SAN PHAM/CONG NGHE/THIET BI MOI
May tu' dong cho ca tra an
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anh tranh tren th; trudng thiiy san nudi trong the' gidi ngay cang khde liet, ddi hdi phai lien tyc doi mdi cdng nghp nham dgt hieu suat san xuat va hipu qua kinh te'ngay cang cao.Ca tra nudi tgi Vipt Nam cd gia thanh thap, cd loi the' cgnh tranh cao, the hien qua viec thi trudng ngay cang md rdng ra khap noi tren the'gidi,
Mpt trong nhiing ly do chinh giup ehi phi san xuat ea tra thap la hi?u qua san xuat d cac trgi nudi rat cao nhd edng lao dpng tha'p va cac chi phi gian tie'p hau nhu khdng dang ke so vdi eac nudc XK thiiy san nuoi khac, trong khi viec qucin ly trai nudi va td' chiic van hanh cac nha may che'bieh rat tdt.
Trong nudi ca tra, chi phi chie'm ty trpng cao nhat la thiic an. Trung binh, thiic an chiein tdi 80% tong ehi phi san xuat tii cd ca gio'ng d&i liic thu hogch ca tiiuong phaim.
Do dd, nganh ea tra can tap trung
Hinh 1 H§ th6ng cho c& Sn b i n g may cCia AKVA group gom cdc thdnh p h i n sau.
Mdy ihoi Tao khi thSi vd di c h u y i n thi^c i n ti> xlto trung tdm - nai chi>a thi>c dn - ra ao nuoi. ThCrc an diro'c rdi a i u tren ao nhtt thi4t b| phan tan treo ldn cao ho^c thd n6i tr§n m$t nu'^c Ldm ngu^i khi lh6i' C i n ha thap nhiet
dO khi ndn trong 6ng, trdnh lam vien thi>c Sn bj n6ng idn khi cho cd dn Djnh l u v n g ^ i > c dn Xdc dtnh lu'g'ng thi>c dn cho tOng ao nuoi, lua thO'c dn ti> xlid xu6ng 6ng d i n vd k i l m sodt t6c d $ cho Sn.
Phdn p h i i Ihifc dn: Chpn ao cho dn vd du'a thCfc dn d^n ao.
kiem soat tdt gia va miic dp tieu tori thiic an (he so' thiie an) trong qua trinh nudi.
Ve eo ban, gia fhiie an phy thudc vao tuong quan eung va cau cac loai tren thi trudng the'gidi ve cac loai nguyen lieu chinh, nhu bdt ca, dau nanh, cam gao, v.v.., Trong bdi canh toan cau hda, gia nguyen lieu che'biai thiic an la nhu nhau tren toan cau, do dd, chang cd ly do gi de hy vpng thiic an vien thuy san san xuat tai Viet Nam se re hon so vol eac nudc khac.
Dii ihiic an tuoi do cac hp nudi nhd le tu che' bieh cd gia thanh tha'p hon thiic an eong nghiep, nhung logi ihiie an nay thudng khdng duoc tieu hda td't, he so' thiie an cao va khdng hieu qua khi phat tri&i nudi d quy mo ldn. Cac chuyen gia deu khuyeh nghj can sii dyng thiie an cdng nghiep de dap ling tdt hon cac yeu eau sinh hpe cua ca va dap ling doi hdi aia thi trudng tieu thy.
De kiein soat chi phi thiic 3n, truoc het caui quan tam deh hipu suat cua thiie an. Hieu suat sii diing thiic an ed dupe tir chat lupng thiic an tac dpng dai phat trien sinh hpe cua ca (cdn gpi la hp so thiic an sinh hpc), va each thiic, ehe'dp eho ea an tac ddng d&i tinh kinh te' trong gia thanh san xuat (cdn goi la he sd thiic an kinh te).
Bai viet nay tgp trung ban sau dm ve'fiiii hai, nghia la each tiiiic eho ea an tae dpng deh he so' thiic an kinh te'nhu the'nao.
