Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lu?t hpc. Tap 34, So 3 (2018) 43-53
T ^ chi Khoa hoc D^i hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi: Ltiat hgc Website; https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Mot so van de li luan, phap li, thuc tien ve quyen cua nguai cao tuoi^
Vii Cong Giao
Khoa Ludt, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi, 144 Xuan Thdy, Cdu Gidy, Hd Noi, Viet Nam Ngay nhan 29 thang 7 nam 2018
Chinh sua ngay 07 thang 9 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 28 thang 9 nam 2018 Tom tat: Gia hoa dan so chiia dung ca nhirng thach thiic va co hpi cho cac quoc gia, ngucri cao tuoi ve ca ban khSng phai la ganh nang ma la mot nguon lire cua cac gia dinh va xa hOi, De bao dam "gia hoa dan so thanh cong", can bao dam cac quyen cua ngucri cao tuoi. Trong khi chua c6 Cong uac ve quyen ciia ngucri cao tuoi, c^c quoc gia can tuan thu cac nguyen tac ciia Lien Hop quoc va cac cong uac ciia ILO c6 lien quan den ngut/i cao tuoi. Phap luat quoc gia ve nguai cao tuoi phai duac xay dung theo nguyen tac tiep can dua tren quyen va can phai xem nguoi cao tuoi la mot trong nhiing nhom dl bi ton thucmg nhat trong xa hoi ma nha nuac phai bao ve trong mpi hoan canh, ke ca trong thai ky bi khiing hoang nhat ve nguon luc.
Tir khda: Nguoi cao tu6i, quy6n ciia nguai cao tuoi, gia hoa dan so, quyen con ngucri.
L Khai niem, dac diem va nhmig nguySn tac trong doi xir \is\ ngirM cao tuoi
Khai niem ng:uoi eao tuoi {older person/the elderly trong tieng Anh, personnes agee trong tieng Phap, personas mayores trong tieng Tay Ban Nha) duoc hieu it nhieu khae nhau a cac qu6c gia, phu thuoc vao quan niem nhu the nao la "tuoi gia"^. C) eac nuoc phat trien, do dieu kien phiie lgi xa hgi va y t8 tot, ciing voi nhiing
" DT.: 84-24-37547913 Email: giaovc@viiu edu.vn
https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-Ii67/vnuls.4150 'Bai vi6t nay ciing se duoc dang trong cuon sach tham khao "QuySn cua ngucri cao tuoi" do Khoa Luat DHQGHN va NXB CTQG xuAt ban nam 2018.
Hien tai co mot thuSt ngir khac dugc cho la co tinh trgng thi cao nhat vcri nguoi cao tuoi dang dugc sii d\mg ngay cang rong rai, do la "semor cinzen"(c6ng dan cao nien)
thuan lgi khac ve moi trudng xa hgi nen cong dan CO the song khoe manh va van co dong gop cho xa hpi ke ca trong do tuoi kha eao. Trong boi canh do, dp tuoi dugc xem la "tuoi gia" va gan vcri no la khai niem "nguoi cao tuoi" c6 xu huong cao hon o eae nuoc dang phat trien.
Cu the, hau het cac nuoc chau Au xem nguoi cao tuoi la nhiing nguoi tu 65 tuoi tro len, trong khi o mgt so nude ehau Phi do tuoi dugc xem la ngudi cao tudi ehi vao khoang 50 d6n 55,
Ve phia eac to chiic quoc te, Uy ban ve cac quySn kinh t6, xa hgi, van hoa (co quan giam sat thirc hien Cdng ude qude xk vl eae quySn kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa nam 1966 eua Lien Hop quoe) trong Binh luan ehung so 6 nam 1995 (ve eae quyen kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa eua ngudi eao tudi) xae dinh ngudi cao tudi la ngudi tu 60 tudi [I]. Quy dan sd Lien Hgp qude (UNPFA),
V.C. Giao / Tgp chi Khoa Iwc DHQGHN Lugt hgc, Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
hong Bao cao tdm tat "Gia hda trong the ki 21;
Thanh tim va thach thuc" cdng bd nam 2012 tuy khdng neu cu the nhung eung ham y ngudi cao tudi la nhihig ngudi ed do tudi tu 60 hd len [2]. Mac du vay, trong Cdng udc sd 128 nam 1967 ve trg cap khuyet tat, trg cap tudi gia va trg cap ngirdi sdng sdt (Convention C128 - Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967), Td chiie Lao dgng qudc te (ILO) lai xac dinh tudi gia la 65 [3]. Tuong tu, Co quan Thdng ke cua Lien minh Chau Au (Eurostat) ciing coi "ngudi cao tudi" la nhihig ngudi tir 65 tudi trd len [1].
0 Viet Nam, Luat Ngudi cao tudi (Luat sd 39/2009/QH12, dugc Qudc hgi khda XII, ki hgp thii 6 thdng qua ngay 23/11/2009, co hieu lire ngay 1/7/2010) quy dinh: "Ngudi cao tudi la cdng dan nudc Cdng hda xa hgi chii nghia Viet Nam tir 60 tudi trd len". Nhu vay, dp tudi dugc xem la ngudi cao tudi d Viet Nam eo ban tuong ddng vdi do tudi dugc xac dinh bdi cac eo quan Lien Hgp qudc.
Tren phuong dien xa hdi, xet ve loi the so sanh, tuy nhin ehung ngudi cao tudi ed the lire kem hon, song lai cd nhung uu the vugt trdi so vdi cac nhdm xa hpi tre hon xet ve phuang dien tri thue, ki nang chuyen mdn va kinh nghiem song, Nhimg mi diem do co ban van dugc duy tri va phat huy bdi ngudi cao tudi, dieu ma theo nh^n dinh ciia Lien Hgp qudc: "... nghien eiiu khoa hgc dang bae bd nhieu dinh kien ve nhiing suy giam hien nhien va khdng thg dao nguoc gan vdi tudi tac" va cin phai "danh gia cao su ddng gdp ciia ngudi cao tuoi cho xa hdi" [4].
