L l L U A N G I A O D U C - D A Y H O C
MOT SO BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC CAC DIEM KHO
O PGS.TS. NGUYEN VAN CU*
D
qy vd hgc cdc mdn khoa hge xd hdi dd khd, dgy vd hgc mdn Gido dye cong dan (GDCD) d trung hge phd thdng (THPT) Igi cdng khd hon. Tim ra nhiing diem khd vd bien phdp khdc phyc nhung diem khd trong dqy hgc GDCD Id vdn de md xd hgi cung nhu cdc nhd khoa hge gido dye, ddi ngu gido vien (GV) GDCD, hgc sinh (HS) cdc trudng phd thdng dgc biet quan tdm. Bdi viet ndy se gdp mgt sd y kiln ve vdn d l quan trgng dd.1. N h u n g d i e m khd trong d q y hgc mdn GDCD d trudng THPT
1) Ndi dung chuang trinh, sdeh gido khoa (SGK) mon GDCD a truang THPT mang finh li luan cao, «khd dqy" vdi ngudi dqy vd «khd hgc"
vdi ngudi hgc.
Cd rdt nhieu nhd qudn li, GV GDCD, phy huynh HS vd HS cho rdng chucmg trinh, SGK GDCD d trudng THPH Id triiu tugng, qud coo so vdi nhdn thuc Clio HS. Dieu ndy cung cd phdn dung. So vdi cdc mdn khoa hgc xd hdi khdc nhu Vdn hgc, Lich su..., GDCD Id mdn hgc cd tinh li ludn vugft trdi. Tinh li ludn ndy dugc the hien d cdc phqm tru, khdi niem, nguyen li ciio Triet hgc, Kinh te chinh trj hgc, Chii nghTa xd hdi khoa hgc, Dqo due hqc, Phdp ludt hgc. Mac du cdc kien thuc li ludn ndy dd dugc cdc tdc gid chucmg trinh, SGK CO gdng dien dqt dem gidn, ngdn ggn, de hieu nhung vdn qud khd vdi ngudi dqy vd ngudi hgc.
Tinh li ludn eiia chuong trinh, SGK cdn the hien d kien thuc mdn GDCD mang tinh he thd'ng, logic, mong tinh khoa hge, tinh chinh xde. Ndi dung li ludn eua chuong trinh, SGK GDCD rdt phong phu vd do dqng cd d iTnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, xd hdi.
Chuong trinh, SGK GDCD vdi nhiem vy trang bi cho HS nhung hieu biet ban ddu ve li ludn nhu vdy Id mdt thdch thiic khdng nhd ddi vdi cd ngudi dqy vd ngudi hge. Nhiing GV GDCD cd thdm nien, cd trinh do chuyen mdn coo mdi dqy duqc chuong trinh, SGK hien hdnh ndy. Dgi da sd GV
tren thyc te Id khd thyc thi ndi dung li ludn ciia chuang trinh, SGK GDCD.
2) Viec gdn li luqn vai thyc tien trong dqy hqc GDCD
Ludt G i d o dye ed ghi «Hoqt ddng gido dye phdi thyc hien theo nguyen l i . . . li ludn gdn vdi thuc tien" (1). Trong thyc tien dqy hgc GDCD, rdt nhilu GV dd chii trgng den viec thyc hien gdn li ludn vdi thyc tien Idm cho viee dqy hqc GDCD khdng thiet thyc, xo rdi thyc tien. Cdi khd ndy trudc het xudt phdt tu ndi dung chuong trinh, SGK GDCD d trudng THPT. Nhin chung chuong trinh, SGK GDCD qud chu trgng den li ludn, trong khi li ludn trong SGK khdng phdn dnh kip thdi thuc tien Clio ddt nude hien nay. GV GDCD rdt khd lien he li ludn vdi thuc tien bdi li ludn trong SGK rdt xo rdi vdi thyc tien nhd trudng phd thdng vdi sy thom gia hoqt ddng thyc tien ban ddu ciio HS THPT. Khdng it GV GDCD Iqi it vd'n sd'ng thyc hen nen gdn nhu chi dqy li ludn sudng Idm gid gidng GDCD khd eung, thieu sue thuyet phyc. Mdt so GV trong gid gidng GDCD rdt ngqi lien he vdi thyc tien bdi thuc tien cudc sdng hien nay rdt phiic tqp, nhieu bien ddng, chi sg sy lien he thyc tien eiia minh khdng biet dung hay soi. Mdt so it GV lien he li ludn vdi thyc tien mdt cdch gd ep nen hieu qud gido dye rdt thdp. Nhin chung, viee gdn li ludn vdi thyc tien trong dqy hqc GDCD vdn Id mdt bdi todn rdt khd gidi.
