S6 5-2012 TAP CHi PHONG CHONS BgNH S6T RET VACAC BgNH KY SINH TRUNG 5 3
MOT SO DIEM C A N LlTU Y TRONG PHAN LOAI
VA DANH P H A P D Q N G VATPGS.TS. Nguyen Vdn Chdu
1. D^T V A N fit
Mgt sd linh vuc nghiin ciru ky sinh triing, cdn triing va ddng vdt lien quan den y hgc rlt cdn din phdn logi dfng vdt va danh phdp dgng vgt. Thgc tl hifn nay, cd nhilu ngudi tham gia nghien ciru vl linh vgc nay d cac Vifn nghien ciru thufc ngdnh y te, cdc Trung tdm y tl thugc khdi y hgc du phdng, nhung phin ldn dugc dao tao d nhilu trudng khdc nhau, nhilu chuyln ngdnh khdc nhau ngodi ngdnh Sinh hgc, nen trong nghien ciiu, cap nhdt tdi lifu, hodc bien sogn tdi lieu va vill bdo cdo khoa hgc lien quan din ky sinh triing, cdn trimg, dgng vdt cdn gdp khd khdn khi vilt cdc ten khoa hgc cda dgng vdt hay danh phdp dgng vgt.
Bdi ndy khdng ngoai muc dich luge ghi lai mgt sd ndi dung liln quan din su phdn loai hgc (classcification) vd "cdc quy tdc danh phap ddng vat" dugc dl cap uong "Luat danh phdp ddng vdt qudc tl" (Intemational Cod- of Zoological Nomenclatura" do Hdi nghi Dgng vat hgc qudc tl Idn thii XV thdng qua tai Ludn Ddn, thdng 7 nam 1958 [4].
2. MQT SO KHAI NIEM CO BAN VE PHAN LOAI 2.1. Phdn logi hoc (classification vd taxonomy)
"Phdn loai sinh vdt (biological classification) la sdp xip nhung sinh vat gidng nhau vdo nhOng nhdm dugc gid thuylt Id cd chung ngudn gdc, ndi cdch khdc Id nhttng nhdm con chdu cua mdt td tiln chung". Phan loai ddng vdt - dd Id su sdp xIp cdc ddng vdt thanh cdc nhdm dua tten su gidng nhau (similarity) vd mdi quan he hg hdng (relationship) cda chiing [5].
2.2. Dinh logi (identification)
Djnh logi (hay gidm dinh) Id vifc xdc dinh vj tri phan logi, xdc dinh ten khoa hgc cua mdt cd thi hodc mgt nhdm cd thi dua trln cdc kit qud nghiin ciru vl phdn logi hgc vl nhttng nhdm lodi cu thi da dugc cdng bo chinh thiic, nhu cdc tai lifu chuyen khdo, sd tay dinh logi, cac kilu khda dinh logi...Dinh loai chi Id mdt cdng viec thilt ylu, khdng phdi la tat ca ndi dung cdng vif c cda phdn loai hgc.
Nhttng ngudi chuyen lam cdng vif c dinh loai mlu vdt dua ttin cdc kit qua nghiin cim phan logi hgc da cdng bd chinh thttc vl nhung nhdm lodi cu thi, khdng phdi Id nha phdn loai
5 4 s6 5 -2012 TAP C H ! P H 6 N G C H 6 N Q BgNH S6T RIT V A C A C BgNH KY SINH TRUNG
hpc. Khong nen lan Ion hai thu^t ngQ- "phdn lo^i" vd "djnh lo^i". Vi v\i: cdc bdng (hay khda) dinh lo^i, kh6ng nSn gpi Id "bdng phdn logi" [2].
2.3. Thang bac phSn lo^i vd cdc d<rn v} phSn lo^i
Th^ gi6i sinh vgt da dgng, phong phu, mu6n hinh mudn vd. Ngay trong mOt lodi cdc giai dogn phdt tri^n khdc nhau, vi vgy n^u khdng ti^n hdnh phdn logi thi khdng the phdn bi$t dupe hang ty lodi sinh v§t tren trdi dat.
