TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S8 4(69) nam 201S
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TRONG TIEU THUYET MAC NGON
BUI THANH HI^N*
TOM TAT
Ki do Id mdt phgm trii thudc vi tie duy nghe thugt, dugc tgo ra nhd tri tudng tugng vd biiu hien bdng cdc yiu td sieu nhien, phi thudng. Lg hda Id mdt tha phdp nghe thugt ldm cho su vdt trd nen khdc lg nhdm khai day cdm xac mdi cho ngudi dgc. Trong lieu thuyit cua minh, Mgc Ngdn dd van dung khd thdnh cdng tha phdp ki do vd lg hda di xdy dimg mdt thi gidi nhdn vgt vd cung phong pha vd dgc sdc. Su ket hgp ndy dd khai ggi tinh hieu ki vd tgo nen sue hdp ddn cho ngudi dgc.
Tir khoa: thii phdp ki do, thii phdp lg hda, tidu thuydt Mac Ngdn.
ABSTRACT
Mode of miracle and defamiliarization - a unique aspect of art to construct characters in Mo Yan's novels
Mode of miracle is a category of artistic thinking which is created by imagination and reflected through supernatural and extraordinary elements. Defamiliarization is a mode of art, making the subjects unusual to evoke readers' emotions. In his novels. Mo Yan was generally successful in adopting the combination of mode of magic and strangeness to create the world of diverse and fantastic characters. Such an integration exerts an effect of curiosity and passion to readers
Keywords: mode of miracle, mode of defamiliarization. Mo Yan's novels.
1. Mff dau Vd mdt trong nhiing phucmg difn nghe Mac Ngdn la nhd vdn ldn cua Trung thuat ddc ddo tao ndn siic hip ddn eua Qudc. Ong thdnh cdng d nhidu thd loai: tieu thuydt Mac Ngdn do la vide sir dung truydn ngIn, truyen vira, tgp vdn, kich kha thdnh cdng thu phap ki do vd thii ban phim truydn hinh... Nhung cd le tiiu phap lg hda dl xdy dyng mdt thi gidi thuydt mdi chinh la ITnh vyc thdnh cdng nhdn vat phong phii, da dang,
nhit trong sy nghiep vilt vdn cua dng. Cdi ki do Id "mdt pham tru tu duy Chinh thd loai nay da dua Mgc Ngdn nghe thuat, nd dugc tgo ra nhd tri tudng budc ldn dinh vmh quang. Vidn Hdn lam tugng vd dupe bidu hidn bdng cdc ydu tl Thuy Diln da hdt ldi ca ngpi nhting tac sidu nhidn, khdc la, phi thudng, ddc dao"
phlm eiia Mac Ngdn: "Vdi thii chii nghTa [2]. Cai ki do xuat hien khd Idu trong Uch hidn thyc ddy do gidc pha frpn gitia sii van hpc nhdn loai. Nd tdn tgi tren truyen kd dan gian, lich sir vd vdn chuang nhung tien dd tdm li, xd hpi nhdt dinh.
hidn dai lam rung ddng ldng ngudi" [4]. Trudc vii try bao la rdng ldn cdn tdn tai
' HVCH, Tru'6'ng Gai hgc Su pham TPHCM; Email: [email protected] 52
nhtmg dilu bit khd gidi, ngay ca frong con ngudi ngay nay ludn tdn tai nhthig In khuat chim sdu trong vd thuc, do do chi cd cdi ki do mdi ed thi ldm cho fri tudng tugng, the gidi ndi tdm ciia con ngudi duge bay bdng. Thdng qua cdi ki do ma su vat gin gui, quen thudc trd ndn xa lg, kl quai, gdy ndn sy hiiu ki cho ngudi dgc.
Khdi nidm lg hda (defamiliarization) xudt hidn vao nhiing nam 20 ciia thi ki XX, gdn liln vdi chii nghTa hinh thire Nga. Chii nghTa hinh thiic Nga cho rang la hda "Id dl chi todn bg thii phdp dupe dung trong nghe thuat mpt cdch cd chu dich nham dgt tdi mdt hidu qud nghe thuat, theo dd hien tugng dupe mieu ta khdng phdi nhu dd quen biet, hidn nhidn, binh thudng, ma nhu mgt cai gi mdi me, ehua quen, khdc la"
[3, fr.794]. Theo B. Brdch (Bertoh Brecht) nhd soan kich ngudi Diic, "la hda gdy ndn d chii the tiep nhdn sy nggc nhien vd hidu ki trudc mgt gdc nhin mdi, ldm ndy sinh mpt thdi dp tidp nhgn tich cue ddi vdi hidn thue dd bi lg hda" [3, fr.794]. De gidm bdt ndng lugng tu duy, ngudi ta thudng sir dyng nhiing tir ngti
"cu rich ddn sdn mdn" [2]. Do dd, vdn ehuong phdi chdng lgi su ty ddng hda, trd ve vdi tinh tu than ciia nd mdi thu hiit dugc su chii y cua ddc gid. Khi sdng tac, nha vdn phai coi frpng tinh ddc ddo, phai sang tgo va six dyng hinh dnh lg, giii tinh
"hdn nhien, tinh khdi" ciia ngdn ngii.