Ngudi cao tuoi khong phai la mgt nhdm ddng nhat nhu nhieu nhdm xa hdi khac, mac dii hp CO mgt dac diem chung ve do tudi. Do su khdng ddng nhat nhu vay, nen nhirng thach thuc va nii ro ve quyen eon ngudi vdi ngudi eao tudi ed sir khae nhau giira cac ea nhan. Mac dii vay, xet chung, tren phuong dien nhan quygn, ngudi cao tudi dugc xem la mdt trong cac nhom dg bi tdn thuong {vulnerable group). Tinh ch§t dg bi ton thuong ciia ngudi cao tuoi dig hien qua mpt sd khia canh sau day [5]:
Thic nhdt, hg de ren vdo hodn cdnh bi doi ngheo vd vi the bi phu thudc vdo nguai khac:
Nguoi cao tudi neu khong ed tai san tich luy trong qua trinh lam viec se dl bi ddi ngheo boi khdng edn kha nang hoac suy giam kha nang lam viec din dgn khdng edn thu nhap hoac chi ed thu nhg.p thap tOr nghe nghiep. Trong b6i eanh do, hg dl roi vao hoan canh phu thupc vao ehu the cung cap sy hd trg vat chat cho minh, trong do bao gdm ea ngudi than trong gia dinh.
Su phu thudc do cd the dan den nhijng han ch^
trong viec hudng thu cac quygn ciia hp, dudi nhiing hinh thixc va miie dp khac nhau, vi du nhu khdng hoac it dugc bay td/tdn trgng y kiSn, quan diem; khdng duge tu do di lai, cu hii;
hoac tham chi khdng dugc eung cap dii luong thuc, thuc pham hoac khdng dupe cham soc y te khi can thigt.
Thir hai, hg de bi lam dung, ngugc ddi, bo mac: Ngudi cao tudi, do titih trang siic khoe va vi tri trong xa hpi va trong gia dinh suy giam, cd thg bi lam dung, ngugc dai va bd mac bdi chinh ngudi than trong gia dinh hoae nhimg chii thg khac dang eham soc hay sinh sdng eung hp.
Sy lam dung, ngugc dai cd the dudi hinh thuc bdc lot siic lao ddng, bdc lot ve tign bac, danh dap, si nhuc, ngan can cae quan he xa hdi, tham chi xam hai vg tinh due. Sy bd mac (cd the dudi dang chii y hay khdng chu y) ma khdng bao dam cae nhu cau ve dirdi duong, cham soc y t6, hay cae nhu cau ve nghi ngoi, giai tri, giao tiep, tinh cam cua ngudi eao tudi.
Thu ba, hg thu&ngphdi ddi mat cdc vdn de vesu-c khoe the chdt vd tinh thdn. Ngudi cao tudi theo^ quy luat sinh hgc thudng gap nhiing van dg vg siic khoe thi ehat. Nhiing vin dg do ngay cang Idn hon ti le thuan vdi dp tudi Ben canh dd, ho cdn ed the phai ddi mat vdi nhimg van de vl siic khoe tam than nhu bi khiing hoang, trSm cam, nghien cae ehat kich thich...
dac biet khi bi lam dung, bdc lot hay bi ngugc dai, bd mac.
Trong tdng the nhdm dg bi tdn thuong la ngudi cao tudi, cd nhung phan nhdm de hi t6n thucmg hon so vdi nhirng phan nhdm khac, trong dd bao gdm. ngudi cao tudi la phu nu,
V.C. Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludi hgc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
ngudi cao tudi bi khuylt tat hay hi benh tat, ngudi cao tudi ngheo khd cd don khdng cd ngudi nuoi dudng, ngudi eao tuoi thudc cac nhdm thieu sd vg dan tgc, ehung tdc, tdn giao, tin ngudng... Nhirng phan nhdm nay phai chiu su "tdn thuong kep", trong dd bao gdm cae yeu to chung gay tdn thuong cho ngudi cao tudi va nhung yeu td dac thii gay tdn thuang rigng cho tung phan nhdm ddi tugng. Vi du, ngudi cao tudi la phu nu cd the ddng thdi phai ddi mat vdi nhung nguy co bi phu thudc, ddi ngheo, ngugc dai, bd mac hay benh tat (nhiing yeu td chung) va nhirng nguy co bi phan biet ddi xir dua tren CO sd gidi tinh (yeu td dac thii ve gidi).
Trong thuc te, tat ca cac nghign ciiu gan day deu eho thay su gia tang ve sd lugng va ti le
ngudi cao tuoi tren the gidi. Xu hudng nay dugc khai quat bang mdt thuat ngu" la "gia hoa dan sd" {population ageing), ma bieu hien la viec ngudi cao tuoi chiem ti trgng tuong ddi Idn trong toan bg dan sd [2]. Nguyen nhan ehinh din den xu hudng nay la ti suSt sinh giam trong khi tudi thp tang [2]. Cu thi, tudi thp trung binh tren the gidi trong giai doan 2010 - 2015 d eac nudc phat trien la 78, d cac nudc dang phat trign la 68, song du doan den nhirng nam 2045 - 2050, tudi thg trung binh se tang Ign den 83 tudi d cae nudc phat trien va 74 tudi d cae nude dang phat trien [2]. Nam 1950, toan the gidi ed 205 trieu ngudi tir 60 tudi trd len nhung den nam 2012, con sd nay da la gan 810 trieu ngudi va du tinh den nam 2050 se la 2 tl ngudi [2].
So ngu'di tu" 60 tuoi trd len:
Toan the gidi, cac nu*6c phat tri^n, cac nu'dc dang phat trien, 1950-2050
LlMMAlI
J | ? ( S i * ( - ? 5 f t g R 2 S s ! 3 a S a R Rnm eii
• Cac niidc phat trien
• Cac ni/dc dang phat trien
Nguon: UMDESA. BSo cA} OiSgta i f gik hoa dan so ram 2011 [2012. sift xuat t e n ) , dv9 Den d u b ^ t m n g UrA o j a UNDE5A, Oi/baa dan so Ihe gidi
• Ban sJB nam 2010.
