GIAI QUYET PHA SAN NGAN H A N G T H I / O N G MAI THEO PHAP LUAT CUA MOT SO NU^6C
DtrtrngKim The Nguyen'
Tom tat: Bdi viet nghien cuu phdp lugt cua cdc nude Hoa Ky, Anh vd Nga vi gidi quyet phd sdn ngdn hdng thuong mgi tren ca sd. (1) Quy dinh riing ve phd sdn dp dung cho cdc ngdn hdng thuang mgi, (2) Cdc bien phdp xu ly tinh trgng mdt khd ndng thanh todn ciia cdc ngdn hdng thuong mai dugc xdy dung vdi nhiiu gidi phdp xu ly da dgng, tru tiin cdc gidi phdp phuc hdi, tdi cdu true hodc chuyin giao ngdn hdng thuang mai bi thua Id cho cdc ngdn hdng thuang mai khdc vd (3) Sir can thiep rdt manh me cua cdc ca quan qudn ly ngdn hdng thuang mgt
Abstract: This article studies laws of the US, England and Russia on handling bankruptcy of commercial banks with respect to following aspects: (i) Specific regulations on bankruptcy for commercial banks. (2) Measures to resolve insolvency of commercial banks, which are diversified and give priority to recovering, restructuring such banks or transferring them to other banks, and (3) Intensive intervention of relevant commercial bank management agencies.
1. Tdng quan
Do sy khdc nhau ve truyen thdng phdp ludt, phong tuc tap quan, dieu kien kinh t i , chinh tri va rat nhieu cac yeu td khdc nen trinh ty thii tuc giai quydt phd san ngdn hang d cdc nude cung cd nhidu diem khdc biet. Vd CO ban, cd 2 md hinh phdp luat phd sdn ngdn hang la md hinh cd phdp ludt rieng vd phd sdn ngdn hdng va md binh khdng cd ludt rieng md dp dung ludt phd sdn vd ludt cdng ty chung de gidi quyet phd sdn ngdn hang.
Ly do ma mdt sd qudc gia vdn cho phep dp dung ludt phd sdn doanh nghiep de giai quyet phd sdn cho ca ngdn hdng dd la':
ThS., Khoa Ludt - Trudng Dai hpc Kinh t l TP. Hd Chi Minh
' Eva H.G Hupkes, The Legal Aspects of Bank Insolvency: A Comparative Analysis of Western Europe, the United States and Canada. Kluwer Law International (2000), p . l 8 , trich theo Jihong Zhang (2012), A Comparative Analysis of Legal Application of Bank Insolvency, xem true tuyen t^i
(1) Ludt phd sdn khi xdy dung da tinh den sy thdng nhdt nhdng dac diim khdc biet nhau ciia cac td chdc kinh doanh khdc nhau.
(2) Sy thiit lap he thdng bdo hiim tiin gdi hieu qua cho thdy khdng cdn thiit phai CO cdc luat ddc bidt danh rieng cho giai quydt phd sdn ngdn hang.
(3) Phdp ludt ve giai quyit phd san doanh nghiep van cd the giai quyet cdc ngdn hdng pha sdn mpt each nhanh chdng.
Tuy nhien, thyc tidn gidi quyit phd san cdc ngan hang cho thdy, ddy la mdt qua trinh rdt phuc tap do tinh dai chung vd nhiing dnh hudng cua sy phd san ngan hdng d i n n i n kinh t i . Ngdn hang cd mdt lugng rdt Idn cdc khdch hang nhd, nen ludt phd san doanh nghiep thdng thudng se khdng thuc td vd thieu neu dp dyng vdi ngdn hang. Vi du, khdng the td chdc hpi nghi chu ng vdi mdt sd lugng chd ng ddng ddo. Vi vdy, mdt
http://wvyw.docin.com/p-717603764.htm1 (truy c | p ngay 16/12/2013).
sd nude da xdy dung nhiing ludt dac biet danh rieng cho phd san ngdn hang.
Phdn dudi ddy se trinh bay kinh nghiem lap phdp ve phd sdn ngan hang tai Hgp chung qudc Hoa Ky, Vuong qudc Anh va Lien bang Nga.