He so' thiic an kinh te' la so kilogam thiic an thye tebd xudhg ao nudi de thu hogch dupe 1 kilogam ca thuong pham. So'thiie an nay bao gom ea thiic an that thoat trong san xuat va sy bieh dpng sinh khdi ca (trpng lupng than trung binh, so'lupng ca eh^'t, ca thoat ra ngoai edng trinh nudi), viee kiein soat toe dd tang trudng ciia ca thieii chinh xae dan deh bieu do cho an khdng td'i uu, lam
SAN PHAM/CONG NGHEAHIET BI MOI
Jf ^ ~
cho khdi lupng tiiiie an eho ca an hang ngay khong phii hpp. Kiem soat thiic an dat hipu qua kinh te' cao ddi hdi ngudi nudi xac dinh ehinh xac trong quy trinh, mdi ngay can cho ca an bao nhieu thiic an, khi nao cho an, cadi rai thiie an xudhg ao ra sao,... Quy trinh nay can dupe quan ly trai nudi hen tyc hoan thien sau mdi vy nuoi.
He ftidng eho ca an bang may tu ddng la cdng nghe da dupe ap dyng rdng rai, giiip kiem soat thiic an tdt hon nham giam chi phi san xuat. Khdng nhiing tiet kiem chi phi nhan cdng cimg vdi nhiing khd khan trong viec tuy&i dung va quan ly cdng nhan tai trai nudi, he thdhg cho ca an ty ddng cdn giiip ngudi nudi tdi uu hda bieu do thiic an, tiet kiem chi phi bao bi, chi phi hau can van hanh vipe cho ca an hang ngay. He sd' tiiiie an trong nudi ca tra hien nay la 1,6 - 1,8, trong khi dd he so' thiic an trong nudi ca hdi van d Dan Mgch va ea hdi Dai Tay Duong d Na Uy
hien nay la 1,1:1,0. Do dd ehiing ta cd CO sd de tin rang cd the gjam he so thiic an trong nudi ca tra nhd cai tieh quan ly viec cho ca an va che' dp eho ca an bang each ap dung cdng nghe cho ca an ty dpng.
He thdng cho ea an bang may hoan toan ty ddng dupe sir dyng phd bie'n la logi sir dyng khi nen thdi thiie an vien qua ong nhua tir xild chiia thiie an trung tam ra deh ao ca hoac long ca. He thdhg nay dupe phat minh vao nam 1980, phii hpp vdi tat ca cac loai ca nudi khae nhau va ca tdm. He thdiig van hanh dat hipu suat cao khi ket hpp vdi cam bieh theo ddi nong dp dxy ket hpp kiein soat mdi trudng nudc va phlb mem quan ly san xuat trai nudi. May cho ca an diing
khdi lupng can thiet, dung ty lp toi uu thiic an theo kieh thude ca tgi timg thdi diem va cho an diing liic mdi ngay.
Hp thdhg nay phii hpp de cho ca tra an tai cac trgi nudi d ddng bang sdng Ciru Long, ^iet Nam.
Nhd kha nang cai ttiien he so thiic an kinh te^ quy trinh cho ca an se dvtac hoan thien bang chinh tiiiet bi hien dgi, nhieu tipn ich nay.
Vi du dien hinh:
San lupng aia 1 ao nuoi 1 ha (100m xlOOm) ca tra khi thu hogch khoang 360 tah ea thuong pham sau thdi gian 5 - 7 thang. Ao nuoi ban dau tha khoang 20 tah ca gidiig, phan tang trudng eiia ca ao la 340 tah. So ca hao hyt (diet.
Hinh 2 Bo phan rai thii'c an iren ao nuoi Du'oc g^n cu6i ong dan thCi'c an va xoay tron de phan lan Ihu'c an, di?n lich rai luy loai thu'c an va loai ihtdt b|
Hinh 3. bdn ve ao nu6i ca tra kich Ihm^c m 6 ph6ng (100x100m) c<i g i n t h i l t bi rdi thi>c an dat giUa ao. Cd du'g'c cho an n h i l u h e n hai l l n m6i ngay theo che d ^ cho an moi (tong l i r g n g k h I u p h i n thCrc dn c i n thiet va s6 l l n c h o an trong ngdy) Mfii ao du'g'c chpn cho an theo loai thirc d n vd k h i u p h i n d y a trdn sinh I(h6i vd kich thu'6c ca trong ao, K h I u phan Sn du-pc h$ th6ng ti^ dgng d i l u chfnh m5i ngdy theo cac ihong s6 tang t a f i n g , so cd c h i t d u v c cap nh^t vd ddc bipt Id se tinh chtnh trgng l u o n g trung binh ciia ca sau m6l l l n lay m i u d6i c h i i u V i ^ c cho C^ dn vS hi#n trgng th\j'c te khi cd dn m6i d i f p c Iheo doi b i n g camera ho0c ngirdri qudn ly trai nu6i CO kinh nghi$m quan sdt tnj'c t i i p b i n g m i t . tCiy theo quy trinh cCla trgi nudi Cho cd an l§p trung a p h i n giOa ao se c6 Ig-i cho m6i t r u i n g ao nuoi vd thudn ti0n khi hut bCin ddy ao, p h i n vi^n ngodi cua ao it xdo d ^ n g giup cd gidm cdng t h i n g . S y khde bigt khi v$n hdnh ao nuSi Id m^t trong nh&ng yeu t6 giup cSi thipn h§ so thO'c dn thdnh cdng.
