:
"Hoa trieu nhan diy giu vuong hoa ben giing
danh xin nude nha ben""
Cich djch nhu uen cua Thii Ba Tan cho thiy yeu td tin, dpt, nhi deu khdng dat, cii thin cua mdt bii Uio haiku, cai nhe nhing mi tinh ti cua vin hda Nhat Ban deu khdng the tim thiy.
Trong ljch sir djch thuit, nhifu Uucmg hgp ban dich khdng chi dim bio dugc yeu t i tin, dpt, nhi mi edn bd sung, ting tien them y nghla cho vin ban ngudn thdng qua cich tiip nhin cua djch gii. (5 diy, chiing tdi xet Uucmg hgp "Ty Bi hinh" ciia Bpch Cu Dj duge cho la Phan Huy Vjnh djch. Bii
"Ty Ba hinh" ctia Bach Cu Dj md diu bing cau Uio: 'Tim duong giang diu da tdng khich" da duge djeh thinh: "Ben Tim Ducmg canh khuya dua khich". Khdng bift vd linh hay hiru y nhung ciu
" Thoai Ha. Do Hiin (2014). "Thai Ba Tin bi phai hien dich sai TV haiku Nhdl Ban-. Ngu6n: http://giaitri.vncxprcss.ncl/tin- tuc/sach/lang.tan.thai-taa^an.bi.phal4iien.dich.sai-lho-haiku- nhaHMn-2944409 Mml
Tpani S5
t O B K I TECMIKT K I H M B T , M « , llJZ-nil tho niy khdng nhimg dien t i dugc sit nghia vdi ban goc m i edn ve nen hinh con Uiuyin qua lu$t bing - uie, u i c d hai diu, bing d giOa. Hay d mgt ciu ttio khic li: "Chu nhin hi mS khich tpi Uiuyin" Uil dugc djch thinh "Ngirdi xuing ngya, khich dimg cheo" Uii hifn sy ngit nhjp rit vira vin. Hay ciu
"dong Uij Uiien nhai luin lpc nhin" (cimg li ngudi luu lae ben gdc Udi) mi cau tho djeh li "cimg mgt lira ben Ucri l|n d|n", "eimg mpt lira" vdi y nghla eimg mgt ndi, ciing mgt dii hf, ciing mpt difu da lim sing bin vin bin djch tir gde dp ngir nghTa Ian thiea.
Cd Uii Uiiy, mic dii ra ddi khi u l nhung ]f thuyit djch ciing di cd nhihig ddng gdp tich eye Uong djnh hvdng djeh Uiuft v i nghidn cim hinh dfng djch. Tir dd, nhiiu vin di vi djch thuft, nhiiu ciu hdi Uong qui Ubih Uuyin bi cic tic phim tinh hoa giita eie nin vin hda khie nhau din din dugc khai lp.
4. Cii bl(n hpe nhin tfr 1^ thuyit djeh Khdi di tir quan diim cila Roman Jakobson uong viic phin lopi djch Uiuft, eii bifn dugc xem Ii lopi djeh ttiuft Uiir ba, tiic Ii djch lien k^ hifu. Do dd, soi chiiu cic vin di cua cii bien bing ly thuyit djch Uidng qua cic khii nifm nhu: tinh tuong duong, tinh Uung UiiiUi, boi cinh vin hda se khiin cho nghifn ciru phpm uii niy cd nhimg lufn cir vihig ving.
