Ldm hoc
\/KET QUA THU" NGHIEM TRONG CHUM NGAY (Moringa oleifera Lam) LAM RAU XANH BANG PHlTONG PHAP TRA HAT THANG
TAI THANH PHO TAM DIEP, TiNH NINH BINH
Trin Viet Ha ', Dinh Thi Huomg^
'Tnrong Dai hpc Ldm nghiep
^Chi ojic Kiem ldm Ninh Binh
TOM T A T
Chiim ngay (Moringa oleifera Lam) thuoc hg Moringaceae la loai cay dugc thira nh?m la co gia tri dinh dudng cao. Cac nghien cmi trudc day vl loai cay nay deu kit luan rSng cac bo phan cua cSy nhu: hoa, qua, canh, la...
diu CO gia tri dugc heu va dinh duong. Cung nhu nhieu tinh thugc khu vuc phia Bac Viet Nam hi?n nay, phong trao trdng cay Chiun ngay lam rau xanh tren dia ban thanh phd Tam Di?p, tinh Ninh Binh dang ngay cang lan rong. Tuy nhien, viec t?o cay con Chiim ngay tir hat Uong biu dinh duong t^i vuan uam thuang cd ty le song thip, do cay con thudng hi ling nudc.lBai viet nay cung cap kit qua nghien ciiu ve cay con Chiun ngay trdng lam rau xanh d 2 thi nghiem: thi nghiem thii nhat nham so sanh ty le song, sinh ttudng va chat lugng ciia Chiim ngay d giai doan vudn uom giira phuang phap tao cay con tir hat ttong bau dinh duong vdi phuang phap tra hat thing tten luong. Thi nghiem thu hai nham so sanh anh huang ciia 3 loai phan bon gom phan chuong u hoai, phan Vi sinh Song Gianh va phan NPK Ninh Binh (10.10.5) diing de bdn lot tdi sinh trudng cua chiim ngay ttdng bing phucmg phap tta hat thang. Ket qua nghien cuu budc dau cho thay a thi nghiem thii nhat, sau 3 thang theo doi, cac chi tieu quan sat gom ty 1? song, dudng kinh gdc, chilu cao viit nggn, sd lugng la kep va chieu dai la kep cua cay con Chum ngay ttong bang tta hat thang tten ludng deu dat ket qua cao hon so vdi t?o cay con tir hat ttong bau dinh duong. O thi nghiem thii hai cho thay phan chudng ii hoai cd tac dung tot nhat doi vdi ty le song va sinh trudng ciia Chiun ngay.
Tir khoa: Chiim ngay, phan bon, rau xanh, tra h^t thing.
I. DAT VAN DE
Chiun ngay {Moringa oleifera Lam) la loai cay thudc hg Moringaceae, cay cao tir 5 den 10 met, phan bd rong rai d nhiiu nude nhiet ddi va can nhiet ddi. Tir lau Chiun ngay da dugc thira nhan la loai cay cd gia tri dugc lieu va dinh dudng cao. Nhieu bd phan ciia cay nhu la, qua, hoa... chiia rat nhieu loai dinh dudng, dugc sii dung lam rau an d nhieu nude, dac biet la d An Do, Pakistan, Philippines, Hawaii va nhieu nai d chau Phi (Anwar va Bhanger, 2003; Anwar et al., 2007).
Chum ngay la loai cay mgc nhanh, dl trdng, chiu dugc han han, cd the mgc dugc d nhung nai dat dai khd can, khi hau khic nghiet (Anwar et al., 2007). 6 Viet Nam Chum ngay dugc trdng nhieu va td ra thich hgp vdi khi hau tai mgt sd tinh thudc khu vuc miln Trung trd vao nhu: Nha Trang, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai... (Vuomg Thi Bach Tuyet, 2010; Duang Tiln Diic, 2012).