SAN PHAM/CONG NGHEAHIET BI MOI
sdng ra ngoai) k h d n g tinh trong vi d y n a y .
Ne'u h e so thiic a n la 1,7:1, lupng thiie an can cho ao n a y la 578 tah. Ne'u hp sd' thiic an eai tiii^n eon 1,3:1 till l u o n g thiic an sir d y n g se la 442 tah. N h u vay lupng tiiiic an tiet kiem d u p e la 136 tah. Gia tiiiie an 12.000 V N D / kg, so'tien trai nudi tiet kiem d u p e la 1.632.000.000 V N D (USD 78.000) eho mdi v y nudi.
Khi h e sd' thire an d u p e cai
thipn, n g u d i nuoi se nhgn tha'y ca p h a t trien n h a n h h o n . Mpt dieu d a d u p e biet rd la, viec sir d y n g thiic an cang hi^u q u a se m a n g lgi ket qua tang t r u d n g cang eao va n g u p c lai. Dd la m p t h e q u a d o n gian ve n h i i n g tae d d n g sinh ly tich cyc ciia vat nudi, trong d d cac n h a n to sinh h p e eo Ken h e rang b u d c q u a lai vdi n h a u .
Ciing can n h a h m g n h m p t diem q u a n trpng la, viec tang them lpi n h u a n khi d a u t u m a y t y
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^ Hinh 5 S o do xilo chu'a Ihu'c an M kich t h u o c khac nhau co mai , .he giLip tranh m u a , nSng, cac lod a yam nham va bao quan kho an
loan khong that thoat Xilo d u o c nap day thuc an qua bang tai.
Hinh 4, Gidi phip p h i n mem qudn IS"
t i n g hep he thing ao nuoi AKVAcontrol cho phep kiem sodt todn dien, quan sdt hanh vi b i t m i l cCia cd, kiim sodt ty ip thtrc an, n i n g d i 6xy bdo hda vd kiim sodt sinh khii chinh xac, lidn tgc phdn tich de toi iru hda che d© d i o dn Neu hdnh vi an m i i cua ca cd biiu hi$n khde Ig so v6i c h i d$ cho an thdng thudng. he thong se dieu chinh tang hole gidm lu'ong thO'c dn tiiy theo miic dd ca ddi hoac no.
d p n g cho ca an cdn p h y thudc vao mdi t r u d n g ao nudi, nghia la tinh d d n g b p trong d a u tu. Dgc bipt C£ui eai thipn n d n g d p dxy trong ao b a n g each n a y hoge each khac d e thiic an d u p e tieu hda td't, q u a trinh h-ao dd'i ehat thugn Ipi giiip ca tang t r u d n g n h a n h . Ne'u n o n g d p dxy trong ao van thap, thi thiic an khdng d u p e ca ha'p t h y vao e o the. Thiie an bi d a o thai ra ngoai thay vi ehuyeri dd'i d e tang trpng CO thit.
Lap d a t m a y syc khi va b o m luan ehuyen nude, thay n u d e t h u d n g xuyen se b a o d a m n d n g dp dxy eao va mdi t r u d n g ao an toan cho siie khde a i a ea. N o n g d p dxy d u p e theo ddi va d o b a n g cam birai dxy. Thiet bi cam bieh dxy se p h a t hipn khi dxy trong ao xud'ng Ihap, b a o hieu c&i sye khi va thay n u d e .
Dau t u do'ng b p m a y t y d p n g eho ea an, thiet bi theo ddi n d n g d p dxy va cai tie'n ky thuat lam giau dxy trong n u d e se m a n g lai s u eai thien to ldn ve hipu qua kinh te' a i a n g a n h nudi ea tia hipn nay. •
VIDATEC 4/20 L-i
TvwcNGtmnuisMisd leo/TMAHGAI