2. Giai quyet phd san ngan hang theo phap luat Hoa Ky
Tai Hoa Ky, hdu bet ngdn hdng (ddc biet la gdn nhu tdt cd ngdn hang ldn) thudc quyen sd hdu cua cdc cdng ty nam giu cd phdn cda ngdn bang (Bank Holding Company - BHC). Cdng ty ndm giii cd phdn cua ngdn hdng cd the nop don xin tuyen bd pha sdn theo Lu$t Pha sdn Hoa Ky nhung ngdn hang thi khdng thuc bien phd san theo Ludt nay ma theo Ludt Bdo hiim tiin gdi Lien bang. Chang han, Washington Inc.
nop don xin tuyen bd pha san, nhung cdc ngdn hdng thupc sd hiiu cua Washington Inc. thyc hien qudn ly ve tdi sdn va gidi quyet phd sdn theo phdp ludt phd san chi ddnh cho cdc ngdn bdng . Tuong ty nhu vdy, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. ciing dd gidi quyet phd san theo Ludt Pha sdn, nhung Lehman Brothers Commercial Bank lai thyc hien xd ly phd san theo Ludt Bdo hiem tien gui Hoa Ky.
Ndm 1800, Ludt Pha sdn ddu tien dugc ban hdnh tai Hoa Ky^ da quy dinh, ngdn hdng khdng thudc pham vi dp dung cua Ludt
" Richard M. Hynes and Steven D. Walt, Why Banks are Not Allowed in Bankruptcy, 67 Wash. & Lee L.
Rev. 985 (2010), cd thi tai v l tir http://law.wlu.edu/deptimage5/Law%20Review/67- 3HvnesWalt.pdf (truy cap ngdy 14/12/2013)
* Charles Jordan Tabb (1995), The history of bankruptcy law in United stales, Abi Law Review (Vol 3'5), PP 5-51, ed the tai ve tir:
http://www.law.du.edu/documents/registrar/adv- assit^n/Sonsa Bankruptev The%20Historv%20oP/o2 npankniptcv 99.pdf (truy c^p ngdy 10/12/2013).
Phd sdn. Nhu vdy, nhdng nha lap phap ddu tien cua Hoa Ky da quan niem vide gidi quydt pha san cdc ngdn hdng la khdc biet vdi phd sdn doanh nghiep'*.
Di bdo ve ngudi gui tiin va giu dn dinh cho be thdng tiin te, ndm 1933, Cdng ty Bdo hiim tiin giii Lien bang (The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- FDIC) da dugc thanh lap theo Dgo ludt Ngdn hdng nam 1933 (thudng dugc biit dudi ten ggi la Dao ludt Glass-Steagall) nham cung cdp bao hiim tiin gui cho cac ngdn hdng, ddng thdi Cling cd quyen kidm soat vd gidm sdt cdc ngdn hang khdng phdi la thdnh vidn cua Cue dy trd Lien bang Hoa Ky^.
Theo Phap ludt Hoa Ky, khi ngdn hang thdt bai thi co quan gidm sdt ngan hdng^ se tuydn bd ngdn hang dd bi phd sdn vd buy
•* Robert R. Bliss & George - U S Corporate and Bank Insolvency Regimes:An Economic Comparison and Evaluation G Kaufman.
http://law.bepress.eom/expresso/eps/1390
* v e lich sii hinh thdnh ciia Cdng ty bdo hilm tiin gui Lien bang Hoa Ky, cd thi xem them Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation' The First Fifty Years, a History of the FDIC 1933- 1983 Washington: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1984, ed the tdi v l tir http://www.fdie.gov/bank/anaivtical/firstliftv/ (truy e?ipngd2/12/2013).