170
Cd the thay rang, trong nhiing nam vira qua phong trao trong Chum ngay lam rau xanh tai Viet Nam phat trien kha manh me tai nhieu khu vuc tren ca nude. Tuy nhien, ciing nhu nhieu tinh thudc khu vuc phia Bac, tai dia ban thanh phd Tam Diep, tinh Ninh Binh viec tao cay con Chum ngay bang phuang phap gieo hat trong bau tai vudn uom thudng cd ty le sdng rat thap do bau PE thoat nude cham nen cay con bi ling nude, ngoai ra viec lira chgn loai phan bdn khdng thich hgp ciing la yeu to quan trgng anh hudng tdi hieu qua kinh te trong kinh doanh chiim ngay lam rau an. Vi vay, viec nghien ciiu thu nghiem trdng cay Chiun ngay bang phuomg phap tra hat thang va anh hudng ciia phan bdn Idt tdi sinh trudng cua cay Chiun ngay la cin thilt, gdp phin lam giam chi phi xay dung md hinh trdng Chiun ngay lam rau xanh d quy md hd gia dinh tren dia ban nghien curu.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 6-2016
n . VAT LIEU, PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtl 2.1. Vat lieu
a) Thi nghi4m so sanh ty le sdng, sinh truang vd chdt luomg cda Chiim ngdy a giai doan vuan uam giiia phuang phdp tao cay con tu hgt trong bau dinh duomg vai phuang phdp tra
hat thang tren luong:
Hat gidngdugc lira chgn ky, xu ly bang nude am 2 sdi, 3 lanh trong 12 gid sau do vdt ra li trong vai am, de d chd tdi, khi h^t da nay mam,Iira chgn nhiing hat cd r l tring mgc dai tir 0,5 - 1 cm de lam thi nghiem.
»'," •H
Hat giong Chiim ngay du tilu chuSn gieo uom b) Thi nghiem xdc dinh dnh huang ctia mpt so
loai phan bon lot tai ty le song vd sinh truang cda cdy Chum ngdytrong bdng tra hat thang:
Lira chgn 3 loai phan bdn thudng dugc sii dung tai dia ban thanh phd Tam Diep gdm phan chudng hoai; phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh va phan NPK Ninh Bmh (ty le 10.10.5) d l lam thi nghiem. Lieu lugng phan bdn cua ca 3 loai phan ke tren dugc xac dinh theo cimg miic dau tu thdng thudng ciia ndng dan la 2.000 d/gdc.
Cu the la tai thdi diem nghien cuu, tren dia ban thanh phd Tam Diep gia 3 loai phan bdn dimg lam thi nghiem la: phan chudng ii hoai 900 ddng/kg, phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh 2.700 ddng/kg va phan NPK Ninh Binh (ty le 10.10.5) la 5.500 ddng/kg. Nhu vay vdi ciing miic diu tu cho phan bdn la 2.000 ddng/gdc thi lugng bdn cac loai phan dugc xac dinh cu the nhu sau: phan chudng u hoai bdn 2,2 kg/gdc, phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh bdn 0,7 kg/gdc va phan NPK Ninh Binh bdn 0,36 kg/gdc.
2.2. Phuorng phap nghien cihi
a) Thi nghiem so sanh ty le song, sinh trudng vd chdt luong ciia Chiim ngdy a giai doan vuan uam giiia phuang phdp tao cdy con tit hat trong bau dinh duomg vai phucmg phdp tra hat thdng tren luong:
- Bo tri thi nghiem: thi nghiem gdm 2 cdng thiic (CT), CTl.l - tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh duang (sii dimg bau PE, kich diudc tiii biu la 10 X 12 cm); CT1.2 - tra hat thing tren ludng (dat len ddng cao 30 cm, khoang each tra hat la 0,5 x 0,5 m). Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khdi day du ngau nhien, lap lai 3 lan, mdi cdng thiic thi nghiem bd tri 90 hat gidng. Lira chgn khu dit thoat nude tdt de bd tri thi nghiem, dat len ludng de tra hat thang va lam hdn hgp rudt bau cd thanh phan nhu nhau, diu la dat vudn phai khd, nhat sach tap vat, trdn phan chudng li hoai, thdi vu tra hat tien hanh vao vu xuan.