iidc rai p h ^ t r i e n ' a i a t V igia Ban aia nam 2010, va 'ic dang phat t n e n ' tuong Ong
Gia hoa dan sd duge xem la mdt ganh nang len eac chuong trinh bao hilm xa hdi cua cac qudc gia va cupc sdng gia dinh d cac nudc dang phat trien [4], doi hdi cac qudc gia phai cd nhiing dilu chinh ldn v l ehinh sach, phap luat lien quan din ngudi cao tudi nham dat dugc hai muc tieu quan trgng do la bao ve cac quyen cua hg va "tao co hdi cho nhirng ngudi cao tudi ma sin Idng va cdn cd siie de tham gia va ddng gdp
vao nhiing boat ddng dang dien ra trong xa hdi"
[4], Cu thg, theo Lien Hgp qudc, viec ddi xir vdi ngudi cao tudi can dya trgn 5 nguyen tae nen tang dd la:
Nguyen tdc ve su dgc lap: Nguyen tae nay ddi hdi phai bao dam cho ngudi cao tudi cd day dii nhiing dieu kien sinh sdng can thiet dg khdng bi phu thude vao chii the khac. Nhiing dieu kien dd lien quan den cac van de nhu dugc
V.C. Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
cung cSp day dii luong thue, nudc sach, nha d, quSn ao va dich vu eham sde siic khde; cd co hdi lam viec va tao thu nhap; dugc tham gia quyit dinh vl thdi diem va thdi ban rut khdi lyc lugng lao ddng; dugc tiip can cae chuong trinh giao due va dao tao thich hgp; dugc sdng trong nhiing mdi trudng an toan va thich hpp; ed dieu kien song tai gia dinh trong thdi gian lau nhat cd thi [4].
Nguyen tdc ve sir tham gia: Nguyen tac nay ddi hdi phai bao dam eac dieu kien cho ngudi cao tudi hda nhap vao xa hdi, tham gia vao viec xay dyng va thuc hien cac chinh sach ma anh hudng true tiep den phiic lgi ciia hp va chia se kiln thiic ciing nhu kT nang vdi eae the he tre.
Nguy6n tie nay ciing bao gdm yeu cau tao dieu kien va co hpi de ngudi eao tudi phue vu edng ddng phii hgp vdi nang luc eua hg, eiing nhu tham gia cac phong trao hay hiep hdi ciia ngudi cao tudi [4].
Nguyen tdc ve su chdm soc: Nguyen tac nay ddi hdi ngudi cao tudi phai dugc cham soc v^
bao ve bdi gia dinh va cdng ddng theo each thiic phii hgp vdi he gia tri van hda cua timg xa hgi. Cu the, ngudi eao tudi can dugc cham sde sue khde dg giiip hg duy tri va lay lai miic dg tdi da ve digu kien the chat, tinh than va tinh earn, va de du phdng hoac lam eham lai thdi ki di vao dm dau. Trong qua trinh dugc cham sde, ngudi cao tudi phai dugc tdn trgng day du ve danh dy, nhan pham va cd quyen ty chu, tu quyet ve dieu kien va mdi trudng eham soc hay dieu tri [4],
Nguyen tdc ve tu hodn thien: Nguyen tae nay ddi hdi phai bao dam cho ngudi cao tudi ed cac CO hdi de phat trien toan dien tigm nang cua hg, trong dd bao gdm viec tiep can cac ngudn giao due, van hda, tinh than va giai tri eiia xa hgi [4].
Nguyen tdc ve nhdn phdm: Nguyen tac nay ddi hdi phai bao dam cho ngudi cao tudi dugc sdng trong nhan pham va an ninh, khdng bi bdc lot, bi xam hai ve thg chSt hoae tinh than. Thgm
vao dd, ciing e§n bao dam dl ngudi cao tu6i dugc ddi xir cdng bang bSt ke tudi tac, gidi tinh, ngudn gdc chimg toe hay dan tdc, miic dg khuyet tat hay dia vi khae va duge tran trgng sir ddng gdp dgc lap v% kinh t% cua hp [4].
2. Khai ni£in va dac diem quyen cua nguoi Thuat ngir quy8n cua ngudi eao tudi "the rights of older persons" \kn dau tien dugc sii dung trong Ke hoach hanh ddng quoc tl Vien v8 ngudi cao tudi, dugc thdng qua tai hdi nghi the gidi ve ngudi cao tudi nam 1982 [6]. Tir dd, khai niem quyen cua ngudi cao tudi tiep tuc dugc su dyng trong nhigu van kien ciia Lign Hgp quoc, ma tryc tiep nhat la Binh luan chung sd 6 nam 1995 cua Uy ban vg cac quyen kinh tg, xa hoi, van hoa ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa eua ngudi cao tudi (da neu d trgn).
Theo nghTa tdng quat nhat, khai niem quyen cua ngudi cao tudi ham chiia mgt tap hgp nhiing bao dam phap ly qudc te va qude gia can thiet de ngudi cao tudi cd the dugc bao v? ca ve tinh mang va danh dy, nhan ph4m, dugc hudng eae tieu chuan sdng thich dang eiing nhu dugc tham gia thyc chat va thieh hgp vao ddi song cgng ddng.
Theo each tiep can cua Lign Hpp quoc, cac nhdm xa hpi rigng biet, bao gdm ngudi cao tuoi, Cling la nhiing chii the cua quyen con ngudi, vi the ciing ed tat ea nhung quyin eon ngucri pho quat dugc cdng ddng qudc te thira nhan, tren cac linh vuc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa, Quyen cua ngudi cao tudi ciing cd nhiing dac tinh chung ciia quyen eon ngudi, bao gdm [7, tr,22]:
Tinh pho qudt: cac quyen con ngudi la bam sinh, vdn ed, ap dyng chung cho tdt ca moi thanh vien ciia cdng ddng nhan loai, khdng c6 sy phan biet ddi xu vi bSt cii ly do gi.
Tinh khdng the chuyen nhugng: cae quyfin con ngudi khdng the bi tudc bd hay han che mgt each tiiy tien bdi bit cii chu thd n^o, kl ci eac nha nuoc, trir mpt sd trudng hgp dac biet
K C, Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hoc. Tdp 34, So 3 (2018) 43-53
(vi du nhu nhung ngudi pham tdi) hay bdi canh dac biet (vi du nhu tirih trang khan cap eua qude gia).
Tinh khdng the phdn chia: cac quyen con ngudi deu cd tam quan trpng nhu nhau, ve nguyen tae khdng cd quyen nao dugc coi la cd gia tri cao hon quyin n^o, bdi viec tudc bd hay han che bat ki quygn niio deu ed anh hudng den viec thu hudng nhiing quyen va tu do co ban khac va tao tac ddng tieu cyc den nhan pham, gia tri va sy phat trign cua con ngudi.
Cac dac tinh chung neu tren cd nghia la cac quyen con ngudi phai duge ap dung cho tit ca ngudi cao tudi trgn the gidi, bat ke ngudi do thudc chung tdc, dan tgc, gidi tinh, thanh phan, ton giao,' tin ngudng hay bit Id yeu td nao.