Dacuyn (1859) d3 ndi "T^t cd cdc sinh v§t deu gi6ng nhau, tuy nhiSn nuic d$ gi6ng nhau cdng gidm ddn vi vgy md cd the phdn logi chOng thdnh timg nhdm liSn quan v6i nhau", vd chung ta muon xdy dvrng m$t h? th6ng phdn logi cdc lodi dd thi s^r phdn loai tat nhign khdng tuy ti^n, luang ty nhu sdp x^p cdc ngdi sao thdnh cdc chdm sao. Bdi v^y nhi^m vy cua sir phan logi Id phdn bi?t cdc nhdm ndy vd nhdm kia sdp x^p chung theo m0t thii tyr diing. V^
v ^ de nay. dieu cot yeu Id ngudi nghien cim phdi cd khdi ni?m rd rdng ve y nghla ciia cdc thuat ngO "dan vi phdn logi vd thu hgngphdn logi".
Ndm 1969. Whittaker de xuat chia the gidi sinh vat thdnh 5 gidi (kingdom):
Gidi vi khuan (gidi don vgt) - Eubacteria Gidi nguyen sinh vgt - Protista
Gidi nam - Fungi Gidi thuc vat - Planta Gidi dpng vdt - Animala
2. 4. Cdc thii hang phan loai (Taxon) cua Linnaeus
O gioi dpng vat (Animala), bac cao nhat trong cdc thu hgng phdn loai thucmg dung Id ngdnh vd thdp nhdt Id loai. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) nha phan logi hpc ddu tiSn khi thiSt Igp cac thii hgng phdn loai da phdn bi?t trong gidi dpng vgt chi cd 5 thii hang: Ldp (class), bg (ordo), gidng (genus), loai (species) va thii (varietas). It Idu sau khi so lupng dpng vgt dupe bi^t tang len da gpi len sy cdn thi^t phdi chia chi tik hon vd da cd hai thii hgng n&a bit ddu dupe sii dyng Id: hp (family) vd ngdnh (phylum). Thii (varietas) duprc Line sir dyng nhu mpt thir hang khdng bdt bupc de chi cdc bi^n thi trong cdc loai khdc nhau. Thii hgng nay cudi ciing da bi bdc bd va thay the bdng phdn lodi hay lodi phu [4] (Nguyen tdc phan logi sinh vgt.
Nha xudt bdn Khoa hpc vd Ky thuat, 2007, trang 40).
Nhu vay, bat cii loai dpng vdt nao cung thupc vao 7 thii hang phdn logi sau: gidi, nganh, ldp, bd, hp, gidng vd lodi.
Moi mdt loai ddng vat cu th8 dupe sdp xIp theo bdy b^c chinh tir cao den thdp trong thang phan loai nhu vi dy sau day [5]:
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Vi tri phdn loai cua Chd sdi - Canis lupus
Gidi (kingdom) d$ng vdt Animalia Ngdnh (phylum) Day sdng Chordata Lop (class) cd vu (thii) Mammalia Bp (ordo) dn thit Carnivora Hp (family) chd Canidae Gidng (genus) chd Canis Lodi (species) sdi lupus Do miic dp tdng len cua sd lupng ddng vdt dupe hik vd su md rpng kiln thuc k^m theo ciia chung ta v€ muc dp gidng nhau cua cdc lodi dy cdn thiet phdi chia ra vi tri phan loai cdc lodi chinh xdc hon. Dieu do dgt dupe bdng cdch dua vdo giCia bdy thii hang phdn logi co bdn cac thii hgng phu. Phdn Ion cdc thir hang phy dupe hinh thanh bdng cdch them vdo thii hang ddu tien cdc ti^p ddu ngir Tdng hoac Lien (super) hay "Phan" (sub). Nhu vdy da xudt hien tong bo hay lien bg (superordo) vaphdn bg (subordo), lien hg (superfamily) vaphdn hg (subfamily) v.v ...Trong cdc diii hang phu ay cd "Tdc"' (tribe) Id thii hang nam giua hp vd giong.