Thu thap so lieu: Toan bd sd lieu ve ty le sdng, cac chi tieu sinh trudng va chat lugng TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 6-2016 171
Ldm hoc
cua cay con dugc thu thap 3 lan tai cac thdi diim k l tir sau khi tra hat 1,2 va 3 thang.
- Xir ly sd lieu: viec xii ly sd lieu, tinh toan cac dac trung miu va cac tieu chuan thdng ke dugc thuc hien theo qui trinh tinh toan, xii ly tren phin mim Excel va SPSS 11.0.
b) Thi nghiem xdc dfnh dnh huang ciia mpt so loai phan bon lot tai ty le song, sinh truang vd chdt luang cua cdy Chiim ngdy trong bdng tra hat thdng:
Bo tri thi nghiem: thi nghiem gdm 3CT, CT2.1 bdn Idt bing phan chudng hoai, lilu lugng bdn la 2,2 kg/gdc; CT 2.2. bdn lot bing phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh,lieu lugng bdn la 0,7 kg/gdc; CT 2.3 bdn Idt bing phan NPK Ninh Bmh(ty le 10.10.5), hiu lugng bdn la 0,36 kg/gdc. Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khdi day du ngiu nhien, lap lai 3 lan, mdi cdng thiic thi nghiem bd tri 90 hd trdng cd kich thudc 20 x
20 X 20 cm, khoang each hd la 0,5 x 0,5 m, lam dat va bdn Idt tmdc khi tra hat 30 ngay, thai vii tra hat tiln hanh vao vu xuan.
Thu thap so lieu: Toan bg sd lieu v l ty le song, cac chi tieu sinh trudng va chat lugng cua cay con dugc thu thap 1 lin sau khi tra hat 3 thang.
- Xii ly so lieu: viec xii ly sd lieu, tinh toan cac dac trung mlu va cac tieu chuan thdng ke dugc thuc hien theo qui trinh tinh toan, xu ly tren phin mem Excel va SPSS 11.0.
ffl. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU, THAO LUAN 3.1. Thi nghifm so sanh ty le song, sinh trvdng va chat Ivong ciia Chiim ngay a giai doan virdn irom giira phu-trag phap tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng voi phvong phap t r a hat thang tren luong a) Ty le song cda cdy con
Bang 1. Ket Thoi diem quan sat ke
tir khi tra hat Sau 1 thang Sau 2 thang Sau 3 thang
qua theo doi ty So cay song
26 20 14
le song C T l . l
cua Chiim:
Ti le (%) 28,9 22,2 15,6
ngay d- 2 CT thi nghiem CT1.2 So cay song
80 74 74
Ti le (%) 88,9 82,2 82,2 Sd lieu d bang I cho thay CT thi nghiem tra
hat thing tren ludng cd ty le 82,2% va dn dinh sau 2 den 3 thang ke tir khi tra hat, trong khi dd CT thi nghiem tao cay con tir hat trong biu dinh dudng chi dat 22,2% sau 2 thang va giam xudng 15,6% sau 3 thang k l tir khi tra hat.