Nhin chung, lg hda dimg dl chi todn bd nhiing thu phdp frong nghd thudt ed khd ndng tao ra hi?u qud tham mi mdi me, khdc la, gay nen sy nggc nhidn eho ngudi dgc.
Thu phap ki do la mdt bien- phdp nghd thuat khd quen thupc ddi vdi van chuong truyen thdng. Thii phap lg hda Id mpt dac tnmg nghd thudt cua van hpc hidn dai vd hau hidn dai. Sy van dung giiia nghe thudt truydn thdng vd hidn dai, giiia tu duy nghd thudt phuang Ddng vd phuong Tdy d vide xay dyng nhan vat trong tidu thuylt ciia minh, Mac Ngdn da tao ndn tidng ndi ridng, viing ddt rieng,
"trdn cung khdng lan" so vdi cde nhd vdn duong dai khdc cila Trung Qudc.
2. Ki ao va Ig hoa trong viec xay dung nhan vat
Mdt tde phdm van hgc khdng the khdng cd nhan vat: "frdn ddi ndy khdng the ed truydn md khdng cd nhan vat hay chi it la khdng cd tdc nhan hanh ddng" [1, fr.l24]. Nhdn vdt la "con de tinh thin"
ciia nhd van. Nd dugc thoat thai tir mdt hodn cdnh nhit dinh. Mac Ngdn tdm sy:
"Mgi thii tdi cd ddu moi tir chide bao tai rdch ldng Ddng Bac, Cao Mat". Nhdn vdt frong cdc tidu thuydt cua nha van ciing dugc "moi" tir "chide bao tdi rdch" dd md ra. Nha vdn da tao cho minh mgt khdng gian nghd thudt ridng - khdng gian lang Cao Mat Ddng Bdc. Mgi hoat ddng cua nhan vat ddu diln ra trong khdng gian ly:
"Thdn Cao Mat Ddng Bdc cua tdi Id mdt nude cdng hda vdn hgc do tdi sdng lap ra, va tdi chinh la qudc vuong ciia vuong quoc ly" [10, tr.93]. Tdt cd nhtmg bidn ddng ciia thdi cugc, nhung thay ddi ciia lich sii vd sd phdn cua con ngudi ddu dugc nhd van tdi hidn lai mgt cdch chdn thyc va diy du trong khdng gian nghe thuat do. Trong hdu het cdc tac phdm, nhd van dd dua tit cd nhiing gi minh nghe
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) nam 2015
thiy, nhin thiy, tudng tupng ra dat vao vimg ddt Cao Mat, biln nd thanh "nai dep de nhat, xlu xa nhdt; sidu thoat nhdt, thi tyc nhit" [5, fr.I4]. 6 do ed dnh trdng dep nhit, cd rupu cao luong ngon nhat, cd nan chau chau dd khimg khidp nhat, cd ldn dieu Midu Xoang bi thilt nhdt, cd nhiing hinh phat tan khdc nhit, cd nhting cudc diu td oan khudt nhdt, cd nhiing vy an an thit fre vd nhan dao nhdt, cd nhung cdu chuyen truyen ki hap dan nhat, cd nhting ddi thay idn nhdt vd cung la ddi nhit. Ddng thdi, dd cung Id noi sinh ra nhiing con ngudi "trong trdng nhdt, nho bdn nhat; anh himg hdo hdn nhdt; ddu gid, mat day nhit; gidi udng rupu nhat; bidt ydu duang nhieu nhdt d frdn frdi ddt ndy"
[5, fr.14-15]. Ngodi ra, nd cung Id nai
"sdn sinh ra rat nhieu ki nhan, quai nhdn". Vung Ddng Bac Cao Mat cua tinh Son Ddng heo hiit la mdt, la duy nhat nhimg cung Id tdt cd. Nd vira la "khdng gian nghd thudt" cua ridng Mac Ngdn, vira Id "khdng gian dia li" ciia Trung Qudc. Mac Ngdn khdng ehi ed gdng biln noi day frd thdnh -"hinh anh thu nhd ciia Tnmg Qudc" md cdn "khidn eho ndi dau vd nilm vui sudng ncri ddy trd thanh ndi dau khd vd nilm vui sudng eiia todn nhan logi" [10, fr.94]. Nhu vdy, bing tam huylt vd tai nang cua minh, qua gdc nhin vdn hda vd Hch sii, Mgc Ngdn da biln vimg Cao Mat Ddng Bdc chi be bang "con tern" tren ban dd Trung Qudc thanh mdt bilu trung ciia ddt nude cd sd ddn ddng nhdt thd gidi, tinh d thdi diem hien nay.