Tic phim djch Uiuat v i tic phim cai bien diu bj xem li tic phim phii sinh nhung giiia chung ed nhiing tieu chi khic nhau rd ring. Niu nhu phien djeh thudng dugc yeu ciu "djch vin bin gie mi khdng cd bit ky xda bd vi chi b6 sung nhihig cii cin ttiiit di lim chg vin ban de hiiu bing ngdn ngit djch vi van hda"^" Uil eii bien lai "cd thi di chfeh thoii mii tir cic ehit lifu ed Uudc ctia nd, dua chiing din eie loai Uiao tic vi siira dii khic nhau""
Tuy nhien, sy giing nhau ciia djch Uiuft vi cii bien
" Uwrence Venuli. (2007). "Adipoiion. Trmstalion. CriUque- JouiMl of Visual Culture, Sage PuMicalions
" LlwiCTcc Venuli. (20071. dl din TPMIM
li diu cimg vifn din v i o sv giii diich ddi vdi chit lifu ed trude. Vdi nhiing cau tnje khie nhau, tk vyng khie nhau, eii phip khie nhau giila ngdn ngO nguin v i ngdn ngil dich, ddi hdi ngirdi djch phai tao dyng, kiin Ude lai thinh nhitng ky hifu ngdn ngit mdi nhim khdi phyc "ba ngil cinh ngdn ngO nguon bj mit"^^ trong qui uinh djch thu$L Theo tinh thin lifn vin ban, y nghTa eiia vin bin dvgc lao ra tir chinh n$i tai cua vin bin, tir sy lien kit ciia cie ky hifu ngdn ngil de tao thinh vin bin vi s|i lifn vin bin vdi cie vin bin trudc dd. Ngoai n, Uong qui Uinh hinh thinh, vin bin ciing ludn ludn nim d Upng Uiii tifp c$n chir khdng bao gid hoin chinh. Sy tuong tic ciia vin bin vdi nhihig vin ban ra ddi sau dd vi nhiing vin bin nim Uong cdng bii einh vin hda sS tao ra nhiing y nghTa khie nhau cho vin ban. VI vay, diu cho ngdn ngil nguin vi ngdn ngil dich cd tuong xiimg din diu till theo nhi nghifn ciiru Venuti, tinh lifn vin bin ciia ngdn ngil se ludn ludn khiin cho bin djeh khdng bao gid toin vpn boi sy khiim khuyit cua ba ngil cinh ngdn ngil nguin dd. d diy, ehimg tdi dua ra mgt vi dy v i hai ciu dip Ugng Truyfn Kiiu:
"Trii qua mgt euge bi diu Nhttng diiu Udng thiy ma dau ddn Idng"
Rd ring, hai ciy tho niy khi djch sang tiing Anh se khdng cdn trgn vpn vi hlnh thirc vl tieng Vift vin li don im tiet, moi am tiit tpo nen mpt tit nen qui Uinh ehuyin djch se khdng Uii nio giU dugc thi Uio lye bit nhu tiing Vift. Ngoii ra, Uong hai eau Uio nay, tinh lien vin bin eung bj mit khi djch thuat, dd li ehii "t>i dau" se duge lifn vin ban den thinh ngil "bai bi nucmg diu", nghTa li bai bien biin thanh nuong diu, chi sy Uiay ddi. Thi nhung khi djch sang tiing Anh, chil bi diu (cd thi) dupc hiiu theo nghTa Ii whirligig (ccm tao, sy xoay van ctia euge ddi...). Nhu vpy, ngudi dpc bin djch si khdng biit din vifc bii biin biin thanh nuomg diu nhu bin goe. Cym tir "nhiing diiu udng thiy" ngoii
Lawrence Venuti, (2007). di din
TAP cai nkj win aacii, Ur n, s6 xz-ton
lifn vin bin vdi nhirng chi tiit Uong truyin Kieu, dgc gii eiing ed the nhin vio thcri dpi Nguyen Du de lien hf dfn mpt sd sy kifn lich siir, x i hdi hoic lien hf mgt sd trucmg hgp "dau ddn Idng" Ucmg Uio Hd Xuan Hugng hay thim ehi la Uong cic thi lopi vin chuong khic cua Nguyen Du nhu Long Thanh eim gii ca, Vin ti Uiip loai chiing sinh, Phin chifu hdn... "Nhimg didu udng thay mi dau dcjn Idng" i y chinh la:
"Thinh quich cdn day, nhin din cQ khic Bui bim mil bay lam do bin quin i o Ra ngoii thi rudi xe, vio nhi ngdi chem chf Dimg ngoi bin bac nhu hai bfc hidn thin Cao, Qui
Khip mil dit diu Ii sdng Mjch La Ci rdng khdng in, sdi hiim ciing nudt"
Rd ring, chi cd dit vin bin vio tinh lien vin ban ngudi dge mdi cd thf giii mi vin bin vdi da ting y nghTa cdn nhimg ngudi dge ban djch chi cd khi ning Udng Uiiy "nhihig dieu udng thiy" trong ciu chuyfn dugc phien djch mi hg dgc hoic xa hon nda li boi einh Ijeh su xi hdi Uidi Nguyen Du. VI vay, vdi mgt dgc gii thdng Uiudng, khi tiip cpn mgt bin djch, chic chin se khdng cd sy giii mi da dpng vi khdng the dua din nhiing lien van bin da dpng nhu ngudi dgc vin bin goc. Tit ci nhitng ngil cinh neu uen ddi hdi cin duge giai thich ky ludng eho vin bin djch.