Sau ddy la tr|t tu- cdc thii han^- Giol - King dom
Lien nganh - Superphylum Nganh -Phylum (Divisio)
Phan ngdnh - Subphylum Lien ldp -Superclass
Ldp - Class LiSn bd - Superorder
Bp - Order Phdn bd - Subordo
Lien hp - Superfamily (- oidea) Hg -Family (dudi - dae)
Phdn hp - Subfamily (dudi-nae) Tpc - Tribe (dudi -ini)
Giong - Genus Phdn gi6ng - Subgenus
Lodi - Species Phan lodi - Subspecies
5 6 s6 S -2012 TAP CHi P H 6 N G C H 6 N G BgNH SOT R E T ^ tAt B^wn iCYSJM^ TiS-JHG
Trong cdc thii hang phan logi tren, cAn luu y tfin nhdm hp, diiu dd dupe n6u d dieu 28 [5] nhu sau:
Cau tgo ten nhdm hp: Ten nhdm hp c^u tgo bdng cdch them vdo thdn tir t6n gi6ng chuin tir VI - dae (doi vdi ten hp) vd - inae (doi vdi tSn phdn hp).
Lien hp vd tdc: de nghj tir vT - oidea cho tSn lifin hp (hay xhng hp) vd - ini cho t6n tOc.
"ChQ- cdi dAu tien cua ten nhdm hp, vd gi6ng phdi vi^t hoa, cdn cua ten lodi viet thudng.
IV dii: Trong h§ thong phfin logi bp ch6t (Siphonapera) ciia G.H.E.Hopkins vd M.
Rothschld, 1953 cy the nhu sau:
Lien hp (Superfamily): Pulicoidea Hp (Family): Pulicidac Phdn hp (Subfamily): Pulicinae
Giong (Genus); Pulex Linn6, 1758 (Trong dd Pulex Id ten giong, Linn6 Id ten tdc gid, 1758 Id ndm cdng bo).
Lodi (Species): Pulex iritans Linn6, 1758
Dinh nghia lodi (species) va phdn lodi (subspecies) sinh hpc
"Lodi Id mpt nhdm qudn thi sinh sdn tu nhien, cdch ly sinh sdn vdi cac nhdm q u ^ the tu nhien khdc" [5]; hay: "Loai Id mdt qudn thi hay m0t nhdm cd the md cdc thdnh vien hpp nen cd tiem ndng giao phoi ty nhien vd sinh ra the h? con hiiu thy"[3].
"Phdn lodi Id mpt tap hpp cac quim the cua mpt lodi, giong nhau vi hinh thdi, cung song trong mpt khu vyc trong viing phan bd cua lodi va khdc vdi cdc qudn the khdc ciia lodi ve phdn loai hoc" (E.Mayr, 1969) [5].
3. CAC QUY TAC DANH PHAP © Q N G VAT
Thudt ngO "danh phdp" bdt ngudn tir chii la tinh nomen (t6n) vd calare (gpi) vd theo nghTa tir nguyen cd nghia la "gpi theo ten". Vai trd cua danh phdp chinh la d cho them cdc nhan hieu cho cdc don vi phdn logi cdc bdc va do dd lam de dang cho viec giao tiip giiia cdc nhd sinh hpc vdi nhau. Nhihig ten khoa hpc ddt cho cdc lodi sinh vdt va cho cdc dcm vi cao bao gdm cdc loai dd tao nSn h^ thdng thdng tin, ho^c Id ngdn ngO:; chiing cung phdi ddp iing cdc ygu cdu ca bdn nhu bat ky mdt ngdn ngiS; ndo [5].