^ Tai My, co quan nao cap ph^p hoat dpng ngdn hdng tht CO quan dd cd quyen thanh tra, giam sdt ngdn hang dd. Khdc voi Viet Nam chi duy nhdt Ngan hdng Nhd nuac cd thdm quyen cap ph^p hoat dpng ngdn hdng, d My cd nhieu co quan cd thdm quyin cdp phep gdm Cyc Du triJ Lien bang (Federal Reserve System - FED), Vdn phdng kiem sodt tiin te (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency OCC), Bdo hilm tiin gui Hoa K</ (The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC), Vdn phdng giam sat tilt ki?m (Office of Thrift Supervision - OTS, da gidi thi), hiep hoi Lien minh tin dung qudc gia - National Credit Union Admimstrasion - NCUA vd cac ngdn hdng Trung ucmg khu vuc (12 Fed cap bang). Xem them tai https://luattaichinh.wordpress.com/
2010/06/02/(truy cap ngdy I/I2/20I3).
NHA NUOC VA PHAPLUATSO 7/2014
dac quyen cua ngan hang, chi dinh va chi dao true tiep cdc quyet dinh cua ngudi qudn ly tai sdn. FDIC thudng la ngudi quan ly tdi sdn ddc quyen ciia cac to chdc dugc bao hiem. Vi du, Van phdng giam sat tiet kidm thupc Bp Tai chinh Hoa Ky (The Office of Thrift Supervision - OTS) quyet dinh dong cua Washington Mutual vdo thang 9 nam 2008^ va FDIC dugc chi dinh la ngudi quan ly tdi san, sau do FDIC quyet dinh thyc hien giao dich mua vd nhdn ng thay (P&A) vdi tap doan ngdn hang WaMu cho J.P Morgan Chase & Co^
Nhu vay, viec thanh ly tdi sdn cua ngdn hang bi pha san dugc thuc hien bdi FDIC de duy tri niem tin vao be thdng ngan hang cua qudc gia va tdi da hoa gia tri trong qud trinh quan ly tai san cua ngan hang dang cd nguy CO vd ng de bao tdn mpt quy bdo hiem vdng chac. FDIC quan ly cac tai san va ng phai tra ciia mdt td chuc bi phd sdn vd cdc quyet djnh dugc FDIC dua ra va co gia tri thi hanh ma it khi bi xem xet lai .
3. Giai quyet pha san ngan hang theo phdp luat Anh
Anh la mdt qudc gia cd Ludt Pha sdn tu rat sdm. Tuy nhidn, Ludt Pha san Anh khong hoan toan thich hgp cho cac ngan
^ Cho tdi gid, day dugc xem la vu pha san ngdn hang ldn nhat trong Ijch su, theo Xuan Hoa (Thu ba, 28/10/2008), Mudi hai vu pha san ngan hang tdi te nhat lich sir, xem true tuyen tai http://kinhdoanh.
vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/doanh-nghiep/muoi-hai-vu- pha-san-ngan-hang-toi-te-nhat-lich-su-2694024.html
Thda thuan mua va nhan no thay giifa FDIC va J.P Morgan Chase & Co duac dang tai tai dia chi website ciia FDIC http V/w ww. fd ic. go v/about/
freedom/Washington Mutual^P and, „A pdf (truy cap ngay 14/12/2013).
' FDIC (3003), Resolutions handbook, http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/reshandbook/.
chapter 7 - The FDlC's Role as Receiver, cd thi tdi ve tir http://www, fd ic .gov/bank/h istorical/
reshandbookych7recvr.pdf (truy cap ngdy 14/3/2014)
hdng vd ng vi nd khdng dat dugc cdc yeu cau dam bdo sy dn dinh cua be thdng tai chinh, tinh nhanh chdng cua thu tuc, han che nhdng tidu cyc do phd san ngdn hang mang lai. Cudc khung hodng cua ngdn hang Northern Rock giua nam 2007 da chung minh khdng the hodn todn chi dya vao cac quy dinh cua Ludt Pha sdn Anh 1986 de giai quyet phd sdn ngdn hdng. That vdy, theo cac quy dinh tai thdi diem do ngodi cac quy dinh cua Ludt Phd san. Northern Rock cung dugc sy ho trg cua bao gdm cho vay ciiu cdnh, bdo hiem tien gdi, nhung nhiing cudc dot bien rut tien vdn xay ra. De ngan chan cupc kbiing hodng, Chinh phu Anh da lien tuc hd trg tai chinh va sau do la qudc hiiu boa Northern Rock thi ldn sdng rut tien tai ngan hang nay mdi dugc chdm diit"^. Thyc tien giai quyet khung hodng cua Northern Rock cung vdi nhiing nghien ciiu td trudc d6 ve viec xdy dyng mdt che do gidi quyit ddc Met (Special Resolution Regime - viet tdt la SRR) xu ly cdc ngdn hdng vd ng trudc khi thyc hien thu tuc phd san da dugc dat ra va Id ly do cho viec ra ddi Ludt Ngdn hdng 2009 (Banking Act 2009 - gpi tdt la BA)"
Xet tren nhieu mat, co chd nay chiu anh hudng bdi co che gidi quyet phd sdn ap dung cho cdc td chuc nhan tien gui d My theo Ludt Cdng ty bao hiem tien gdi Lien
'" Rosa M. Lastra (2008), Northern Rock, UK bank insolvency and cross-border bank insolvency.