Khdng chi vay, ddi vdi ngudi eao tudi (va eac nhdm dl hi tdn thuong khac), mdi lien he giiia cac quyen eon ngudi cang thi hien gan bd hon va digu kien dl tude bd hay han ehe quyin eiia ho vl nguyen tfic d miic dp cao va chat che hon so vdi muc thdng thudng.
Hien tai, trong cac quan he vg quygn cua ngudi cao tudi d nhigu qudc gia, chu the cua quyen la tat ca nhirng ngudi cd do tudi tir 60 trd len, cdn eac ehii the chinh cd nghia vu, trach nhiem bao ve, bao dam cac quygn eiia ngudi cao tudi bao gdm nha nudc, egng ddng, gia dinh, ngudi than eiia hg.
Ciing vdi tinh chat la chii the eiia quyen con ngudi, ngudi eao tudi cd quyen ddi hdi eac nha nudc, xa hdi, cgng ddng va cac chii the khac tdn trgng, bao ve, bao dam cac quyen hgp phap, chinh dang eua minh. Trong van de nay, nghia vu chung ciia cae nha nudc trong ITnh vuc quygn con ngudi eung dugc ap dung vdi ngudi cao tudi, bao gdm [7, tr.24]:
NghTa vu tdn trong. NghTa vy nay ddi hdi cac nha nudc phai thira nhan cae quyen con ngudi la ty nhien, bam sinh, vdn cd, vi thg khong dugc tiiy tien tudc bd, han che hay can thiep, kl ea true tiip hay gian tilp, vao viec hudng thu cac quyin con ngudi.
NghTa vu bdo ve: NghTa vu nay ddi hdi eac nha nude phai ed nhiing bien phap ngan chan va xu ly nhiing hanh vi vi pham rdian quyen cua
cac chu the trong xa hdi, bao gdm eac eo quan va vien ehiie nha nudc.
NghTa vu thuc hien: NghTa vu nay ddi hdi eac nha nudc phai cd nhirng bien phap nham hd trg edng dan, dac biet la nhiing nhdm va ca nhan yeu thg, trong viec hudng thy cac quyen eon ngudi.
Xet tren pham vi toan cau, viec bao dam cac nha nudc thyc hien day du nhiing ngbia vu neu tren, dac biet la nghia vu bao ve va thuc Men, cd y nghTa rat quan trgng vdi viec hudng thu cac quyen eiia ngudi cao tudi. Tuy nhign, day ciing la mdt thach thiie ldn bdi so vdi cac nhdm dg bi tdn thuong khac (nhu phy nii, tre em, ngudi khuyet tiit...), khung khd phap luat (bao gdm co che giam sat thyc hien quyen cua ngudi cao tudi), xet tren tat ca cac cap dp qudc tg, khu vyc va qudc gia, hien dgu cdn so sai hon. Don cir, d cap dp qudc tg, trong khi da cd cac edng udc ve quyen cua phu nii, tre em, ngudi khuyet tat... thi cho den thdi diem hien nay chua ed mgt van ki?n phap ly qudc tl nao dudi dang dilu ude dl cap rieng den quyen cua ngudi eao tudi.
Mac dii cac qudc gia tren the gidi, d cac muc dp khac nhau, deu da nhan thiic duge xu the phd bien ve gia hoa dan sd va tam quan trpng eiia viee sua doi chinh sach, phap luat bao dam quyin cua ngudi cao tudi, song nhin chung van cdn nhiing thach thiic trong van dg nay, trong dd bao gdm:
Thic nhdt, suphdn biet ddi xd" v&i ngu&i cao tudi. Thyc te cho thay sy phan biet ddi xu dua trgn dg tudi da va van cdn tdn tai d nhieu noi trgn the gidi cimg vdi sy phan biet ddi xir dua tren cac ygu td ve gidi, chung tpc, dan tpc, tdn giao, tin ngudng, thanh phan hay sice khoe [5], Nan nhan ciia sy phan biet ddi xir dya trgn dp tudi cd thg bao gdm ca nhiing ngudi it tudi vii nhirng ngudi eao tudi, song dgu dan tdi hau qua la loai trir hay ban ehe kha nang hudng thu eae quygn con ngudi eua hg, Ddi vdi ngudi cao tudi, nhijng hau qua ro ret nhit eua su phan biet ddi xir thudng lien quan din cac quyen vg viec lam va quyen tham gia vao ddi sdng chinh tri, xa hgi.
V.C. Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Lugt hgc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
Thic hai, ddi ngheo: Ddi ngheo dugc xem la thach thiic Idn nhit vdi viec bao dam cac quyin kinh tl, xa hdi, van boa cua ngudi cao tudi. Tinh trang ddi ngheo co the tudc bd quyin cua nhieu ngudi cao tudi dugc hudng cae tieu ehuin sdng thich dang, dugc cd nudc saeh, dugc cham sde y te, dugc cd noi d va duge bao dam v l thu nhap [5]. Ddi ngheo cung cd thi tudc bd quyen ciia mgt sd ngudi cao tudi dugc eham sde bdi ngudi than trong gia dinh, tham ehi day hp viio hoiin eanh tiep tuc phai cham sde nhiing ngudi than trong gia dinh khi mit da "siie tan, luc kiet".
Thu ba, bgo tuc vd lam dung: Tmh trang bao lue va lam dung ngudi eao tudi thudng dien ra trong gia dinh - mdt mdi trucmg khep kin - nen khd hi giam sat bdi nha nude va cgng ddng.
Thgm vao do, day eiing la van dl vEn dupc xem la "chuyen rieng ciia eae gia dinh" nen it dugc quan tam chii y d nhiiu qudc gia. Trong sd nhirng hinh thire lam dung ngudi cao tudi, c6 nhiing hinh thiic tuy dien ra kha phd bien nhung lai rit it dugc de cap din, vi du nhu lam dung vg tai san {financial exploitation) [5].
Thu tu, thieu nhirng bien phdp vd dich vu dgc thu: Viec bko ve, cham sde ngudi cao tudi ddi hdi phai ap dung nhung bien phap va su dung nhirng dich vu dac thii, chang ban nhu vi6c thanh lap cac trung tam/nha dudng lao, xay dung cac chuong trinh, lieu phap va dao tao can bp cham sde y tg cho ngudi cao tudi [5].,.