Cii bien phim. mic dit ciing lim vifc tya tren mil chit lifu cd trudc nhung Ipi khdng vudng mic vio nhihig khd khin nhu phien djch bdi nd di biet
"tich nhihig chit lifu ed trudc ra khdi ngil einh cila chiing"''' Bin thin cai bifn nghTa la Uiay ddi nen cic nhi lim phim dugc phep dua chat lifu cd trudc nhu tie phim vin hgc, nhpc kjch, hdi ky, tranh anh, tugng ra khdi ngit canh cua rifng nd. Dieu niy ed nghTa li ngucri cii bien dugc quyin quan lam den duy nhit bin Uiin ehit lifu ed trudc vi ed the bd qua eic yiu id lien vin bin. Tham chi, de phyc vy
" LawTCTCt Venuli. 12007). da din
cho myc dich cai bien, cho mdt so de tii hay chu de nio dd mi nha lim phim mudn hudng tdi, mgt sd phin ciia chit lifu cd trudc cd Uie bj eit .xdn, thay ddi. Cd thi thiy, eii bifn da "cgt lai cic chit lifu cd trudc cita nd Uong boi canh phit hgp" v i nhiing bdi einh niy ddi khi ccm rpng Idn, phire tap hon bdi cinh ciia chit lifu ed trudc bdi su phire tap ciia hlnh thuc phim. Vi du, dao di&i Kim Ki Duk di cii bien bite tugng "DOrc Mp Sau Bi" cita Miehaenglagelo Uiinh bg phim "Pieta" cua rieng dng. MJc dii nhi lim phim vin giir lpi ten ggi ctia tie pham dieu khic vi hlnh inh tren i p phich dugc din dyng gidng hft vdi Dire Mp dm Chiia Ugng vdng tay eiia minh nhung tit e i eic nhin vat diu Uiay ddi hgin toin.
Trcmg phim Kim Ki Duk, khin gii khdng nhin thiy Thien Chiia, khdng nhin thiy Due Mp nhung tit ca ngudi xem ed thd nhan ra duge chat lifu cd Uudc ciia bg phim li gl. Vi dao dioi di cho nhin vft dugc cai bien tir hinh anh Dire Mp Maria mgt ngil einh mdi, vcii nhiing mdi quan hf mdi vi dimg ien diu Uanh ddi cdng ly cho con trai mlnh. Ve nghiem nghj toit ra tir ngucri me Uong tic phim cua Michelangelo da ud Uianh ngudi phy nil manh me, sin sing Uimg phpt tit ei nhiing ngudi lim tin thuong dira con yeu diu cua minh. Eld chinh li nhin vpt Mi Son, ngudi di ra tir hinh inh Dire M? Maria cua Chiia Jesus Uiinh ngudi me ciia nhihig con ngudi khdn khd Uong xi hgi ding tiin Hin Quic.
Sy chii dgng, mpnh me vi Unh yfu thuong con minh lift da bien bi trd thinh tugng dai vi ngudi m? vT dpi uen min inh. 6 bi ludn cd sy biin hda da dang, luc Uil dil dgi, liic Uil Uam ling, liic thi bi in, liic thi dju ding v i udn hit, bi chii dpng lam dao dien vi dien vien ciia tit ci mgi tinh hudng Uong phim.
Nhu viy, tir nhihig birc tugng iTnh tai, tir nhiing hue Uanh IJng le. tir nhiing ccm chii sdng dgng di ddn min inh bao gid ciing cd su thay ddi rat Idn bdi mgt bg phim li san pham lao dgng eua ea mgt tap the, ngi dd cd sy cai bien cua bien kjch, sy chi dpo dien xuat ciia dpo dien, sy hda Uang ciia to phyc vy, Trang 57
KEKE t TECIMIKT lETEliniEr, Vil H, li.K-ZIH sy dien xuit ciia didn vien, sy din cinh ciia td hau cin. sy cit dyng cua td hau ky ndn bat budc phai dua chit lifu ngudn ra khdi ngO canh ban dau. Hon niia, khi duge cai bien. ban Uiin bg phim se tao nen cic hf thing lien van bin v i lien ky hifu mdi, trudc hit li tir tie phim nd cii bien \a sau dd li lien van bin uong dien xuit cua dien vien, Uong phong cich lim phim cua dpo dien, ucmg cic bg phim cd ciing thi Igpi, d i tai... Do dd, cii bien phim mac dii cimg lam nhiem vy dien giai chit lifu cd Uudc nhu phifn djch nhung nhiem vy dien giai cua cii bien d i nam uong hlnh thirc khic nen bit budc phai thay ddi cho phii hgp. Sy khic bift cua phien djch vi cii bien li nim d ddi tugng m i nd phyc vu. Phien djch lay chat lifu cd trudc lam ddi tugng phyc vy ndn tuan thii tdi da cic nguyen lie ciia linh Uung Uiinh. Ngugc lai.