Journal of Banking Regulation, Vol. 9, 3 165-186, pt65-186, CO t h i tdi ve tir http://www.sfb.ac.rw/
storage/fHOME%20WORK)%20Rosa%20Lastra%2 0-%20Northem%20Rock.pdf (truy cdp ngay 12/3/2014).
" Peter Brierly (2009), The UK Special Resolution Regime for failing banks in an international context, Financial Stability paper No. 5, July 2009, cd thi vl tir http://www.bankofengland.eo.uk/researeh/
Documents/fspapers/fs paper05.pdf (truy c§p ngay 12/3/2014).
bang 1933. Myc dich cua SRR Id cho phep tien hanh cdc giai phap tudn ty de xu ly ngdn bdng bj phd san nhdm bao ve lgi ich cdng chiing, ddc biet la duy tri sy dn dinh tai chinh, duy tri long tin vdo ITnh vyc ngdn hang, bdo ve Igi ich ciia cd ngudi gdi tien vd ngudi ddng thue.
Cac CO quan qudn ly ngdn hang (gdm Ngdn hang Anh, Bd Tai chinh, co quan dich vu tai chinh) se phdi hgp de lua chgn mdt trong ba each xu ly ngdn hang mdt khd nang thanh todn Id: dn dinh (stabilization), phd san ngdn bang (bank insolvency) vd quan ly ngan hang (bank administration).
«. Lua chon dn dinh:
Gidi quyel tinh trang mdt khd ndng thanh todn cua ngdn hang theo hudng lua chpn dn dinh (stabilization) la viec chuyen giao tai sdn vd ng ciia mdt ngan bdng gap kho khan den mgt ndn tang dn dinh hon.
b Thil tuc phd sdn ngdn hdng Lua chpn thir hai ciia thu tuc SRR la thu tuc phd sdn ngdn hang (Bank insolvency procedure). Theo thu tuc ndy, Ngan hang Trung uong Anh, FSA hoac Bd trudng Tai chinh cd the Idm don de nghj pha san ngdn hdng neu cd can cu sau: mdt la, ngan bang khdng the bode khdng cd khd nang thanh todn cdc khoan ng cua nd; hai la, cd mdt trong hai cdn cu: (a) gidi the cua ngdn hang se dam bdo dugc lgi ich chung, va/hoac (b) giai thd ciia ngan hang se dat dugc cdng bang.
(,. Thu tuc qudn tri ngdn hdng Thyc chdt,thu tuc qudn ly ngdn hang la mdt phdn trong qud trinh xu ly hoat ddng kinh doanh ciia ngdn hdng khi thyc bien viec chuydn giao ngdn hang cho ngudi mua thuang mai hay chuydn giao cho mot ngdn bang bdc cdu.
Theo khoan 2, Dieu 90 Ludt Ngdn hdng Anh 2009, thu tuc pha san ngdn hang gdm cdc budc sau:
(i) Quyet dinh cua Ida an ve vide dat td chdc tin dung (TCTD) vao tinh trang phd sdn.
(ii) Quyet dinh bd nhiem ngudi phu trdch gidi quyet viec phd sdn''
(ill) Ngudi phu trdch vide phd sdn se sdp xdp cho chii ng (ngudi gdi tidn cua ngdn hang) cd tai khodn chuyen sang ngdn hang khdc hoac dugc nhdn thanh todn tu quy dy phong dich vu tai chinb'^ (Financial Service Compensation Scheme - FSCS)
(iv) Ngudi phy trdch vide pha sdn thanh ly tdi san ngdn hang.