Cdc quy tdc danh phdp dpng vat dang cd hieu luc dupe ghi trong vdn ki?n cd uy tin gpi la Bp lugt danh phdp dpng vgt qudc te. Vdn bdn sau ciing cua nd dupe hpi nghj dpng vgt hpc quoc te ldn thii XV (Luan ddn) hieu luc hda vdo ngay cdng bd nd 6-XI-1961. M§t vdi thay d6i nhd cd lien quan dd dupe hdi nghi ldn thii XVI td chiic d Oasinhton ndm 1963 cdng nhgn vd dua vao Ian xuat ban cdng bd nam 1964 [5].
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Lugt danh phdp df ng vdt hgc quoc te do hgi nghi dgng vgt hgc quoc tl lln thd XV thdng qua gdm XVII mgc vd 87 dilu. Sau ddy Id mdt sl dilu liln quan din danh phdp dfng vdt.
Bilu 4. Ten cua don vj phdn logi d bgc tren nhdm lodi (tir gilng trd len) gdm mgt tir (tin mgt tit).
Vi du: Pulex (la ten mgt gidng bg chit) Pulicidae (Id tin mgt hg cua bg chit)
Siphonaptera (tin bf bg chit) Insecta (ten ldp cdn trimg) Arthropoda (tin ngdnh chdn dit) Dilu 5. Lodi vd phan lodi
Tin lodi gdm hai tic (tin hai tii) cdn tin phdn lodi (hay lodi phu) gdm ba tit (tin ba hi).
Trong moi Uvdng hgp tin tit ddu tien Id tin giong, tir thit hai la tin lodi, cdn tir thii ba, neu dugc dimg Id ten phdn lodi.
Vi du : Anopheles minimus (trong dd Anopheles la tin gidng vd minimus la ten lodi - tin hai tit).
Ctenocephalides felis fells (Uong dd Ctenocephalides Id ten %i&ag, felis felis Id ten loai vd phdn lodi - ten ba tu).
Biiu 6: Tin phan gidng khi dugc dimg vdi ten gidng vd tin lodi phdi dat trong ngogc don; tin phan gidng khdng tinh Id mgt tit trong ten hai tir cua lodi hay tin ba tir ciia phan lodi.
Vi du: Anopheles {Cellia) kochi (trong dd Anopheles la tin gidng, Cellia Id phdn gidng dl trong ngogc don, kochi la tin lodi).
Bilu 22. Ddn ngdy cdng bd:
Ngdy cdng bd cua mdt tin, niu dugc dan ra, phai ddt sau tin tac gid vd cd ddu phdy d trudc.
Ldi dan 22B. Ngay cdng bo ttong mdt td hgp ten cd thay ddi. NIU ngdy cdng bo ddu tiln dugc dimg cho mgt tin nhdm lodi Uong m$t td hgp tin cd thay ddi vdi ten gidng, thi ngdy cdng bd phdi ddt vao ngogc don cimg vdi ten tdc gid cua tin lodi do, cd ddu phdy "," ngdn cdch.
Vi du: Anopheles nivipes (Theobald, 1903)
Gidi thich: nivipes la loai dugc Theobald, 1903 md td ddu tien thudc gidng Culex vd tin ddy dtl lodi la Culex nivipes Theobald, 1903 (tin tdc gid ddu tien vd ndm cdng bl khdng dl trong ngogc don). Nhung sau dd dugc mgt tdc gid khdc xem xet lgi (review) vd thdy rdng loai nivipes khdng thugc gidng Culex ma thugc gidng Anopheles, nin cd tin la Anopheles nivipes (Theobald, 1903), khi dd ten tdc gia ddu tiln Id Theobald cimg vdi
5 8 s65-2012 T/jiPCHJ PHONG C H 6 N G BgNH SgTRJTVA CAC BjNHVT'3iKHls»'K3
ndm cdng b6 phdi dl trong ngofic don (thugc tl hgp tin cd thay doi vdi ten giong, do dd tu chinh mdu vgt).