3) HS THPT chua thyc sy thich hqc mon GDCD Thu nhdt, do chuong trinh, SGK GDCD chua thuc sy phu hgp vdi nhdn thuc ciio HS nen HS khdng ty dgc, ty nghien ciiu duge SGK ddng thdi cung khdng thuc sy hieu dugc kien thiic li ludn qud eao md GV truyen dqt tren Idp. Thii hoi, do GV chua tqo ro hung thii hge tdp cho HS. Tren thue te ed GV gidi thi du SGK khd hg vdn tqo ra
* KI)oa Giao due chmh tri -TtUdng Bai hpc sir pham Ha Npi
Tap ehi Giao due s6 2 4 0 (k. 2 • 6/2010)
sy ham me hgc tdp mdn GDCD cho HS. Tiee rdng sd GV gidi ndy khdng nhieu. Cd khdng it GV do trinh do chuyen mdn hgn ehe vd do nhilu yeu to khdc dd khdng ddm bdo yeu cdu ciia gid gidng GDCD Idm eho HS chdn hge mdn GDCD. Thii ba, do mdn GDCD khdng thi tuyen dgi hge nen phdn ndo gdy ro tdm li HS coi nhe mdn hgc, khdng cd ddng co hgc tdp tdt mdn GDCD.
2. Mdt sd bien phdp khdc phyc nhung diem khd trong d q y hgc mdn GDCD a trudng THPT
1) Khdc phuc diem khd khi thyc hien chuang trinh, SGK mon GDCD
Trong nhung ndm tdi, Bd GD-DT cdn tien hdnh ddi mdi chuong trinh, SGK mdn GDCD theo hudng tinh gidm ve ndi dung, phii hgp vdi thyc tien, coi trgng thyc hdnh, vdn dyng hch hgp nhilu mat gido dye. Hien nay, de khde phyc diem khd Clio chuong trinh, SGK mdn GDCD, GV vd HS vdn phdi bdm sdt chudn kiln thuc, kT ndng (ban hdnh kem theo Quyet dinh 16/2006/QD-BGD&OT ngdy 5 / 5 / 2 0 0 6 Clio Bd trudng Bg GD-DT) (2). Tren ea sd bdm sdt chudn kiln thuc, kT ndng mdn GDCD, GV cdn chu y cdc bien phdp sou:
- Nghien cuu kTtdm sinh li, trinh do nhdn thiic, y thuc Clio HS md GV duge phdn cdng gidng dgy de tu dd lyo chgn ngi dung kien thiie eo bdn phu hgp vdi nhdn thuc eiia HS. Mdt bdi gidng GDCD cd the cd nhieu don vj kien thiic li ludn nhung GV chi lyo chgn mdt sd don vj kien thiic li ludn CO bdn cdt Idi nhdt, sdt hgp vdi nhdn thuc Clio HS. GV cdn trdnh gidng gidi tdt cd cdc kien thuc li ludn ciio bdi. Bdi vi neu gidng tdt cd kien thiic li ludn thi GV khdng ed du thdi gion vd neu cd ddm bdo thdi gion thi cdc kien thuc li ludn ciia bdi gidng se rdt ddn trdi ddn den HS se khdng hieu kien thiic. Oe lya chgn dung cdc don vi kien thue li ludn co bdn vd cdt Idi ciio bdi gidng GDCD, GV phdi hieu sdu sdc todn bd kien thiie li ludn ciia bdi gidng. Nhung GV gidi thudng de ddng lua chgn diing cdc don vi kien thuc co bdn dd nhung ddi vdi GV chua cd kinh nghiem gidng dgy thi viec lyo chgn cdc don vi kiln thue li ludn ea bdn Id vdn khd. Vi vdy, cdc GV tre cdn ty hgc de ndm sdu sdc kien thuc li ludn ciio bdi gidng ddng thdi hgc hdi kinh nghiem ciio nhung GV gidi.
- Sou khi lyo chgn cdc don vi kien thuc li ludn CO bdn, cdt Idi, GV cdn phdi dan gidn hda cdc kiln thuc li ludn dd. Don gidn hda cdc kien thuc li ludn cd nghia Id dien dqt de hieu cdc khdi niem Triet hgc, Kinh te ehinh tri, Chii nghia xd hdi khoa
Tap ehi Giao due s6 2 4 0 (ki2-6/2oio)
hgc... Su dien dqt don gidn, d l hieu cdc kien thiic li ludn vdn phdi ddm bdo tinh khoa hgc cuo kien thiic li ludn. Don gidn hda cdc kien thiic li ludn Id con dudng ngdn nhdt giiip HS hieu duge cdc kien thiic li ludn. Tu dd, HS se tCr chua hieu den hieu rd cdc kien thiic li ludn.