Thu tuc giai quyet pha sdn cd the cham dut theo mpt trong cac each sau:
- Thda thuan thanh todn ng (Dieu 113 BA2009).
- Thu tuc phuc hoi (Didu 114 BA 2009).
Cdch thuc va thu tu phdn chia tai sdn dugc thyc hien theo cdc quy dinh tai Ludt Pha san Anh 1986.
4. Giai quyet pha san cac to chdc tin dung theo phap luat Lien bang Nga
CJ Lien bang Nga, he thdng cdc TCTD hoat ddng theo cdc quy dinh tai Luat Ngan
'" Chung tdi tam djeh tir thudt ngii "bank liquidator", dupe hiiu Id ngudi true tiep thue hien nhSng cdng viee lien quan din vice pha san va td chiic thanh ly tai sdn, lam cdng viec gidng nhu td qudn ly. thanh ly tai sdn theo Luat Pha sdn 2004 ciia Viet Nam.
" FSCS la mdt ea quan d Anh duoc thanh lap theo quy dinh ciia Luat Thi trudng tai chinh nam 2000. To chirc nay bdt dau hoat ddng ngdy I thdng 12 nam 2001 khi Ludt Thi trudng tai chinh cd hieu luc. Td chirc nay thg'c hien viec den bu neu mot cdng ty khdng cd khd nang thanh toan n p khi cd yeu cdu.
Quy ciia td chuc ndy cd tir tien phi thu dupe tir edc cdng ty.
NHA NUOC VA PHAPLUATSO 7/2014
hang va boat ddng ngdn hang Lien bang Nga ngay 02/12/1990. Vide giai quydt phd san cdc TCTD tai Nga dugc thyc hien trong khudn khd cdc quy dinh tai Ludt Phd sdn cac TCTD Lien bang Nga ngdy 25/2/1999''* va Ludt Phd san Lien bang Nga nam 2002'^ Them vdo do, ndm 2008 Lien bang Nga cdn ban hanh Ludt vd cdc bidn phdp bd sung de tang cudng dn djnh cua he thdng ngdn hang'
Mat dii Tda dn Trgng tdi la co quan co thdm quydn tuydn bd TCTD phd sdn nhung thyc chdt vide phd sdn ngdn hdng chiu sy gidm sdt cua Ngdn hdng trung uong (NHTW) Lien bang Nga. Khi mpt TCTD cd nguy CO 1dm vdo tinh trang phd sdn, TCTD nay se dugc NHTW Nga thyc hidn cac gidi phap phdng ngua phd sdn. TCTD chi cd the bi Tda dn trgng tdi tuyen bd phd sdn sau khi da bi NHTW Nga riit gidy phep boat ddng ngdn hdng.
Theo Didu 2 Ludt Pha sdn cdc TCTD, TCTD khdng cd kha ndng thanh todn la tinh trang ma TCTD khdng the dap ung dugc tdt
" D^o luat ndy dd trdi qua 20 ldn siia ddi, bd sung.
Ldn siia ddi, bd sung gan nhdt Id ngdy 2/7/2013. Tac gid tham khao bdn ti6ng Anh cua dao ludt ndy dupe tdi v l tir website cua Cdng ty bdo hiem tiin giii Lien bang Nga tai: http://www.asv.ore.ru/en/ legislation/
law 2/ (truy cdp ngdy 14.3.2014) va bdn tieng Nga ddng tai website cua Ngan hang trung uong Nga http://www.ebr.ru/credit/likvidbase/ Lav/FZ 40.pdf '^ Dao ludt nay trai qua rat nhieu tdn sua ddi, bo sung vdo cac ndm 2004, 2006, 2007. Tac gia tham khdo ban tilng Anh cua dao luat nay dugc tai ve tir website cua cdng ty bdo hiem tien gdi Lien bang Nga tai http://www.asv.org.ru/en/legislation/law 2/ (truy cap ngay 14.3.2014) vd ban tieng Nga ddng tai website ciia Ngdn hdng trung uong Nga http://www.cbr ru/credit/likvidbase/Lav/FZ 127.pdf.