Nhiing bien phap va dich vy dac thii dd can phai cd su quan tam dau tu ciia ca nha nudc va xa hdi. Qua trinh do Men dang dien ra d mpt sd qudc gia, nhimg nhin chung van edn cham va chua dap iing duge eae nhu eau dae thii ngay cimg tang ciia ngudi cao tudi,
Thic ndm, s{c lac hdu ve chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi Theo Uy ban ve cac quyin kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa ciia Lien Hgp qude, xu hudng gia boa dan sd duge xem nhu la "mpt cuoc each mang ngam" ma cd the gay ra nhiing hau qua lau dai, khdn ludng den co cau kinh tg, xa hgi d cac qudc gia va tren pham vi toan eau, vdi miic do anh hudng ngay cang tram trpng hon trong tuong lai [1]. De giai quyet nhiing thach thiic
do qua trinh nay dat ra, cac qude gia eSn phai thyc hien nhieu bien phap trong do dau tien la phai dieu ehinh ehinh sach, phap luat vg an sinh xa hdi de phii hgp vdi sy gia tang tudi tho ciia dan sd [1]. Su dieu chinh nay dang dien ra tren thi gidi song vol tdc do va miic do khac nhau 6 eae nudc, 6 nhimg qudc gia dang phat trien, qua trinh dieu chinh dd thudng eham va kho khan hon so vdi eae qudc gia phat triin do thilu kinh nghiem va ngudn luc. Trong khi do, tinh trang di cu lao ddng (tir ndng thdn ra thanh thi va cac khu cdng nghiep, hoac ra nudc ngoai lam viec) eiing vdi sy thay ddi md hmh va suy giam vai trd truyin thdng cua gia dinh ma vln ddng vai trd hd trg chinh cho ngudi cao tuoi tilp tuc iam trim trpng thgm nhiing thach thiic do sy thieu hut hoac bit cap ciia cac chuong trinh an sinh xa hgi vdi ngudi cao tudi d nhihig nudc dang phat trien [1].
3. Cac tieu chu§n quoc te ve quy@n cua nguffi cao tudi va nghTa vii cua cac quoc gia
So vdi eac nhdm dl hi tdn thuong khac nhir phu nir, tre em, ngudi ti nan, ngudi thieu so, ngudi khuyet tat.., qua trinh phap dien cac quyen eua ngudi cao tudi trong luat nhan quyen qudc tg dien ra mudn hon. Phai den nam 1982 radi cd mgt su kien qudc te ldn dau tien nham thuc day quyen cua ngudi cao tudi, dd la Hoi nghi the gidi vg ngudi cao tudi duge td chirc o Vign (Ao), Hdi nghi nay da thdng qua Ke hogch hdnh ddng qudc te Vien ve ngucri cao tudi Ban Ke hoach nay ngu ra 62 khuySn nghi, dupe Dai hdi ddng Lign HOT) qudc iing hp (vi phii hpp v6i cac cdng udc qudc tg ve quySn con nguoi) va dugc xem la ban hudng dan bd ich ve cac bien phap cu the ma cae qudc gia thiinh vien can ap dung dl bao ve quyen eua ngudi eao tudi [8].
Tilp theo do, nam 1991, Dai hdi ddng Lien Hgp qudc da thdng qua mdt nghi quyet xac dinh Cdc Nguyen tdc ciia Lien Hgp quoc ve ngu&i cao tudi (da de cap d phan tren), ma cung duge xem la van kien cd tinh ehat dinh hudng quan trgng vdi viec bao dam quyen cua ngucri cao tudi [9]. Nam 1992, Dai hdi ddng Lien Hop
V.C. Giao / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
qudc tiep tuc thdng qua mdt nghi quyet xae djnh 8 muc tieu toan eau vl ngudi cao tudi cho nam 2001 va mdt hudng din ngin ggn dl thilt lap cae muc tidu qudc gia [10]. Trong mdt sd nhung khia eanh quan trpng, cae ehi tigu toan cau nay giup cho viec cung cd trach nhiem ciia cac Qudc gia thatih vien Cdng udc.
Ciing vao nam 1992, trong ll ki mem lan thii 10 ngay thdng qua Ke hoach hanh ddng qude te Vien, Dai hdi ddng Lign Hgp qudc da thdng qua Tuyen bd ve ngu&i cao tudi trong dd keu ggi eac qudc gia cd nhixng sang kien hd trg, bao ve quyen ciia ngudi cao tudi, dac Met la phu nu cao tudi. Tuyen bd ciing keu gpi md rong hgp tac qude te dg dat den muc tigu toan cau ve tudi thp vao nam 2001, Thgm vao do, trong Tuy6n bd nay, LiSn Hgp qudc da lay nam 1999 la Nam qudc tg ngudi cao tudi dg nhac nhd cac qude gia rang dan sd ciia nhan loai da
"bude vao thdi ky cao tudi" [11].
Ngoai cac van ki8n neu tren, mgt sd cae eo quan chuyen traeh ciia Lien Hgp qude, dae biet ia Td ehiic Lao ddng qudc tl (ILO), ciing ban h^nh nhiing van kien de cap din eac tieu chuan hen quan din quyin eiia ngudi eao mdi trong cac ITnh vue hoat ddng ciia eac td chirc dd.
Xet tdng quat, eac dilu udc qudc te ve nhan quyin chua ed cae quy dinh cu the ve quyen ciia ngudi eao tudi, song vdi tinh chat la mdt dang ehu the cua quyen con ngudi, ngudi cao tudi cung duge hudng tat ca cac quyen eon ngudi phd quat danh cho tit ca mgi thanh vien ciia edng ddng nhan loai. Bgn canh dd, vdi tinh chat la mpt nhdm xa hdi dl bi tdn thuong, ngudi cao tudi cdn ed mdt sd quygn dac thii cua nhdm, hoac duge hudng nhijng bao dam cd tinh dac thii dg hg cd the hudng thu cac day du cae quyen con ngudi phd quat danh cho tat ca mgi ngudi. Theo Uy ban vl eae quygn kinh te, xa hpi, van hoa, nhirng quyen can bao dam dac biet eho ngudi cao tudi bao gdm: quyen binh dang (trude phap luat va ve gidi), cac quyin Hgn quan den viec lam, quyen ve an sinh xa hgi, quyen dugc bao ve gia dinh, quyen dugc hudng tieu chuin sdng thich dang, quyin dugc cham sde siic khoe va cac quyen vl giao due, van hoa [1].