Ngoai ra, khdng nhiing Cao Mat Id ciia Trung Qudc md nd edn Id ciia nhdn logi bdi frong khdng gian nghe thu^t ndy
In chiia biet bao trilt Ii sinh tdn, chat chiia bidt bao bi kich ciia kiep ngudi: con ngudi "dd dd uong uong" (con ngudi thidu ndng) nhu Tridu Gidp Con (Ddn huang hinh), Du Mdt Thudc (Tim qudc), Thugng Quan Kim Ddng (Bdu vdt cua ddi); eon ngudi hdm tidn tham danh
"khdng vi ddn vi ca nhan" nhu Huyen trudng Trpng Vi Dan, Bi thu xa Vuong An Tu (Cdy tdi noi gidn), Vien Thd Khdi (Ddn huang hinh); eon ngudi "chi dep mgt nira" vi "chdn to", ngudi dep ma bac mdnh nhu Tdn Mi Nucmg (Ddn huang hinh), Thupng Quan Ld thi (Bdu vgt cua ddi), Vgn Tam (Ech); thd phi, kep hdt fro thdnh "ngudi hiing", mdt "trang hao hdn"
nhu Tdn Binh, Ut Son, Tdm Chu (Ddn huang hinh), Tu Ma Khd (Bdu vdt cua ddi). Bi kich eua con ngudi hda chung vdi nhiing bien ddng trong ddng chdy ciia lich sir. Trong ddng chdy do con ngudi dang d ddu? Hg la tinh hoa ciia tgo hoa hay chi Id mdt trd dua ciia sd phgn? Hg la chu nhdn hay nan nhdn ciia lich sir? Vd trong xd hdi vdi nhidu bidn logn thi "The nao Id chinh dgo? The nao Id luong thidn? Thd ndo la ta ac?" [5, tr.l27]. Ddy la nhiing cau hdi ldn ludn dm dnh Mac Ngdn. Nha van cd gang xdy dyng thd gidi nhdn vat nham giii gam tinh cdm vd tu tudng ciia minh. D I dua Cao Mat budc ra thi gidi, Mgc Ngdn da sir dyng Unh hoat, ddc ddo biit phdp ty sy truydn thdng kit hgp vdi tu duy nghe thuat hidn dgi vao vide xdy dyng cho minh mgt thd gidi nhdn vat vd cimg phong phu va ddc sdc.
Cdi ki do dugc Mac Ngdn van dyng vdo vide xay dyng nhthig huyen thoai vl nhdn vgt, nhtmg hinh tugng cd tim khdi
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qudt, da nghTa. Nlu trong Trdm ndm cd dan, G. Marquez da tao ndn "nhimg nhdn vat sidu mdu", nghia Id nhung con ngudi phi thudng, di thudng nhu huyin thogi vl Rdbdca an dit, Rdmddidt vdi ludng khi ddc thi tiiu thuylt cua Mgc Ngdn cung cd nhung "sidu nhan"- ki tai di dgng. Trong Tiru qudc, Du Mot Thudc cao chua tdi mdt met, xlu xi nhung da ngu vdi "tam muoi chm ngudi dep thdnh phd". Hin cd the bay mdi vupt tudng, dan ngudi tren trln nha vd tu theu ddt cho minh nhilu huydn thoai tao nen "Nhting chuydn la d Tuu qudc". Nha van Ly Mgt Gdo tdm sy vdi thdy ciia minh vd nhiing dilu trdng thiy la ddi, khd tin vd Du Mdt Thudc:
"Thdng lim md tudng mao dd sp ly dot nhidn mdt rye sdng nhu hai dgo kilm quang. Trd trdng thiy Ido thu minh lai trdn ghe, vd thd Id mpt bdng den nhe nhdng bay len, chile ghi da xoay tit din chgm dc ham thi dtmg lai. Cac ban, nhan vdt ehinh ciia thidn truyen ndy da ddn ngudi frdn tran nhd. Tay chdn vd cd thdn hinh nhu mgc ddy dng hiit, lao nhu mdt con thach siing khdng Id, kinh khung, bd di bd lai trdn trln nhd" [7, tr.275]. Trong Tuu qudc cdn cd nhdn vat Khoan Kim Cuong "udng rugu nhu hii chim". Bdu vdt cua ddi cd huyen thogi vd Tu Md Khd, dao cao sut me vi rdu thep, ed huyen thoai Hdn Chim, ddnh nhau vdi giu, ndi chuy?n vdi sdi. Ddng thdi, trong tidu thuydt Bdu vdt caa ddi cdn cd huyin thoai vl Tidn chim gidng vdi motif biln hinh tir ngudi biln thdnh bg hung trong tac phlm Hda thdn cua nhd van Kafka.