Nhung cay chet deu xuit hien tinh trang lia la
yeu dan tdi hien tugng nay cd the la do thdi tiet vu xuan d mien Bac cd mua nhieu, cay de bi ling nude. Tuy tihien do ban PE thoat nude cham hom so vdi dat len ludng nen ty le sdng ciia cay con Chiim ngay d 2 CT thi nghiem cd su chenh lech rat ro ret.
b) Sinh truang cda cdy con sau dd thdi re va chet ting. Nguyen nhan chii
Bang 2. Ket qua theo doi mot so chi tieu sinh trvdng binh quan cua Chiim ngay d 2 CT thi nghifm Thoi diem quan
sat ke tir khi tra hat
C T l . l CT1.2
Doo (cm)
Hvn (cm)
So la kep (la/cay)
Chieu dai la kep
(cm)
Doo (cm)
Hvn (cm)
Sola kep G^cay) Sau 1 thang
Sau 2 thang Sau 3 thing
0,1 0,3 0,5
15,9 26,7 51,6
3,3 5,6 5,5
14,1 17,1 20,8
0,3 0,5 1,0
18,1 39,6 57,4
4,1 6,0
6,1 : Chieu dai la kep (cm)
25,7 26,0 172 TAP CHI KHOA HOC v A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 6-2016
Sd lieu tai bang 2 cho thiy tai ca 3 thdi diem quan sat cac chi tieu sinh trudng ciia cay con Chiim ngay d CT 1.2 diu ldn han so vdi CT 1.1. Sau 3 thang theo doi cay con Chiim ngay d CT thi nghiem tra hat thang tren ludng cd Doo trung binh dat 1,0 cm; Hvn dat 57,4 cm; sd lugng la kep binh quan la 6,1 la; chieu dai la kep dat 26,0 cm. Trong khi dd cay con d CT thi nghiem tao cay con tii hat trong bau dinh dudng cd Doo binh quan chi dat 0,5 cm;
Hvn chi dat 51,6 cm; sd la kep binh quan la 5,5 la va chieu dai la kep chi dat 20,8 cm.
Su dung ham ANOVA de so sanh sy khac biet ve cac chi tieu sinh trudng ciia cay con Chiun ngay sau 3 thang tra hat, ket qua cho thay cac chi tieu sinh trudng cua cay con gom Doo; Hvn; sd lugng la va chieu dai la ciia Chiim ngay d 2 CT thi nghiem deu cd su sai khac rd ret. Tir ket qua nay cd the ket luan rang sau 3 thang trdng, sinli trudng cua cay con Chiim ngay d CT thi nghiem tra hat thang tdt hon rd ret so vdi CT thi nghiem tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng.
c) Chdt luomg cua cdy con
Bang 3.
Thoi diem quan sat ke tir khi tra hat
Sau 1 thang Sau 2 tliang Sau 3 thang
Ket qua theo ddi chat lugng ciia Chi Cay tdt
(%) 11,1 16,7 20,0
C T l . l Cay trung
binh (%) 22,2 33,3 40,0
Cav xau (%) 55,6 50,0 40,0
nm ngay ff Cav tot
(%) 63,0 54,2 64,0
2 CT thi nghiem CT1.2 Cay trung
binh (%) 25.9 29,2 24,0
Cav xau (%) 11,1 16,7 12,0 Ket qua tai bang 3 cho thay tai ca 3 thdi
diem quan sat CT thi nghiem tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng deu cd ty le cay tdt thap hem so vdi ty le cay trung binh va cay xau.
Ngugc lai, tai CT thi nghiem tra hat thang tren ludng tai ca 3 thdi diem quan sat ty le cay tdt luon idn han dang ke so vdi ty le cay trung binh va cay xau. Mat khac khi so sanh chat lugng cay con d 2 CT thi nghiem cho thay CT
1.1 cd ty le cay tdt it hom nhieu so vdi CT 1.2, ke ca d 3 thdi diem quan sat.