Vilt tin lodi day dii va khi ndo thi ein vilt ten lodi dJy?
- Tin ddy du mdt lodi gom: tin giSng, tin lodi, tin tdc gid vd ndm cdng bl.
Giong, lodi, tac gid vilt lien (thudng vilt nghiing); giOa ten tdc gid vd ndm cdng b6 cd dau phiy " ," (ten tdc gid vd ndm khdng vill nghieng).
Vi dg: Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901
- Do trong qud trinh lich su md td vd tu chinh moi mgt lodi cd thi cd nhilu tdc gid d cdc quoc gia va cac thdi dilm khdc nhau tiln hdnh, nen mOt lodi cd the cd nhilu tin dong vgt (synonym). Bdi vdy, trong mdt s6 trudng hgp ckn vilt diy dii ten lodi nhu vile md td lodi trong phdn logi, trong ddng vjt chi, hay khi ldp danh mgc (checklist) m^t nhdm dOng v$t ndo dd cua mdt vimg dja ly, mdt ldnh th6, mgt hay nhilu qulc gia v.v...
Vi du: Danh lgc cdc lodi thu hoang dd Viet nam (Checklist of wild mammal species of Vietnam) [1].
4. K H 6 A eiNH LOAI BONG VAT
Diing khda dinh logi dl xdc djnh ten khoa hgc cua mgt mau vgt khdng mdy khd khan, nhdt Id nhiing khda djnh loai chdt lugng cao, cd hinh minh hga, chi can ngudi dinh logi xdc dinh dung nhiing ddc dilm ciia vdt mau phdn logi can doi chieu, so sdnh vdi ddc dilm md td trong cac vl cua cdp dit lieu, di chgn dung timg budc thich hgp, cho din budc cudi ciing dan din ten dung cua mau vgt. Nhung qud trinh phdn tich vd Iga chgn cde ddc dilm phdn logi dl lap khda dinh logi Id cdng vi|c hit siic khd khdn, rat tdn thdi gian vd cdng siic. Mdi khda djnh logi chat lugng cao thgc sg Id mgt logi cdng cg phdn tich phdn logi hgc giau tinh phat hiln.
Khda dinh loai tdt Id khda djnh logi ludng phdn (dietonomous) thgc sg, mSi budc chi cd hai ve ddi nhau, cd thi chgn mgt trong hai. Cdc ddc diem ddi nhau phdi dugc md td rd rdng, chinh xdc, tdt nhat la nen ed hlnh minh hga, khi ddi chiiu so sdnh cd thi dung cho tat cd cdc cd the trong qudn thi bdt ke gidi tinh, tudi khdc nhau. Cdc ddc dilm so sdnh tot nhdt Id ddc dilm hinh thdi ngodi, cd thi quan sdt true tiip, khdng c4n nhiing thilt bi ddc biet. Chi diing nhGng ddc dilm dn dinh, khdng cd nhGng bien di qua mire. Nhung ddc diem phdn logi Id sd do, dim thi khong nIn cd nhiing gid trj gdi nhau [4].
Trong cac tac phdm phdn loai hgc truyin thdng ed khd nhieu kilu khda dinh logi:
khda dinh logi ludng phan, khda dinh logi kilu rdng cua, khda sd tdng hgp (khda da phdn), khda dinh loai bdng hinh, nhung phd biln nhdt Id hai kilu khda djnh loai ludng phdn sau day:
$65-2012 TAP CHi PHONG C H 6 N G BgNH S6T RET VA CAC BENH KY SINH TRUNG 5 9
Kilu I {ddu ngogc dan hang kep)
{Vidu: Khda phdn loai 7 bg cdn triing do Linneaus Igp ra) [5]
I. Khdng cd canh Apterygota
Cdcdnh 2 2(1). Milng kilu vdi hut Hemiptera
Mi^ngnhai nghien 3 3(2). Cd mgt ddi cdnh Diptera
Cd hai ddi cdnh 4 4(3). Cdnh trudc dgng simg ciing Coleoptera
Cdnh trudc dgng mdng mdng 5 5(4). Mdt cdnh trudc khdng cd vay 6
Mat cdnh trudc cd vdy.. Lepidoptera 6(5). Cudi bung con cdi cd kim chich Hymenoptera
Cudi bung con cdi khdng cd kim chich Neuroptera
Kilu II {ddu ngogc dan hdng dcm)
{Vidu: Khoa dinh loai cac lodi md thudc gidng Helenicula Audy, 1954 d Viet Nam) [2]
1(4) Gdc chdn III cd 1 ldng.