Nhung khdc vdi Hda thdn, trong Bdu vdt cua ddi, Ldnh Y>Q bidn thdnh Ndng Tidn
chim Id dd "gid phep than thdng trimg phat bpn luu manh", kd dan thudc chira benh cho con ngudi. Trong Ddn huang hinh cd huyen thoai vd dao phii hang nhdt ciia Bd hinh Tridu Gidp "hon bdn muoi ndm thi hinh dn dd gidt gan mpt nghin vu". Mdt ngudi cd ddi bdn tay mem va nhd "tay bd nhd tdi mirc qudi dan. Nhin tay, cdng cdm thay dng khdng phai ngudi thudng, neu khdng phdi Id quy thi Id tidn"
[6, tr.591], nhung khi bd vao nude thi
"nhu thep nung dd, nude trong chau ddng phdt ra tidng Idc bdc, siii bpc, bdc hoi. Ki quae that" [6, tr.49]. Ngodi ra "lao sd vdo cay lidu trdn pho, cdy lidu run ldn ban bat. Id thdng thdt xao xac" [6, tr.l2].
De tgo ndn phong cdch, tidng ndi ridng eho minh, Mgc Ngdn cdn chii trpng ddn thil phdp la hda trong viec sir dung ngdn ngti, nhiing cdch didn dgt mdi me gdy hiing thii cho dde gid. Tieng ndi ridngv ciia Mgc Ngdn trudc het d vide midu td cdm gidc vd mui vi "nhu mdt su say md vd tdi hoa". Nhidu nha nghien ciru van hpc da timg xdp rihtmg tdc pham eua Mac Ngdn vdo loai tidu thuyet cdm giac mdi. Dieu dd khdng phdi khdng cd li. Bdi tidu thuydt Mgc Ngdn chiu dnh hudng cua trudng phdi cam gidc mdi cua chu nghia hidn dai phuang Tay vd Nhat Ban nhting ndm 20 - 30 cua the ki XX vdo vide mieu ta cdm giac va miii vi. Mgc Ngdn bpc bach: "Khi vidt, nha van phdi huy dpng mpi gidc quan ciia minh nhu vi gidc, thi gidc, thinh gidc, khiru gidc hodc la mdt cdm gidc ki dieu vupt qua tdt ea mpi cdm gidc ke trdn" [10]. Trong nhiing thidn tidu thuyet ciia minh, Mgc Ngdn thudng "rdt" nhiing dn tugng chii quan
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) nam 2015
vao vide midu td khdch the. Khi midu td nhimg cdnh sinh Ii tir biet, cae nhd van thudng gidm nhe, ndi frdnh de lam voi di ndi dau cho con ngudi; ngupc Igi, Mac Ngdn thi td dam, ndi thang, nham "ddng danh cdi bgo ngugc Idn, md xd phanh phui tan ngudn cai dc" [2]. Dpc tieu thuydt Mac Ngdn, dpc gid dupe trdi nghidm, ndng eao cam xiic hon la dau ddn trudc cai chdt. Vide "eye td" va phdng dai cdi chdt la mdt cdch thiic tidp can ngudn gde cua cdi chdt. Nhdn vdt frong tidu thuyet ciia Mac Ngdn khdng chdt ngay md thudng ngae ngoai vd viing vdy trong sy "la hda" ciia ngudi kd chuydn.
3. Ki ao trong thu phap xay dyng motif linh h6n va giac ma
Cai ki do trong Tieu qudc vd Thgp tam bd la motif linh hdn vd gidc ma.
Thdng qua linh hdn vd giac ma, Mac Ngdn da tgo ra mgt thd gidi thyc hu, that , gid Ian ldn dd phdn dnh sy hdn dgn ciia thd gidi hidn thuc va tam hon con ngudi.
Thdng thudng, dd mieu td nhiing suy nghT, gilng co trong tu tudng cua nhdn vat, nhd van thudng mupn hinh thiic dpc thoai ngi tdm dd cho nhdn vat diu franh vdi chinh minh, nhung trong tiiu thuydt Mac Ngdn, nhd vdn dl cho linh hdn ciia nhdn vat len dn thi xdc, mupn gilc ma dd nhan vgt ty bdc Id chinh minh. Linh hdn (trong Tieu qudc) cd thi ke chuyen, khdm phd mpi vide xung quanh, ldn an vd nguydn nia thi xdc ciia trinh sdt vidn Dinh Cdu la dd "bi thjt". Cdn gidc ma (trong Thdp tam bg) he lg nhting dilu thIm kin cua-cd chuyen gia chinh dung Ly Nggc Thiln, nhiing bi
mat ciia thiy gido Phucmg Phii Quy chdn chat trong Idng.
Trong Tuu quoc, trinh sdt vidn Dinh Cdu vd thdnh phd Rugu nhdn nhifm vu dieu tra vy dn an thit ngudi ciia mgt bp phdn can bd tha hda. Thd nhung, tir khi vd ddy, anh lai chim dam trong rugu thit.