- Tren ca sd don gidn hda cdc kien thiic li ludn CO bdn, cdt Idi, GV phdi lua chgn phuong phdp dqy hoc phii hgp de khde hga thdnh cdng cdc kien thiic co bdn dd cho HS. De gidng dgy cdc kien thiic li ludn, GV nen sii dyng phuang phdp thuyet trinh ket hgp vdi cdc phuang phdp dqy hqc tich cue khde. GV nen tqo ro cdc cugc tranh ludn de HS khdm phd ro cdc vdn d l li ludn. Cy the nhu tqo ra cdc hnh hudng cd vdn d l , to chire dqy hgc theo nhdm hodc dudi hinh thuc ddng vai hay giao cho HS mot dy dn hoc tdp de phdt huy hnh tich cue, chu ddng, sdng tgo vd khd ndng phdi hgp theo nhdm... cho HS.
- Sou khi khdc hqo cdc don vi kien thuc li ludn CO bdn, cdt Idi ciio bdi gidng, GV cdn phdi ehi ra mdi lien quan giua cdc don vi kien thuc li ludn CO bdn dd vdi cdc kien thiic li ludn ciio todn bg bdi gidng, phdn ndy GV chi cdn khdi qudt de HS ty nghien ciru cdc kien thirc li ludn khdc trong bdi gidng.
2) Khac phyc diem kho ddi voi GV va HS khi thyc hien viec gan li luqn va thyc tien. Gidi quyet diem khd ndy, GV cdn chu y cdc bien phdp sou:
- Mdi mdt gid hgc GDCD, GV phdi tqo ro mdt mdi trudng gido dye trong Idnh, vui tuoi, gdn gui, thdn thien, tin cdy giiia GV vd HS. GV khdng dugc bien gid dqy GDCD thdnh nhdng gid dqy mong tinh kinh vien. GV phdi quan niem rdng mdi gid hoc GDCD Id gid hoc md GV giup HS gidl quyet nhirng vdn de ciio thyc tien.
- Tren co sd cdc don vj kien thiie li ludn co bdn, cdt Idi nhdt dd lyo chgn, GV viio khai thdc d mat li ludn, viio chii trgng khoi thdc y nghlo thyc tien ciio vdn de li ludn dd. Thudng Id GV ehi khoi thdc mdt li ludn md bd qua y nghlo thyc tien Idm gid hqc chi thudn tuy li thuyet. Phdn sdng ddng eiia bdi gidng GDCD Iqi Id viee GV khoi thdc khio cqnh thue tien. GV nhdn mqnh vdn de li ludn dd cd gid trj gi eho ngdy hdm nay, cd gid tri true tiep vdi HS the ndo.
- GV Idy cdc vi dy thyc tien Idm rd cdc kien thuc li ludn. Vi dy thuc tien phdi Id cdc vi dy mang tinh dien hinh, mang tinh thdi su, mong tinh tudng minh (cd thyc, khdng them bdt, cd xudt xii), phdi
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sdt vdi kien thiic li ludn. GV cdn phdn tich cdc vi dy thyc tien trong mdi lien quan vdi kien thuc li ludn vd nen cho HS xem phim dnh, video de hieu them thyc hen cua qud khu vd hien tqi.
- Tqo ra cdc hnh hudng de HS trd thdnh chii the gidi quyet cdc vdn d l li ludn vd thyc tien. GV cd the dqt ra cdc cdu hdi hnh hudng vd ra cdc bdi tdp hnh hudng nhu: Em (HS) nhdn thuc v l vdn d l li ludn dd nhu the ndo? Em se gidi quyet (iing xu) trudc hnh hudng thuc h i n dd nhu the ndo?
- Gdn nhu cdu vd Igi ich ciio HS vdi kien thuc CO bdn Clio bdi gidng. V i dy, dqy Bdi 1 ciio SGK GDCD 10 (3) «The gidi quan duy vat va phuong phdp ludn bien chung" GV gdn the gidi quan triet hgc vdi viec md rdng tdm nhin ciio HS trong thyc hen. Hge the gidi quan triet hgc giup HS md rdng tdm nhin ddi vdi cdc vdn de ty nhien, xd hdi, con ngudi. HS ty lien he vdi tdm nhin ciio minh. Hgc phuong phdp ludn Id giup HS ed bien phdp, cdch thuc ung x u vdi cdc viec gdp trong cudc sdng neu GV biet gdn li ludn vdi yeu cdu ndng cao nhdn thuc cung nhu cdch ung xu cuo chinh bdn thdn HS se Idm cho HS hung thu vdi mdn hqc.