Ve quyen binh ddng: Binh dang gan lien vdi viec xoa bd sy phan biet ddi xu. Trong thuc te, ngudi cao tudi de bi phan biet ddi xir dua tren tudi tac cua hg. 6 day, mac du cac van kien eua luat nhan quyen qudc te, bao gdm Tuyen ngdn toan thg gidi vg nhan quyen (UDHR) nam 1948 va hai Cdng udc qudc te ve cae quyen dan sy, chinh tri (ICCPR) va Cdng udc qudc tg ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa (ICESCR) nam 1966 deu khdng de cap mdt each cu the dgn ygu td tudi tac nhu la mdt co sd cua viec nghiem cam phan biet ddi xu, song dieu nay khdng cd nghia la cho phep sy phan biet ddi xir dua tren tudi tac, bdi le theo quy dinh cua cae van kien dd, ben eanh nhung yeu td duge liet ke, cdn bao gdm "cae yeu td khae" {other status) ma cd thg bd sung vao dardi mue cam [I]''. Chinh vi vay, phan biet ddi xir dua tren tudi tae va dua tren mgt sd yeu td khac, vi du nhu ban dang gidi va xu hudng tinh due, cung dupc xem nhu la nhiing vi pham quyen con ngudi, di nguge vdi luat nhan quyen qudc te.
Mae dii vay, ciing can luu y rang do dac thii ve tudi tae ma gan lien vdi sy suy giam ve siic khoe va kha nang tham gia cac quan he xa hdi, trong mdt sd bdi canh, viec ban ehe mdt sd quyen cua ngudi cao tudi se khdng bi xem ia phan biet ddi xir vdi ho, vi du nhu quy dinh ve tudi nghi huu hay quy dinh ve gidi han dg tudi duge lam mdt edng viec hay nghe nghiep nhat dinh (ve ban chat dd la nhung trudng hgp ban che quyen lam viec ciia ngudi cao tudi). Ndi each khac, khai niem binh dang khdng ddng nghia vdi viee cao bang cac quygn ciia ngudi cao tudi vdi ngudi tre tudi, ma trong mdt sd ITnh vuc, vi du nhu viec lam, can cd sy can bang hgp ly giiia quyen ciia ngudi cao tudi vdi quyen cua ngudi tre tudi. Neu khdng tinh den yeu td nay thi ed the dan tdi nhirng xung dot ve quyen giiia hai nhdm.
Nguyen van quy djnh co hen quan lai Dieu 2 UDHR:
"Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Deciaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other s talus"
V.C- Giao / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Lugt hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
Khi dg cap dgn quyen binh dang cua nguoi cao tuoi, Uy ban ve cae quyen kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa ddng thdi luu y cac qudc gia phai bao dam cac quyin binh dang cho phy nii cao tudj, vi so vdi dan dng cao tudi, phu nii cao tudi thudng chiu nhiiu thiet hdi hdi. Cu the la hg da danh tat ca hoac mdt phin cude ddi cua minh cho viec eham sde gia dinh ma khdng tham gia boat ddng tao thu nhap nao dg dugc hudng lucmg huu khi vl gia, va ciing khdng dugc hudng luong cho ngudi goa nen thudng d trong hoan eanh rit khd khan [1]. Dk bao ve quyin ciia phu nij cao tuoi, Uy bari nhie lai quy dinh d doan 2(h) Tuyen ngdn ve van de ngudi eao tudi la cac quoc gia thanh vien can xay dyng quy trp cip cho ngudi gia khdng cd ngudn phu cap hoac cac hinh thitc hd trp khac cho tat ca mpi ngudi ma khdng cd ngudn luc hd trg niio khi dat din dp tudi cu the theo luat phap qude gia tren eo sd khdng phan Met gidi tinh [1].
Ve cdc quyen lien quan den viec Idm: Xuat phat td thyc tg la nhu-ng ngudi lao ddng cao tudi nhung chua den tudi nghi hiru thudng phai duong diu vdi nhirng khd khan trong viec tim kiim va giii viec lam, Uy ban vg cae quyen kinh tl, xa hoi, van hoa nhan manh den nhu cau ein cd cac bien phap chdng phan biet ddi xu ddi vdi nhiing ngudi lao dgng d do tudi nay trong viec lam vii nghg nghiep [1]. Khdng chi vay, Uy ban edn cho rang can dam bao cho ngudi cao tudi "dugc hudng cac dieu kien cdng bang va thuan Ipi trong cdng viec" theo nhu Dieu 7 ciia ICESCR, ddng thdi can chii y sir dung ngudi lao ddng cao tudi trong nhirng trudng hgp can den kinh nghiem va bi quyet eua hg [1], Theo Uy ban, can cd cac chuong trinh chuan bi cho viec nghi huu ciia ngudi cao tudi, trong dd cd sy tham gia cua cae td ehiie dai dien eiia gidi chii, ngudi lao dgng va cac co quan hen quan, de chuan bi cho ngudi lao ddng ddi phd vdi tinh huong mdi cua hp. Cac chuong trinh nhu the can cung cap cho ngudi lao dgng cao tudi nhung thdng tin vg cac van dg nhu: quyen va nghTa vu huu tri ciia hg; cac co hdi va digu kien eho sy tiep tue hoat ddng nghe nghiep hoac cong viec ty nguyen; cac phuong phap ddi pho vdi tac dgng cd hai cua tudi gia; co sd vat chat
cho eac boat ddng van hoa va giao due cho ngudi cao tudi vii viec su dung thdi gian rli [1].
Ngoai ra, cdn phai bao dam quyen tham gia cdng doan cua ngudi cao tudi, ke ea sau khi hg da nghi huu [I].
Vi quyen an sinh xd hdi: Theo luat nhan quyin quoc tl, thuat ngir "an sinh xa hdi" dugc hiiu lii nhiing trg cap eua nha nudc cho cong dan gin vdi nhiing nii ro lien quan den viee mat kl sinh nhai vi nhirng ly do ngoai tam kiem soat cua mdt ca nhan. Quyin an sinh xa hdi dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 9 ICESCR va cae Cong udc sd 102 vl An sinh xa hdi (cac tieu chuin toi thilu) (1952) va Cdng udc sd 128 ve trg cap cho ngudi khuylt tat, ngudi gia, ngudi g^p nan (1967) cua ILO. Nhiing edng udc nay deu yeu ciu cae qudc gia thanh vien phdi cd chuong trinh bao Mem tudi gia bat budc.