2(3) Sens d trudc PLs; PF: B/B/bNB. Gitta bd sau mai lung tgo thdnh gdc til, Idng lung 42- 45 chiic H. selvana
3(2) Sens d sau gdc PLs; PF: B/B/bbB. Giua sau mai gan thing, ldng lung 70-80
chiic H.kohlsi 4(1) Gdc chan III cd 2 long trd len.
5(6) Gdc chdn III cd 2 Idng H.lanius 6(5) Gdc chdn III cd 3 long trd lln.
7(8) Gdc chdn III chi cd 3 long. GAL B. Goi chdn I cd 1 gay cam gidc H. consonensis 8(7) Gdc chdn III cd 4-7 ldng. GAL N. Gdi chdn I cd 2 gay cdm gidc.
9(10) Cdng thuc ldng pan: B/B/bNB. Gdc chdn III cd 3-5 ldng (thudng 4). Ldng lung 40 chile. Sens hoi midc PLs H. mutabills 10(9) Cdng thirc long pan: B/B/BBB. Gdc chdn IH cd 4-7 ldng (thudng 6). Ldng lung 50-60
cWir Sen""!!!! PT s H. simena
6 0 S6 5-2012 T»P Chi P H 6 N G C H 6 N G BgNH S6T RET VA C A C BgNH KT aiSff luiJNS
TAX LI$U THAM K H A O
1. Ddng Nggc C4n, Hideki Endo, Nguyin Trudng Son, Tatsuo O., LI Xudn Cdnh, Bdng Huy Phuang, Darrin PL., Shin IK., Akiko H., Montoki S., (2008), "Danh lgc cdc lodi thii hoang dd d Vi$t Nam", Shoukadon Book Sellers.WO trang.
2. Nguyin Vdn Chdu, Nguyin Thu Vdn, D 5 Sr Hiln ( 2007), "Hg Md dd Trombieulidae - Acarina, Bg chit Siphonaptera. Bgng V& chi Vift Nam. Viin Khoa hgc vi Cing nghi Vift Nam ". Nhd xu& bdn Khoa hgc ky thu$t (NXBKHKT;, tdp 16, 306 trang.
3. Trln Bd Cii, Nguyin Thu Hiln, Trin Bd Hodnh, Trln Mgnh Ky, Ddng Vdn Sii, LI Dinh Thdi, Phgm Vdn Thdn, Phgm Nggc Thjnh (2002), "Tir diin bdch khoa sinh hgc" Nhd xudt bdn Khoa hgc vd ky thu^t, 2439 trang.
4. Nguyen Anh Di|p, TrAn Ninh, Nguyen Xudn Quynh (2007), "Nguyen tdc phdn logi sinh vdt" Nhd xult bdn Khoa hgc vd Ky thudt, 224 trang.
5. Phan Thi Vi|t (1974), "Nhimg nguyin tdc phdn logi dgng vgt (tdi liiu dfch tir tiing Nga ciia Mayr E., 1969) ", Nhd xuat bdn Khoa hgc vd ky thugt: 318 trang.
Dia ehi liln h | PGS.TS. Nguyen Vdn Chdu
Khoa Cdn uimg, Vi|n Sot rIt-KS-CT TLT Email: [email protected] Mobil: 0982331949