'* Bdn dich tilng Anh eiia dao luat nay cd thS tai v l tir website ciia Cdng ty Bdo hiem tien giri Lien bang Nga tai httpV/www.asv.org.ru/en/legislation/ (truy cap ngdy 14.3.2014).
cd cdc yeu cdu cda chu ng ve nghia vy tra tidn, thyc hien nghia vu thanh todn cdc khodn thanh todn bdt budc trong vdng 14 ngdyke tu ngay ddn han"". Khi TCTD bi lam vao tinh trgng mdt khd nang thanh todn, cdc CO quan qudn ly (bao gdm NHTW Nga vd Cdng ty Bdo hiem tidn giri Lien bang Nga) sd dp dung cdc bien phdp ngdn chdn phd san. Bien phdp thanh ly va tuyen bd pha sdn TCTD chi dugc thyc hien sau khi da dugc NHTW Nga quyet dinh ngimg dp dung bien phdp ngan chan phd sdn va thu hdi gidy phep boat dgng ngan hang.
Khi cd cdc can cd dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 4 Ludt Pha san cdc TCTD Lien bang Nga'^, NHTW Nga cd quyen yeu cdu TCTD thi hanh cdc bipn phdp ngan chdn phd san theo Dieu 3 Lu^t Phd sdn cdc TCTD Nga.
Cac bien phdp ndy gdm:
- Cuu trg tdi chinh td chuc tin dung;
' ' Thdi han ndy trudc ddy Id mdt thdng, Luat siia dii ngdy 28/4/2009 dd giam xu6ng cdn 14 ngdy.
'* Cde cdn cir ndy bao gdm:
- Da nhiiu ldn thdt b^i trong vdng sdu thdng vi§c dap ling cde yeu cdu ciia edc ehu no cd nhdn vl nghTa vu trd tiin, that b^ii Irong viec thuc hi|n nghTa vg thanh todn cac khodn thanh todn bdt budc trong thdi han ba ngdy k l ttr ngdy het han do khdng cd hodc thiiu tiin mdt trong cdc tai khodn cua TCTD;
- Khdng dap irng yeu cdu ciia cd nhan cdc chii np ddi vdi nghTa vy tra tiin, khdng thuc hiSn n^hTa vy thanh todn ddi vdi ede khoan thanh todn bdt bupc trong thdi gian hon ba ngdy, ke ttr ngay phdi tra np, ngdy h i t han thanh toan bdi vi khdng cd ho$c thiiu tiin mdt trong cdc tdi khodn ciia TCTD;
- Khdng ed kha ndng ngdn chdn s\f gidm slit htm 2 0 % vdn sd hiiu so vdi sd lugng cao nhit d^t dupe trong 12 thdng trudc dd vd ddng thdi vi ph^im tifiu chudn vdn bdt budc dupe quy djnh bdi Ngdn hdng Trung uong Nga;
- Vi phgm tieu chudn ngudn vdn sd hiiu dupe quy djnh bdi Ngan hdng Trung uong Nga;
- Da vi ph^im qud 10% tieu chudn thanh khodn ciia TCTD so vdi thang trudc dd theo quy djnh ciia Ngdn hdng Trung uong Nga.
Bo nhiim Ban qudn ly tgm thdi di qudn ly td chuc tin dung;
- Td chirc lgi Id chirc tin dung.
Thu tuc phd san TCTD d Nga nhu da ndi d tren dugc thyc hien theo Ludt Pha san Lien bang Nga vd Ludt Phd san cdc TCTD.
Ngoai cdc quy dinh chung tai Ludt phd sdn dugc ban hdnh nam 2002 (da dugc sua ddi, bo sung), Chuong V cua Ludt Phd sdn cdc TCTD Nga nam 1999 (da dugc sua ddi, bd sung) quy dinh nhung dac thu cua thu tuc phd sdn cdc TCTD tai Tda dn trgng tai. Dac biet nam 2004, Nga dd cd nhiing sua ddi rdt can bdn ve ndi dung nay so vdi van ban luat dugc ban hanh ldn ddu vao nam 1999.