Ben canh viec yeu cau cac qudc gia thuc hien cac cdng udc neu trdn, Uy ban ve cac quyin kinh tg, xa hdi, van hoa da khuyen^ nghi cac quoe gia thanh vien xac dinh do tudi ve huu linh boat, phy thude vao nghe nghiep va kha nang lam viec ciia ngudi cao tudi, dua hen cac ylu td vg dan sd hgc, kinh te va xa hdi [1], Ngoai ra, Uy ban edn de nghi cac qudc gia thanh vign, trong gidi ban cac ngudn lyc san c6, can cung cap nhirng trg cap eho ngudi cd tuoi khdng ddng bao hiem va nhiing hd trg khac cho tit nhirng ngudi ed tudi ma van chua hoan thanh viec ddng bao higm theo luat dinh va do do khdng dugc hudng trg cap ngudi cao tuoi hoac cac Igi ich an sinh xa hdi khac, ciing nhu khdng cd ngudn thu nhap nao khac [1].
Ve quyen sdng trong gia dinh: Quyen nay dugc dl cap trong Dilu 10 ciia ICESCR va cac Kiln nghi 25 va 29 trong K I hoach hanh dong qudc tg Vien ve van de ngudi eao tudi. Tren co sd cac van kien nay, Uy ban ve cac i^uyen kmh te, xa hdi, van hoa keu gpi cae qudc gia van dung mpi ngudn lue de hd trg, bao ve, giiip do va nang cao vai trd cua gia dinh nham dap iing nhu cau eua eac thanh vign eao tudi sdng phu thudc vao gia dinh, ciing nhu thigt lap cac dich vu xa hdi dg hd trg cac gia dinh cd ngudi cao tudi, dac biet la nhiing gia dinh cd thu nhap
y C Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hoc, Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 43-53
thap nhung mong mudn cham soc ngudi cao tudi d nha va nhihig ngudi cao tudi sdng dpc than hay cac cap vg chdng giii mudn sdng tai nha minh [1].
Ve quyen hu&ng tieu chudn sdng thich hgp:
Quyen nay dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 11 ICESCR va trong nhirng nguyen tac ciia Lign Hpp qude vg Ngudi Cao tudi. Theo cac van kien da neu, ngudi cao tudi ed quyen dupc dap iing ciic nhu cau ve an, udng, d, mac va cham soc sire khoe thdng qua thu nhap, sy hd trg tii gia dinh, cgng ddng va ty ban than minh [ I ].
Lien quan den quyen tren, cae kien nghi tir 19 den 24 cua Ke hoach hanh ddng qudc tg Vien nhan m^nh ring vin dl nha d cho ngudi cao tudi phai duge nhin nhan khdng chi don thuin lit mdt noi eu tni, ma cin tinh den viec bao dam nhiing nhu ciu vl the ehat, tinh than vii xa hdi eiia hg [1], Theo dd, cae chinh sach qu6c gia cin nhim giup do ngudi cao tudi tiep tue sdng trong nha ciia hg eang l§.u eang tit thdng qua viec luu giu, phat trien va eai tao nha ciia de dap img kha nang sir dung eua ngudi eao tuoi, va viec tai xay dyng dd thi, qu^ hoach phat trien cin dac biet ehii y din eac van dl vl tudi tae, nham cung cap eho ngudi eao tudi mgt mdi trudng sdng tdt hon va tao dilu kien cho hp trong van de di lai vii giao tilp thdng qua viec cung cap cae phuong tien giao thdng thich hgp, tir do giiip hg boa nhap vao xa hdi [1].
Quyen ve sice khoe tinh thdn vd the chdt:
Quyen nay dugc quy dinh trong Digu 12 ICESCR va cac Kien nghi tir 1 den 17 trong Ke hoaeh hanh dgng qudc te Vien, trong do yeu cau cac qudc gia tap trung vao viee cung cap nhiing hudng din ve chinh sach y tl de bao ve siic khoe cho ngudi cao tudi, vdi each tilp can toan dien tir viec phdng ehdng, hdi phuc va cham soc tdi khi hg qua ddi [1]. Theo Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hdi, van hoii, eac qude gia thanh vien Cdng udc can luu y rang vice duy tri siie khoe cho den khi eao tudi can cd sy dau tu trong toan bd quang ddi va viec phdng benh Cling nhu viec phuc hdi thdng qua cac cuge kiim tra thudng xuyen phu hgp vdi nhu cau ngudi cao tudi ddng vai trd quygt dinh trong viec duy tri kha nang hoat ddng cua ngudi cao
tudi va giam duge ehi phi dau tu vao cac dich vy xa hdi va cham sde siic khde [1].
Quyen gido due vd vdn hod: Quyen nay duge ghi nhan trong Dieu 13 ICESCR. Theo Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hdi, van hoa, trong trudng hgp ngudi cao tudi, quyen nay can dugc nhin nhan theo hai quan diem khac nhau va bd sung cho nhau: (a) ngudi eao tudi ed quyen hudng lgi tir cac chuong trinh giao due; va (b) ngudi cao tudi ed thg truyen bi quyet va kinh nghiem cua minh cho the he tre [1]. Uy ban ciing nhac nhd cae qude gia chii y bao dam cho ngudi cao tudi dugc tiep can vdi cac chuang trinh giao due, diio tao thieh hgp, phu hgp vdi nang luc vii mong mudn cua hg, ddng thdi can cd cac chuong trinh giao due khdng chinh thiic dua vao cdng ddng va hudng ve giai tri cho ngudi eao tudi nham phat trien kha nang dgc lap cua ngudi cao tudi va y thiic trach nhiem ciia cgng ddng [1]. Ben canh do, Uy ban eiing nhan manh sy can thiet cua viee sir dung kinh nghiem va bi quyet cua ngudi eao tudi, vdi tu each la ngudi ehuyen giao nhiing thdng tin, kien thuc, truyen thdng va cac gia tri tinh than eho cac thg he sau [1]. Uy ban ciing nhac nhd cac qudc gia can ghi nhan quyen ciia ngudi cao mdi dugc tiep tye boa nhap vao xa hdi, tham gia tich cyc vao viec xay dyng va thue hien eae chinh saeh tryc tiep tae ddng den eudc sdng ciia hp, chia se kien thiie, ky nang cua minh cho cac the he tre, eiing nhu dugc tigp can vdi cac ngudn giao due, van hoa, tinh than va giai tri cua xa hdi [1].