Vi vdy, chi cd the bang su phan tdch Imh hdn ra khdi thd xdc mdi nghe dupe tiing ndi cua Dinh Cdu dang tim ra manh mdi ciia vu dn dn thjt frd: "Chin li rupu lidn tilp vao byng, Dinh Cau cdm thdy than thi bit diu chia tay vdi y thirc. Ndi chia tay khdng chinh xdc. Chinh xdc Id anh cdm thdy y thiic da bien thanh con budm tuy bdy gid dang thu minh lai, nhung chic chdn se xde ddi cdnh dep la lung, dang chui ra khdi huyet bach hdi. Id dau nhin xung quanh. Co the khi da mdt ^ thiic chdng khde eon ngai da chui ra khdi ken, chi cdn cai xdc nh? bdng" [7, tr.77].
Trong trgng thai hdn Iia khdi xdc, ta mdi bit gap cugc didu tra thyc sy cua chang trinh sdt vidn sidu hang Dinh Cdu vin nhting phdn dodn chinh xac md binh thudng arih chi im ldng: "Khoan Kim Cuong, cdi ten nhu mdt miii khoan choc dung tim Dinh Cau, anh dau nhdi, mieng thd ra mgt thii nude bay nhdy cimg vdi cdu het kinh hodng: Con sdi ay... dn thit trd con!" [7, fr.81-82]. Ldi ndi cua frinh sdt vien Dinh Cdu khi ed rugu mgi ngudi xem nhu mpt trd diia. Cii thd, vu didu tra nhu mpt an sd, nua vdi dd dgc gid phdn dodn vd suy lugn. Hay trong giac ma cua anh, ddc gid cung tim thiy nhiing manh mdi vy an an thit ngudi: "Thuyin da tdi gin, cd the nhin rd mJit mui, cd thi ng^
thiy hai ciia nhtmg ngudi tren thuyin,
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trong dd cd Khoan Kim Cuong, nii xl, Du Mpt Thudc, Cyc trudng Vuong, Bi thu Ly... Cd mgt khudn mat tham chi
•gidng anh la limg. Tit cd: ban be than quen, ydu ducmg bd bich, tinh djch thti hdn, deu tham gia biia thit ngudi" [7, tr.526].
Trong tiiu thuylt Thdp tam bd, thdng qua gidc ma, ngudi dgc bilt dugc nhiing dan vat frong tdm hdn ciia cd chuydn gia chinh dung d nhd tang Id thdnh phd Ly Nggc Thiln khi ldm nghd chinh dung: lly md ngudi ddi lly thit thii, lly trpm rdng vdng ciia ngudi chdt dl ddi ban... Qua nhiing gile ma ciia thiy Phucmg Phii Quy, dgc gid cam nhdn duge khdt vgng sdng mdnh liet, bi kich hdn chdng Truong xdc thiy Phuang: "Niia ddi tdi chua hi gap van may, nhung tdi khdng the chiu ndi van xdu se ddn xudng dau minh. De cho van xdu hdnh ha, sao bing tdi treo cd cho xong" [9, fr.438].
Cudi cimg, dd gidi quyet bi kich sdng nhd vdo than thd cua ngudi khac, anh da treo cd ty van.
Ndu nhiing cdu chuydn dn thit ngudi, hdn Iia khdi xdc vdn rat quen thudc frong Lieu trai chi di ciia Bd Timg Linh dd tang siie hap ddn cho cau chuyfn, phdn anh gdc khudt ciia hidn thyc, "am bdn" cua cudc sdng thi trong tiiu thuylt Mgc Ngdn, cdi ki do nhu mpt phuang tidn de nhd van midu td ndi tam ciia nhdn vat, khdm phd thd gidi tinh than phong phii vd phiic tap ciia con ngudi trudc hidn thye da tap, da chidu kich. Sii dung motif hdn ma trong Bdu vdt ciia ddi, nhd vdn nhdm midu ta tinh cdch ylu dudi, nhu nhupc ciia Kim Ddng - mdt
ngudi khdng bao gid chiu Idn: "Vdi ndi sg ddn cimg cyc, tdi ddnh giuong mdt nhin con ma hien hinh. Chide ndp quan tdi bi ddi ldn tir tir, hai ban tay xanh let bam hai bdn mep vdn thanh, dng tay do rdng dd Id hai cdnh tay khdng khiu, ciing nhu thep ngudi. Ndp quan tdi cao ddn ldn, dau vd cd con ma nhd Idn rdi bat chot nd ngoi day hdn" [8, tr.382]. Motif "hdn"
cting xudt hidn trong Ddn hucmg hinh vdi cdnh lap ddn td than eua NghTa hda quydn do Tdn Binh lam thu ITnh. Vdi motif nay, nhd vdn mudn khdc hpa tirih cdch can trudng, diing cdm cua nghTa qudn "do vdi chdn dat" chdng Dire. Mdi nghTa qudn chgn cho minh mdt linh hdn dd khuat ciia cdc anh himg ldm Id nhdp hdn dd triing fri quan xam lupc. Cau chuydn nay nhu cd tich, nhu mdt cdu chuyen thdn thogi ddy mdu sdc hoang dudng, ki do. Nhung con ngudi sdng trong mgt xd hdi ma tridu dinh bat tay vdi giac thi khdng the cd mdt con dudng ddu tranh ndo khdc: "Hdm nay tap quydn, mdi ngudi Idy cho minh ten mdt vi than tidn hoac mgt anh hiing hdo kidt ma minh kinh phyc: Nhac Vdn, Nguu Cao, Duong Tdi Hung, Truong Phi, Tridu Vdn, Md Sidu, Hodng Trung, Ly Quy, Vd Tdng, Ld Tri Thdm, Thd Hdnh Tdn, Ldi Chdn Tu, Khuong Thai Cdng, Trinh Gido Kim, Trdn Thiic Bdo, Ult Tri Kinh Diic, Duong Thit Lang, Ho Dien Khdnh, Ma Luang... Tdm lai, nhiing nhdn vat trong kich, nhung anh himg frong sdch vd, nhiing ma quy trong truydn thuydt, ddu xudt ddng, ha son, hda phep than thdng, nhdp vao dan tran Ma Tang... Ai cung cd Idng trung nghia, ngudi ndo cting vd nghe tuyet ludn, chi
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mudi ngay luyen dugc tdm thdn sat thep, quydt so tdi cao thdp vdi quan Diic" [6, fr.298-299].