- Tqo dieu kien cho HS tham gia cdc hoqt ddng thyc tien cua nhd trudng, dja phuong de cd d i l u kien the hien kien thuc li ludn vd thyc hen.
- Kiem tro, ddnh gid mdn GDCD vuo ddm bdo tinh khdeh quan, vuo ddm bdo tinh nhdn vdn, vuo khuyen khich HS hoqt ddng thyc tien. Vi vdy, trong kiem tra, ddnh g i d , GV nen ddnh 50%
cho nhung kien thuc li ludn vd 50% cho nhung kien thuc lien quan den thuc tien.
3) Khac phyc tinh trqng HS THPT chan hqc mon GDCD
Ddy Id mdt vd'n de nan gidi khdng the gidi quyet mdt sdm mdt chieu, cd lien quan den n h i l u yeu to md neu chi rieng ddi ngu GV GDCD se khdng gidi quyet ndi. Trudc het, cdc co quan qudn li, cdc nhd qudn li ciia Bd GD-DT, cdc trudng phd thdng, cdc bdc phy huynh HS vd todn the xd hdi phdi xdc djnh rd hon vj tri ciio mdn GDCD d trudng phd thdng. GDCD Id mdn hgc giup nhd trudng phd thdng thyc hien «Tien hgc le, hdu hgc vdn", gdp phdn hinh thdnh nen nhung cdng ddn chdn chinh cuo ddt nudc. Tu viec xdc djnh rd vj tri eiia mdn hgc se cd nhung gidi phdp, bien phdp thyc hien Idm eho GV thich dgy vd HS thieh hgc mdn GDCD. Trong hnh hinh hien nay, Bd GD-DT nen nhanh chdng ddi mdi chuang trinh, SGK
GDCD hien hdnh vi cd n h i l u die'm chua phu hgp.
Cdc CO quan qudn li gido dye nen tdng cudng bdi dudng chuyen mdn, nghiep vy cho GV GDCD, cd che do ddi ngd dqc biet vdi ddi ngu GV ndy.
Mdi GV GDCD phdi khdng ngung h/ hgc de ndng coo trinh do li ludn eung nhu phdi ren luyen trong thyc hen de am hieu thyc hen. Cdc trudng dqi hgc, eao ddng cd nhiem vy ddo tgo GV GDCD gdn vdi trudng phd thdng phdi dd'i mdi chuong trinh, gido trinh; tdng cudng dqy n g h i vd bdi dudng Idng yeu nghe, yeu thich mdn hqc GDCD cho sinh vien. M d i GV GDCD khi dung Idp cung nhu cdc hoqt dqng gido dye khdc phdi truyin Ilia, truyin hnh yeu cho HS vdi mdn GDCD.
Tren ddy Id nhung bien phdp nhdm khdc phyc nhung die'm khd trong dqy hgc mdn GDCD d trudng THPT. Cd the nhdng bien phdp ndy chua phdi huu hieu nhdt de gidi quyet nhung diem khd trong dqy hgc GDCD trong ttnh hinh hien nay.
Chiing tdi rdt mong mudn nhung nhd nghien ciiu mdn GDCD, ddi ngu GV GDCD quan tdm den vdn d l hm ra nhung bien phdp de ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo mdn GDCD d trudng THPT. Q (1) Luat Giao due. NXB Gido due, H 2006.
(2) Quyet dinh 16/2006/QD-BGD&DT ngay 5/5/2006 cua Bo trudng Bo Giao due va Dao tao.
(3) Bo GD-DT. Giao due cong dan lop 10. NXB Gido due. H 2007.
Phirong phap case study...
(Tiep theo trang 34)
tiep vd tuang tdc cd nhdn trong THKT. Case study cho chung to mdt quan diem mdi v l DH THKT.
Viec ro quye't djnh mong tinh THKT giiip SV hieu rd hon v l ung dyng ciia nhung nguyen li KT trong thyc te; khdng chi giup SV ren luyen thao tdc tri tue vd thao tdc thyc hdnh md cdn dqt SV vdo thyc te THKT de ren luyen kl ndng gidi quyet cdc vdn d l KT tu thyc te, ddp ung nhu cdu cudc sdng.Q Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bill Gillham. Study Research Methods. London and New York. 2000.
2. NguySn Van Binh (chu bien). Phumig phap day hpc kl thuat cong nghiep, tap 1. NXB Gido due. H. 2001.
3. Prof. Bernd Meier - NguySn Van Cudng. Li luan day hpc hien dai. Dai hpc Potsdam - CHLB Diic. 2009.
4. Robert K. Yin. Case Study Research. Design and Methods. Third Edition Applied social research me thod series Volume 5. Sage Publications California. 2002.