4. Ket luan
Trong nhiing thap ki gan day, qua trinh gia boa dan sd dien ra nhardi chdng khien eho quyen ciia ngudi eao tudi trd thanh mdt van de ngay cang thu hut sy quan tam cua egng ddng qudc te. Mac dii van cdn nhirng khia eanh ehua thdng nhat, song nhin chung edng ddng qudc te xem gia hoa dan sd la qua trinh bao gdm ca nhung thach thiic va co hgi, va ngudi cao tudi ve eo ban khdng phai lii ganh nang ma la mdt ngudn lyc ciia gia dinh va xa hdi. De ddn rihan
V.C. Giao / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Lugt hgc. Tap 34. SS 3 (2018) 43-53
eo hdi, hoii giai nhiing thach thiic, bao dam "gia hoa dan sd thanh cdng" thi mdt trong nhiing yeu ciu la phai bao ve va thiic day cae quyen cua ngudi cao tudi trong sy can bang hgp li vdi quyin cua ngudi tre tudi.
Theo khuyen cao ciia Lien Hpp qudc va cac td chiic qudc tg, cac qudc gia can sira ddi ca nhan thiic va phap luat de thich iing vdi nhung bign dpng trong xa hdi do qua trinh gia hoa dan sd va de bao dam day du cac quyen ciia ngudi eao tudi. De dat dugc myc tigu dd, can phai nhin nhan viee eham sde, bao ve ngudi cao tudi tir gdc dp quygn/nghia vy chii khdng phai tir gdc do bao trg xa hdi don thuan. Cac qude gia can thire hien day du eac nghTa vu tdn trgng, bao ve va bao dam quygn cua ngudi cao tudi gidng nhu vdi bat ki nhdm xa hgi nao khac, trong do bao gdm viec thyc hien va giam sat thyc hien cac chuong trinh, ehinh saeh duge thiet kg phii hgp dg bao v? vii thiic day quygn cua ngudi cao tudi [1].
Trong khi chua ed Cdng udc ve quyen ciia ngudi cao tudi, cac eo quan nhan quyen Lien Hop qudc kgu gpi eac qudc gia thanh vien tuSn thii eae nguyen tac ed tinh khuygn nghi eua Lign Hgp qudc ve ngudi cao tudi (dugc de eiip trong cac van kien neu tren) va cac cdng ude eua ILO cd Hgn quan den van de nay. Phap luat qude gia lien quan dgn ngudi eao tudi phai dugc xay dung theo nguygn tae tiep can dua tren quyen va can phai xem ngudi cao tudi la mdt trong nhiing nhdm de bi tdn thuang nhit trong xa hdi ma nha nude phai bao ve trong mpi hoan canh, ke ca trong thdi ki bi khiing hoang nhit v l ngudn lyc [1].
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] CESCR, General Comment No. 6 (1995), The economic, social and cultural rightsof older persons,
doan 9, tai http://tbinteraet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Share
d%20Documents/l_GIobaI/INT_CESCR_GEC^
6429_E.pdf (troy cap: 10/3/2018) [2] UNFPA (2012), Bao cao tom tit "Gia hoa trong
the ky 21: tharih tuu va thach thirc", tr 3-5, tgi https://www.un^a.org/sites/default/fiIes/pub- pdf'lJNFPA-Exec-Summary_VN.pdf. (troy c^p:
10/3/2018)
[3] ILO, Convention C128 - Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967 (No, 128),
Dieu 15, taihttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NOR
MLEXPUB 55 0::NO::P55_TYPE,P55_LANG,P 55_DOCUMENT,P55 NODE:CON,en,C128,/D ocument. (truy cap: 10/3/2018)
[4] Dai Hoi ding Lien Hgp QuIc (1991), Nhiing nguyen tdc cua Lien hop qudc ve ngudi cao tuoi.
(th6ng qua theo Nghi quyet 46/91 ngSy 16/12/1991), Phin md d§u. Ban djch tiing Viet cua Khoa Luat DHQG Kk Noi
[5] Xem them,OHCHR {2QU),Follow-up to the Second World Assembly on Ageing - Report of the Secretary-General. A/66/173, Muc II.
[6] Vienna International Planof Action on Ageing, taihttp://www.un,org/es/globalissues/ageing/docs /vipaa.pdf (ffuy cap: 10/3/2018)
[7] Ve cac dac tinh ciia quyfin con ngucri, xem Hoi ddp vi quyen con ngu&i, Nxb Dtii hoc Quoc gia HaNgi,HaNoi,tr.22.
[8] Xem Report of the World Assembly on Ageing, Vienna, 26 July to 6 August 1982 (No, E.82,M6), Chap. VI, fgi littp://www.un.org/esa/socdev/2gemg/documents/
Resources/VIPEE-English pdf
[9] Xem UN General Assembly Resolution 46/91 of 16 December 1991,"Implementation of the International Plan of Action on Ageing and
relatedactivities",Aiinex, t?i http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/46/a46T091.
httn.
[10] Xem "Global Targets on Ageing for the Year 2001: a PracticalStrategy". Report of the Secretary-General (A/47/339), sects. Ill and IV, ta ihttps ://www. i fa-fi v, org/wp-
content/upIoads/20I6/03/TheRightsOfOIderPerson s CoIlectionOflntemalDocuments.pdf [II] Xem UN General Assembly Resolution 47/5, 16
October 1992, "Proclamation on Ageing", Annex,
V.C. Giao / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 53-63 53
Theoretical, Legal and Practical Issues on the Rights of Older Persons
Vu Cong Giao
VNU School of Law, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: Population Aging encompasses both challenges and opportunities for every country; the elderly are basically not a burden but a resource of famihes and communities. To ensure "a sucessflil Population Aging", the rights of the elderly need to be guaranteed. While an international treat on the rights of the elderly has not yet been adopted, states should abide by the principles of the United Nations and ILO conventions relating to older persons. National legislation on the elderly must be built based on thehuman rights-based approach, and the elderly need to be considered as one of the most vulnerable groups in society where the state must protect their human rights in any circumstances, even when the country's resources are exhausted.
Keywords: The elderly, older persons, rights of older persons, population aging, human rights.