Theo cdc quy dinh vua neu, Tda dn trpng tai tuydn bd phd san va gidi quyet mdt vu phd sdn cua TCTD trong thdi ban 2 thang kd tu ngdy cd dan yeu cdu. Cdc thu tuc giam sdt, phuc bdi chdc ndng tai chinh, quan ly tam thdi, thda thuan chii ng vd con ng thudng dugc Tda an trgng tdi dp dung trong gidi quydt phd sdn cdc doanh nghidp thdng thudng se khdng dp dyng khi giai quydt phd sdn TCTD nua.
Theo khodn 1 Didu 50.7 Ludt Pha san cdc TCTD, Tda dn chi co thd thu ly ydu cdu phd san TCTD ndu NHTW Lien bang Nga thu hdi gidy phep kinh doanh ngdn hang cua TCTD dd vd TCTD cd khodn ng it nhdt la gdp 1000 ldn tidn luong tdi thieu ma khdng thd thanh todn trong thdi ban 14 ngdy kd tu ngdy cd yeu cdu (vdo thai didm nam 2009 muc luong tdi thieu khodng gdn 100 riip thi khodn ng nay phai tuong duong sdp xi 2500 Euro'').
" Insolvency law related to credit organisations in the Russian Federation, CMS, Russia cd th6 tdi ve tai h;rp-/Ai/ww cmsleeal.ru/Hubbard.FileSvsteni/files/Pu bl^^3Ti2!!/^jl2P^073-4a77-46bf-9d82-079ca53c238c/
p,.^.ggntgtinTi/PublicationAtlachmenU10b27245-6fF3-
Sau khi cd quyet dinh tuydn bd phd san, TCTD ngimg thanh todn vd tidn hdnh viec thanh ly tdi sdn. Ngoai ra, Ludt Phd sdn cdc TCTD Nga cdn quy dinh nhdng ddc thu lien quan den phdn chia tai san phd san cua TCTD bi phd san vdi cac uu tien thanh todn cho ngudi gui tien, vdn dd trach nhiem phdp ly ciia cd ddng, ngudi dieu hanh TCTD bi phd san...
5. Nhan xet ve phap luat pha san cdc ngan hang tai Hoa Ky, Anh, Nga va so sanh vdi phap luat Viet Nam
Cd the dua ra mpt sd nhdn xet sau ddy:
Thir nhdt. cdc nude dugc nghidn cuu deu xay dyng mpt thii tyc phd sdn cd tinh dac thii dp dung cho cdc ngan hang thuong mai.
Hinh thuc ciia cdc quy dinh nay cd the la van bdn rieng nhu Ludt Bdo hiem tien giri (phdp ludt Hoa Ky), Ludt Ngan hdng (phdp luat Anh) hay la Ludt Phd san cdc TCTD (phap ludt Nga). Dieu nay cho thdy, Viet Nam khong nhdt thiet phdi xdy dyng mot ludt rieng ve phd san cac TCTD. Hien nay. Viet Nam dang hoan thidn phdp ludt pha sdn ap dung cho cdc TCTD vdi ndi dung Id cac quy dinh ban che pha san tai Ludt Cdc TCTD 2010 va xdy dyng mdt chuong rieng vd dp dung Ludt phd san cdc TCTD trong Luat Phd san ndm 2014 vua dugc Qudc bdi thdng qua la phu hgp vdi thdng le d nhieu nude.
Thic hai, thu tuc xu ly nham han che phd san cac ngdn hang thuang mai dugc uu tien dp dung. Thu tuc ndy cd the dugc gpi ten khdc nhau nhu: cdc bien phdp han che pha san cac TCTD trong phap ludt Lien bang Nga hay chd dp giai quydt dac biet
4d21-b281-3661058bl502/
lnsolvencv%201aw%20related%20to%20credit%20o rgamsations.pdf (truy cap ngay 15/10/2013).