3.2. Thi nghiem xac djnh anh huoTig ciia mot so loai phan bdn lot toi t\' le sdng, sinh trudng va chat lugmg ciia cay Chiim ngay trong bang tra hat thang
a) Anh hirong cua loai phan ton lot toi Ty le song cua Chiim ngdv
Bang 4. Ket qua theo doi tj' le song ciia Chi CT So cay song (cav)
2.1 77 2.2 76 2.3 61
tim ngay ff3 CT bon phan Tii' le song (%)
85,6 84,4 67,8 Ket qua tai bang 4 cho thay hai CT bon
phan chuong u hoai va phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh cho ty Ic song tren 80%, thap nhat la CT bdn phan NPK Ninh Binh chi co ty le sdng dat dudi 70°''o, trong 3 loai phan bon lot thi phan
Bang 5. Ket qua theo doi sinh truong cua Chiim ngay is 3 CT bon phan
chuong hoai cho ty le sdng la cao nhat, dat 85,6% sau 3 thang theo ddi.
h) Anh buimg cua loai phan hon toi sinh tnrong cuu Chiim ngdy
CT Chi tieu sinh truong
Doo (cm) Hvn(cm) So la kep(la/cay) Chieu dai la kep (cm) 2.1
1 n
2.3
1,1 1,0 0,9
61,8 55.3 48.6
6.3 6.2 5.4
28,1 26,5 24,0
TAP CHI KHOA HOC v A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 6-2016 IS
Ldm hoc
Kit qua tai bang 5 cho thay, sau 3 thang trdng cac chi tieu sinh trudng ve dudng kinh gdc, chilu cao viit nggn, sd la kep/cay, chieu dai la kep d CT2.1 thi hien sir vugt trdi so vdi 2 CT cdn lai, dat gia tri dudng kmh gdc la
1,1cm, chieu cao viit nggn la 61,8 cm, sd la kep trung bmh dat 6,3 la kep/cay, chieu dai la binh quan dat 28,1 cm.
Kit qua so sanh su khac biet ve cac chi tieu sinh trudng cua cay con Chiim ngay sau 3 thang tra hat bing ham ANOVA cho thay cac CT bdn phan cd anh hudng khac biet tdi sinh trudng ciia Chiun ngay sau 3 thang tra hat.
Su dvmg tieu chuin LSD di so sanh cap timg chi tieu sinh trudng d cac CT thi nghiem cho thiy ngoai chi tieu so la kep/cay ciia cdng thiic bdn phan chudng hoai va phan Vi sinh Sdng Gianh la chua cd sy khac biet ve mat thdng ke, cac chi tieu sinh trudng cdn lai cua ca 3 CT bdn phan cd sy khac biet ro ret v l mat thdng ke. Tir kit qua nay cd thi kit luan: CT bdn lot 2,2 kg phan chudng hoai/gdc dem lai ket qua tdt nhat ve cac chi tieu sinh trudng ciia Chiun ngay sau 3 thang trdng.
c) Anh hucmg cua loai phan bon lot tai chdt luang cua Chiim ngdy
Bang 6. Ket qua theo doi chit lugng cua Chiim ngay d 3 CT bon phan
CT Chi tieu sinh trudng
Tot (%) TB (%) Xau (%)
2.1 2.2 2.3
85,7 82,9 77,1
9,1 13,1 16,3
5,1 5,3 6,6 Ket qua tai bang 6 cho thay, nhin chung cay
trdng d ca 3 cdng thiic bdn phan deu cd ty le cay tdt kha cao. Ty le cay pham chat xiu chi dao ddng tir 5,1 den 6,6%, trong do ty le cay pham chat xau cao nhat bat gap d CT bdn phan NPK Nmh Binh vdi 6,6%.
IV. KET LUAN
1. Ty le sdng-cua cay Chiun ngay tra hat true tiep tren ludng cao hom nhieu so vdi tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng. Sau 3 thang theo ddi CT thi nghiem tra hat thing tren ludng cd ty le sdng dat 82,2%, trong khi dd d CT thi nghiem tao cay con tir hat trong biu dinh dudng chi dat ty le cay sdng la 15,6%.