Nhu vay, Mac Ngdn da sii dung thu phdp ki do trong vide xdy dyng motif linh hdn vd giac mo dd midu td didn bidn ndi tdm vd phdn tich nhting gidng xe trong tam hdn nhdn vat trudc hien thyc cugc sdng vd ciing phong phii vd phiic tgp. Vdi thil phap ndy, Mgc Ngdn da xdy dyng ndn mdt the gidi nhan vat da dang vd ddc sac nham mang lai sire hap ddn cho nhiing thidn tidu thuyet ciia minh.
4. La hoa trong thu phap mieu ta miii vi va cai chet
Ngodi vide van dung cdi ki do, Mac Ngdn cdn sii dung thu phdp ig hda dd xdy dyng nhdn vat. Vdi thu phap lg hda, nhd van dd tgo dyng cho minh nhiing nhdn vat ddc ddo, gdy duge an tugng manh me ddi vdi ngudi dgc: "Khdc vdi cdc nhd vdn trdn vdn ddn Trung Qudc hien dgi, Mgc Ngdn khdng bao gid lap lgi chinh minh.
Mdi tieu thuydt ciia dng la mdt con dudng tim tdi, sdng tao ddc ddo, tao ra nhiing phong cdch tidu thuyet ridng...
Thi nhung cd mgt chit keo dinh kit cdc tiiu thuydt gdp phin lam ndn phong cdch tdc gia chinh Id cdch la hda vdn chuang trong midu td, ke ehuyen" [2]. Dae biet, nhd vdn van dyng thii phap lg hda trong vide mieu td cam gidc dd dde ta miii vi ciia nhdn vat. Mdi miii vi gdn Uln vdi mdi nhan vdt, Idm nen net ridng ciia nhan vdt dd "trdn ciing khdng ldn". 0 dilm nay, Mgc Ngdn gdn gidng vdi W.
Faulkner. Nhdn vat ciia Faulkner cd "cd mui nhu miii cdy" nhu Caddy trong Am thanh vd cudng no. Trong Bdu vdt cua
ddi, Tu Ma Lucmg ed miii "hdng hac cdy hoe", Ky Quynh Chi mui "kem ddnh rdng", Kim Mpt Vu miii "siia tuoi". La!
Qe "miii chua", myc su Malda cd miii
"ngdy ngay" Trong Cdy tdi ndi gidn, Cao Ma gdn vdi "mui tdi dd Idn men".
Trong Thgp tam bd, Phuang Phii Quy vdi
"miii viem Ipi man tinh", Dd Tieu Anh cd mill "bd siia Nga" vd ddc biet chuydn gia ehinh dung nhd tang Id Ly Nggc Thien vdi "mill xdc chdt". Miii xdc chdt trdn co the Ly Nggc Thidn dugc tdc gid ddc ta vd nhdc di nhac lai rat nhidu lan frong tdc phdm nhu mdt "chii am", mdt "dilm nhdn nhd": "Cdi miii vj dac trung cua nha xdc tir ttr len Idi vdo trong mau, vao tim vd xdng Idn dau anh. Anh ta biet, thin kinh cua minh da qua man cdm thdi, bdi vi trudc khi len giudng cd ta dd dimg thii xd phdng tham loai tdt nhdt Iiic biy gid chd xat todn than, bdt kd chd nao, ngay ca . spi Idng chd kin nhdt cung dupe cd ta eg rtra rit kT. Nhung rd rdng vdn cd mdt thii mCii rit ddc biet, thii mui khdng thi diing ngdn ngii li tri dd midu td xdng Idn. Mdi Ian nhdn ra cdi mill ay, anh ta hodn toan bien thdnh mdt thii phd thai dudi mdt dan ba..." [9, fr.45]. Tao ra mdt thd gidi miii vj bang cdm giac dae trung cho timg nhdn v|t Id sd trudng frong vide xdy dyng nhan vgt ciia nhd van. Xuat phdt tir tryc gidc vd di chuydn didm nhin vdo tam linh, Mgc Ngdn da sang tao ra mdt the gidi nhdn vdt doc ddo, hip ddn ngudi dpc.