cii bien phyc vy cho myc dich ciia ngucri cai bien nen chil lifu cd trudc chi li mpt cdng cy bd trg va ngudi cai bien khdng cin phai Uung Ihinh vdi chat lifu cd trudc ay. The nhung. liu na> tac pham cai bien van thudng bj xem la phien ban thu hai cua chat lifu cd trudc va Uiucmg bj xem xet, danh gia tinh Uung Uiinh ciia nd vdi chat lifu cd trudc chir
khdng dugc xem xet tihu mgt tic pham vdi nhung gii uj van hda ty thin thyc su'''
Ben cpnh daii ducmg cho nghien ciru cii bifn vf sy dien giii, ly thuyet djeh cdn ddng vai ud quan upng uong nghien cim dich phu de phim ciing nhu viec tiep can cac chil lifu cd trude ciia nhi lim phim uong mot tic phim d i dugc djch chir khong phii van ban nguon. Phan djch phy de phim, trai Ipi phai dat Uong bdi canh ma nhan vpt dang trd chuyen, boi canh Uen phim chir khdng phai boi cinh uong thyc te. De lim dugc dieu nay mpt each chinh xic nhat, ngudi djch phu de phai vugt thoai ra khdi su sg hai ve kiem duyet. Neu khdng. bp phim se dugc tiep nhpn Uong bdi cinh vin hda khdng Upn ven.
Tdm lpi, ly thuyet djch cho thay. cai bien li mpt dpng phien djch lien ky hieu bdi gidng nhu cac lo^i djch thupt khic, vien din vao sy giii thich dii vdi chat lifu cd trudc. Cd the thay, cai bien da "djl ki cic chal lieu cd trudc cua nd trong bdi canh phii hgp" vi nhihig boi canh nay ddi klii cdn rpng ldn, phire tap hon bdi canh cua chat lifu co trudc bdi chinh sy phire tpp ciia hlnh Ihirc phim.
TPMI 58
l-.mri:ncc Venuli. 120071. d i dan
TAP CHi PHAT THEN KHftCH, TAP 19, SO X?-2016
The translation theory and application in the adaptation studies
• Dao L e Na
University of Social Sciences and Humanities. VNU-HCM
ABSTRACT:
Translation was bom and tias developed hand in hand with the development of mankind.
However, just for the past few decades has the translation theory appeared. The development of the translation theory plays an important role i l ? ^ ^''^^ ^'"-' davelopment of the adaptation tiecause adaptation is considered a
form of the intersemiotic translation. The issue of equivalence in differences given by the translation theory was effectively applied to explain for the differences of the adapted wori<s when the previous materials were reset in the new context
Keywords: translation, translation theory, adaptation, adaptation studies, equivalence
TAI L i e u T H A M K H A O
[I]. Jeremy Munday, (2009), Nhdp mon nghien du djch thugt (Trinh Lil djch), Nxb Tri thirc. Ha Ngi
[2], Thoai H i , Do Hiin (2014). -Thai Ba Tin bj phit hien djch sal Tha haiku Nhgt Ban".
Ngudn. http:/'giaitri.vnexpress.net'tin- tuc/sachlang-van/thai-ba-tan-bi-phat-hien- dich-sai-Uio-haiku-nhat-ban-2944409.html [3]. Higuchi Ichiyo, (2013). Mgt miia tha dgi. An
Nhien djch. Nxb Hpi nha vin
[4]. Lawrence Venuti. (2007). "Adaptation.
Translation. Critique". Joumal of Visual Culture, Sage Publications
[5]. Nguven Nam, "O uen cimg uang sich vdi nhihig ngudi khic- Vifc tiep nhpn Kim Binh Mai d Vii-i Nam, khao sit Uong boi canh dja
phuomg va khu vyc". Ky yeu Hdi thao Qudc te Toin ciu hda vin hpc Viet Nam va Nhat Ban thikv XX. TP. Ho Chi Minh. Uiing 12.2013 [6]. Nguyin Thj Oanh, " V i n d i phien djch tic
phim vin hgc Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam - Trpng tam l i tieu Uiuyet Kokoro (Noi Idng) ciia Nalsume Soseki", Ky yeu Hpi thao Qudc t i Toan cau hda van hgc Viet Nam va Nhpt Ban the ky XX, TP. Hd Chi Minh. thing 12.2013 [7]. Robert James Waller, (2007). Nhirng cdy cdu a
qudn Madison, Nxb Phu nir. TP Hd Chi Minh [8]. Weihe Zhong, (Pham To Thy djch) (2013),
"Tdng quan Ijch su djch thuat Trung Quic Ly thuyit va thuc hinh". Tap chi B'mh ludn van hgc, Dai hgc Sai Gdn, thing 12.2013
Tpang 59