2. Cac chi tieu sinh trudng v l Doo; Hvn, sd lugng la/cay va chieu dai la cua Chiun ngay ngay tra hat tryc tiep tren ludng va tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng cd sy sai khac rd ret. Sau 3 thang theo ddi, sinh trudng cua cay con Chiim ngay d thi nghiem tra hat thing tot hom so vdi CT thi nghiem cdn lai.
3. Chat lugng cay con d thi nghiem tra hat 174
thang tren ludng cd ty le cay tdt cao ban so vdi thi nghiem tao cay con tir hat trong bau dinh dudng, sau 3 thang theo ddi.
4. Cac chi tieu sinh trudng ve Doo; Hvn va chieu dai la cua Chitm ngay tra hat tryc tiep tren ludng chiu anh hudng rd ret bdi 3 loai phan bdn d vdi lieu lugng bdn khac nhau nhtmg cimg miic chi phi la 2.000 d/gdc.
5. Vdi cimg miic diu tu la 2.000 dong cho mgt gdc Chiun ngay thi phan chudng u hoai la lya chgn tdt nhat de lam phan bdn Idt khi trdng Chiun ngay lam rau huu co vdi lilu lugng la 2,2 kg/gdc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH, 2007.
Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother. Res., Vol. 21, No.l, (2007), 17-25.
2. Anwar, F. and M.I. Bhanger, 2003. Analytical characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:
6558-6563.
3. Duong Tien E)iic, 2012. Nghien cuu dac diim ldm hoc va khd nang gay trong loai cdy Chiim ngdy
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 6-2016
(Moringa oleifera Lam; quy mo ho gia dinh, trang trai dgc tinh sinh ly ~ sinh thai cdy Chiim ngdy iMoringa tai \iing Duyen hdi Nam Tmng Bp vd Tdy Nguyen. Vien oleifera Lam; thuoc hp Chiim ngdy (Moringaceae Khoa hoc Lam nghiep Viet Nam. R.Br.ex Duraort.; 1829). Luan van thac sJ sinh hoc.
4. Vucmg Thi Bach Tuy^, 2010. Nghien cuu mpt so Truang Dai hoc Su pham TP. Ho Chi Minh.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DIRECT SEEDING OF Moringa oleifera Lam FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
IN TAM DIEP CITY, NINH BINH PROVTNCE
Tran Viet Ha', Dinh Thi Huong^
Viemam National University ofForestiy Ninh Binh Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
S U M M A R Y
Moringa oleifera Lam. belonging to Moringaceae family, is a highly valued tree species. This plant has a wide range of medical use with high nutritional value. Many parts of this tree such as flowers, fruit, branches. lea\ es.
etc. have been reported to contain varieties of chemical substances that possess important pre\'entative and curative therapies. Recently, Moringa oleifera has been being planted in Tam Diep. Ninh Binli as vegetables in large scale. However, producing seedlings of this tree by using PE bags in nurseries often has a high fatalit\
rate due to water-logging that causes direct damages to root system. This article presents the smdy results of methods to plant Moringa oleifera for vegetables production, .^pplied methods »ere 1) to compare the survi\al.
growth and quality of seedlings raise from seed in PE bags and direct seeding on the nursery beds; 2) to compare the effects of three types of feitiUzers including animal manure, organic fertilizer and NPK (10.10.5) to the sur\'ival, growth and quality of seedlings of .Moringa oleifera. The preliminary results sho\^ed that in the first experiment, after tliree months, survival rate, diameter al root-neck, total tree height, number of leaves and leaf length of seedlings raised by direct seeding on the nursery bed were higher than those of sowing seeds in PE bags. In the second experiment showed animal manure works better than others.
Keywords: Direct seeding, fertilizer, Moringa oleifera, vegetable.
Nguoi phan bien Ngay nhan bai Ngay phan bien Ngay quyet djnh dang
PGS.TS. Pham Xuan Hoan 03/11/2016
16/11/2016 20/11/2016
T.4P CHI KHOA HOC v A C O N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P S 6 6-2016