NHA NUOC VA PHAPLUATSO 7/2014
trong luat (SRR) cua Anh thi chiing deu cd mpt diem chung: ddy Id nhiing thu tuc dugc tidn hdnh bdi co quan quan ly ngdnh ngdn hang chu khdng phdi Id tda dn. Ve bdn chdt, day la thu tuc hanh chinh khac vdi thii tuc tu phdp thuan tiiy khi gidi quyet phd sdn cdc doanh nghidp thdng thudng. Trong bdi cdnh phap ludt hien tai cua Viet Nam, cac quy dinh vd xu ly tinh trang mat kha nang thanh todn, kha nang chi trd cua cdc TCTD dang dugc thuc thi dudi ten ggi "bien phdp kiem soat dac biet cac TCTD" theo Luat Cac TCTD 2010 vd cdc van bdn hudng ddn la khd tuong ddng vdi cdc nude vua ndu nhu Id cdc bien phdp han che phd sdn. Cd the khang dinh, cdc bien phap kiem sodt dac biet mac dii dugc quy dinh tai Ludt Cac TCTD nhung thuc chdt nd la mot cdu thanh quan trpng, khdng thd tdch rdi cua phap ludt ve pha san cac TCTD.
Thir ba, cac bien phdp thyc bien trudc khi dp dung thu tuc phd sdn dugc tidn hdnh theo CO che thuc thi rieng. Co che thyc thi nay the hien d cac mat:
Dugc thyc hien bdi cdc co quan chuyen trdch qudn ly nganh ngdn hang nhu Ngan hang trung uong, Td chuc bdo hiem tien giri. Day Id nhdng chu the chuyen nghiep du khd ndng xu ly nham dat dugc hieu qud cao nhat trong viec ban chd TCTD phd sdn. Dieu nay ciing dugc the hien trong phap ludt Viet Nam vdi vai tro then chdt cua Ngdn hang Nha nude trong viec xu ly cdc TCTD trong giai doan kidm sodt dac biet.
Chi khi nao Ngdn hang Nhd nude ra quydt dinh khdng dp dyng bien phap khdi phyc kha nang thanh todn hoac ngung dp dung bien phdp kidm sodt ddc bidt ma TCTD vdn
bi mdt khd nang thanh todn thi qud trinh pha sdn tai toa dn mdi ed thd tidn hdnh.
- Viec qudn ly tdi san phd sdn cac TCTD cd the ciing dugc thuc hidn bdi ngudi tidp nhdn vd qudn ly tai sdn rieng. Ngoai tru d Anh, Ludt Ngan hdng Anh khdng cd quy dinh vd ngudi quan ly tdi san cda ngdn hang phd san khdc vdi ngudi qudn ly tai sdn ciia doanh nghiep bi phd sdn thdng thudng, a Hoa Ky va Nga viec qudn ly tai san cua TCTD bi phd sdn deu dugc thuc bien bdi ngudi qudn ly khdc vdi doanh nghiep thdng thudng. Ngudi nay d Hoa Ky la Cdng ty bdo hiem tidn gui Lien bang (FDIC), ca quan duy nhdt thyc hien vide tiep nhdn va qudn ly tai sdn. Cdn d Nga la Ban qudn ly tam thdi dugc Ngan hdng Trung uong Nga chi dinh de thyc hien qudn ly tdi sdn ciia TCTD bi phd sdn. Nhu vdy, Td quan ly, thanh ly tai sdn nhu cdc quy dinh cua phap ludt Viet Nam hien hanh td ra cdn nhidu ban che trong gidi quydt phd sdn the hien d tinh thieu chuyen nghiep
Dieu nay tat ydu cdn cd sy sua ddi vai trd cua ngudi qudn ly tai sdn. Theo chiing tdi, nen giao vide chi dinh ngudi quan ly tai san pha san cho Ngan hang Nha nude thay vi do toa dn chi dinh, bdi la co quan quan ly chuydn ngdnh, Ngdn hang Nhd nude cd day du thdng tin va cd du didu kien dk chi dinh ngudi CO nang luc thdt sy bd trg gidi quyet phd san td chdc cd tinh dac thii nay.
Tdm lai, cd the nhdn thdy, phap ludt ve xd ly phd san cdc TCTD d Vidt Nam phdn nhidu da cd dang dap cua cdch xu ly phd san tai nhieu nude tien tien vd vide hodn thien phdp lu^t phd sdn cac TCTD Id phu hgp vdi thdng le tai nhidu nude.