Ben canh do, Mgc Ngdn cdn van dung thii phap la hda vdo vide midu td cai chit vd diy nd ldn tim "mT hpc". Trong Tieu qudc, Mgc Ngdn mieu td cai chit ciia Du Mgt Thudc, ngudi dgc dudng nhu
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cam nhdn ngudi kl chuydn dang hda minh vdo nhan vat dl thd nghiem cdi chit vd fruyin cdm giac ghe rpn cho ngudi dgc chir khdng phdi mieu ta ndi dau trudc cdi chet: "Mdu vd dc vgt ra khdi diu...
Ca bap trdn ngudi hIn chuyin ddng ran rdn nhu Ian sdng cd vu ciia cac fan md bdng dd trdn khdn dai: tir diu cdc ngdn chdn trdi ldn bdn chdn trdi bip chdn trai vd ben trai mdng bdn trai eo trdi vai trai, vdng sang phai lung phdi eo phdi mdng phai vd phai bIp chan phai ban chan phdi ngdn chdn phdi. Rdi co gigt theo chilu ngugc lai. Rdt lau, eo gidt ciing ngirng...
Hdn chit" [7, fr.473-474]. Ngodi ra, khi midu td canh tang thuong: "Mac Ngdn cdn phdng dgi cdi chet chdc vd ndng cdi khd hinh ldn tdm mT hgc ciia bgo lyc"
[2]. Hidu qud gian cdch tir thu phdp ndy da gay nen mgt sy nggc nhien, hieu ki cho ngudi dpc. Tieu thuydt Mac Ngdn thudng midu ta nhidu vd cdi chdt va cai ehdt ndo ciing ghd gdm vd dii dpi. Trong Bdu vgt cua ddi, cai chet ciia muc su Malda rdt ghd rgn "dc tung tde khdp mat ddt", cdi chdt cua Cdm anh vd Cam em thi thdm thidt vd ciing: "Mpt nua ddu thdng Cam anh khdng cdn niia. Mpt Id thiing bang nam tay trdn bung thdng Cam em. Chiing chua chet, giuong mat trdng da nhin tdi... Rudt thang Cdm em dim ra ddy nira sgt" [8, fr.389]. Ddy den miic
"cyc han" trong viec midu td cai chdt cd le Ddn huang hinh la dti dpi r\hat. Q day, nhan vat bi hdnh hinh khdng phdi "chdt nggt" ma phai chiu dau ddn den tan cimg, dau khd ddn tdt dinh rdi mdi ehdt. Dd Id cdi chit ciia thing Mgt vdi khd hinh "Dai Diem Vucmg" (mdc mit): "bup mdt
tieng, lidn dd bup tidng ntia, hai con nguai cua tdn Mgt treo liing ldng dudi Dai Diem Vuong... Ddu hdn bi vd, dc va bpt mdu mdu hdng trdn qua ke nut chdy ra ngodi" [6, tr.82], canh tiing xdo 500 mieng thit cua ngudi anh himg Tidn Himg Phi hay vide hdnh hinh bang cgc ddn huong, xuyen tir hau mdn len gay ciia ngudi anh hiing hdt Mieu Xoang Tdn Binh vd bdt phdi sdng trong ndm ngdy.
Cdch cudng didu vd Ig hda cai chdt cd tac dyng cudn hiit ddc gia d cdi khdc Ig. Bdi lyc phii ngu tgng cua ngudi chdt khdng the giii nguydn den lau nhu the. Ndu nhu "Chem treo ngdnh", Nguydn Tuan mdi chi dimg lgi "nghe thudt chem" cua dao phii thi Mac Ngdn da ddy van de khd hinh, chem gidt len tdm mi hgc - MT hpc ciia bao lyc: "Khdng gidng bat ki mdt nhd van ndo khde, Mac Ngdn di tim ngudn sdng cho hidn thyc d cdi nghjch dj, cdi frdi khody, dat cdi dep trong cdi bao luc gdy nen sy chodng ngpp trong ddc gid" [2]. Theo nhu tdn dao phu hang nhdt tridu Thanh Trieu Gidp trong Ddn huang hinh, day khdng phai Id gidt ngudi md Id
"nhgc su vao logi cao thii, dang tgo ra am hudng lam dam say ldng ngudi!" [6, tr.80]. Han ty cho minh dang dien mdt vd kich hay, "mdt tan trd" cho thidn hg xem:
"Phdi bidt rdng khdng mgt vd kjch nao trong thidn hg hay bdng dan huong hinh - gidt ngudi bdng cpc gd ddn huong... cdc nguoi dupe xem mdt vd dien md thd gidi chua cd hoac khdng bao gid cd" [6, tr.476] vd "... chi ridng cdi tdn: Dan Huang Hinh, da tao nha bidt chimg ndo, ngodi ihd trong dep, huong sac cd xua, chau Au cac nguoi ldm sao nghi ndi hinh
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(69) nam 2015
phat nay?" [6, fr.47I]. Vide ndng khd hinh len tdm mi hpc "ngoai thd trong dep" cd mdi lidn he sdu xa vdi quan didm ciia cac nhd mT hoc Bardc (Baroque).
Nhting nhd mi hpc ndy thidn ve nhting eai dj thudng, di ngugc .vdi quan niem mT hpc truyen thdng. Mae Ngdn dd tiep can quan niem cua cdc nhd mi hpc Bardc d khia cgnh bgo lyc dd dua nd vdo sdng ehung vdi cdi dep. Nhd nghien ciru Hodng Thi Bich Hdng cho rdng: "Khae vdi hidu qua eua mT hpc theo quan diem cd dien la cdi dep cd tdc dung thanh Igc tdm hdn eon ngudi, mT hpe bgo lyc khidn con ngudi ghd sg, ndi cdch khdc Id khidn cho eon ngudi ttr chdi nd. Vidt dupe nhu the nhd van dd diing cao hem sy phd phan vd td cdo" [2].
Tdm lai, thu phdp lg hda da ldm cho ldi trdn thudt cua ngudi kd chuydn dugc thdng hoa de nhd vdn thd hidn nhiing chidm nghidm vl thdi the, vl nhan tinh. Ddng
thdi, viec sir dung thdnh cdng thu phap ndy dd thu hiit sy chii y, kich thich hiing thii ddi vdi ddc gid vd thd gidi nhdn vdt frong tidu thuydt ciia nha van Mac Ngdn.
5. Kit luan
Vdi vide van dung ddc dao thu phdp ki do vd la hda, Mac Ngdn dd mang den eho ngudi dpc mdt cdi nhin mdi me, khdc la, tao dupe sy ngae nhien va hiiu ki.
Ddng thdi, sy van dyng ndy cdn ndy sinh mpt thai do tidp nhan tich cyc cua dgc gid. Sy thdnh cdng ciia Mac Ngdn frong vide sir dyng thii phap ki do - lg hda da mang lai sy sdng dgng ty nhidn vd chat nhdn bdn cho cdc nhdn vdt. Sy gap gd giiia nghd thudt la hda frong nghd thudt hidn dai va ddc trung ki do ciia tidu thuydt truyen thdng da tao ndn cdi "vd ki chi ki" (tao cai ki la til nhiing gi quen thudc nhat). Nhan vat ciia Mac Ngdn gay dugc an tupng, thu hiit ngudi dpc chinh Id d nhiing didu "quen .md la, Ig ma quen".
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Barthes R. (2003), "Nhap mdn phdn tich cdu tnic truydn kd" (Tdn Quang Cudng dich), Tgp chi Vdn hgc nude ngodi, (1), tr.I03-138.
2. Hodng Thi Bich Hong (2007), "Nghe thudt fran thudt gin vdi thu phdp Ig hda trong tiiu thuydt Mgc Ngdn", (224) thdng 10, htlp://tapchisonghuong.com.vn.
3. Do Diic Hiiu, Nguydn Hud Chi, Phimg Vdn Tiru, Trln Htm Td (ddng chii bien) (2004), Tie dien vdn hgc (bg mdi), Nxb Thd gidi, Hd Ngi.
4. Hai Minh (2012), "Nobel vdn chuang cho Mac Ngdn", ngdy 11-10, http://tuoitre.vn 5. Mac Ngdn (2004), Cao luang do vd nhirng truyin khdc, Nxb Van hgc, Hd Npi.
6. Mgc Ngdn (2004), Ddn huang hinh, Nxb Phu nii. Ha Npi.
7. Mac Ngdn (2004), Tieu qudc, Nxb Hpi Nhd van, Hd Ngi 8. Mac Ngdn (2007), Bdu vgt caa ddi, Nxb Vdn nghe, TPHCM.
9. Mac Ngdn (2007), Thdp tam bd, Nxb Vdn nghd, TPHCM.
10. Nguydn Thi Thgi (2004), Mgc Ngdn vd nhirng ldi tu bgch (bdn dich), Nxb Van hgc, HdNdi.
(Ngay Toa so?n nhSn au^ biii: 13-8-2014; ngdy ptiin bi$n ddnh gid. 25-8-2014;
ngdy chip nh$n dSng: 23-9-2014}
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