^ E I B I I J M K H Q A H O ^
N A N G CAO T I N H Tl/ HOC CHO SINH VIEN CHUYEN NGUf QUA HOAT DONG "Sl/U TAM THONG TIN TREN MANG"
ThS. Nguyen Thj HUdng Khoa Ngoai ngCf,Trddng Dai hpc Cong nghiep Ha Noi
1.DATVANDE
Khuyen khich sinh vien (SV) dai hoc tu hpc la mdt van de dUOc nhieu nha giao due va cac trUdng dai hoc quan tam.
Phuong hudng ehu yeu ciia trUdng dai hoc trong giai doan hien nay la nhanh chdng bien qua trinh dao tao thanh qua trinh tU dao tao, thuc chat la lam eho SV tu hoan thien va lam phong phii them vdn tri thdc bang sU no lUc tU hgc, t u nghien euU[l], Hien nay, he Chuyen ngd, Khoa Ngoai ngd, trUdng Dai hoc Cdng nghiep Ha Npi (DHCNHN) da va dang trien khai hoat ddng "Suu tam thdng tin tren mang"nham nang cao hieu qua cua viec day va hoc ky nang doc hieu tie'ng Anh. Noi dung bai bao md ta nhdng dac diem va li do tai sao hoat ddng nay cd the giup SV nang cao kha nang t u hoc cua minh. Ddng thdi, bai bao dUa ra mpt sd van de gap phai trong qua trinh trien khai va de xuat mot sd giai phap nhSm nang cao hieu qua eua hoat ddng nay.
2.TLrHpCC0ASV
Trong nhdng nam qua, nhieu hoc gia da dUa ra khai mem ve tU hpc ndi chung va t u hoc trong giang day ngoai ngd ndi rieng. Hoclec (1981, tr3) md ta t u hpc la kha nang chiu trach nhiem ve viec hoe eua ehinh minh (the ability to take charge ofone's learning) [10].TUOngtU nhu vay Little {1991, tr4) xem tU hoc la kha nang suy xet ddc lap (detachment), chiem nghiem can trpng (critical reflection), dua ra quyet dinh (decision-making) va cd hanh ddng ddc lap (independent action). Ben canh dd, Sharle va Szabro (2000,tr4)cungxemtuhpclasutudova
kha nang quan li cdng viee eua chinh ban than minh (the freedom and ability to manage one's own affairs). Ddng thdi, ca hai hpc gia Little va Dam deu cho rang t u hpc la khi ngUdi hoc duoc chuan bj hoac s§n sang chiu traeh nhiem cho ehinh viec hoc tap cua ban than minh [4]. Trong bai viet nay, tac gia dUa tren d!nh nghTa tU hoc trong hoan eanh khi ngUdi hoc duoe chuan bj ve mat ky nang cung nhU dupe khuyen khich ddng vien de cd the tU hpc.
- Vai trd cua viec tU hge: TU hge ddng vai trd vd cung quan trgng trong giao due dai hge hien nay. Trim (1988, tr3) cho rang, khdng mdt trUdng hgc nao cd the cung cap eho ngUdi hgc tat ca nhdng kien thdc va ky nang hg se can trong euoe sdng tUOng lai sau nay. Ben eanh dd, Pulist (2000, tri) eho rang, t u hge trang b\
cho ngudi hgc trd thanh ngudi cd kha nang t u hgc trong sudt quang ddi minh [4].
-Dieu kien dephdt trien ndng luc tuhoc cua SV: Hten nay, cd hai quan iJem chinh ve mdi quan he gida ky nang tU hgc cua SV va phuong phap giang day (sU hUdng dSn) eua giang vien [3]. Quan diem thd nhat cho rang, khong ed mdi quan he gida sU t u hgc cua SV va sU hudng dan cua giao vien (GV). Quan diem thd hai cho rang, viee t u hoc cua SV cd ban chat la dien ra dudi sU hudng dan, giup dd cua giang vien, do ban than SV tU quyet dinh, t u thuc hien, tU dieu chinh mdt each tfch eUc nham thuc hien muc tieu do nha trudng va SV de ra. Xuat phat t d quan ^ e m Thd hai cho r^ng cd mdi lien he chat che gida viec t u hpc cua SV va sU
hudng dan cua GV, day chfnh la dieu kien de phat trien nang lUe t i i hoc eua SV. Do do, mudn nang cao nang iUc t u hgc cho SV, GV can han ehe truyen thu kien thdc li thuyet ed san, phai biet each djnh hudng, chi dan each t u hoe tUOng dng vdi npi dung, phuong phap giang day de SV t u tim kien thdc. Ngoai ra, GV cung can eung cap tat ca dieu kien can thi^t di txg giup hoat ddng t u hoc cua SV.
Ben canh dd, Scharle va Szabo cho rang, de phat trien nang lUc tU hge cho SV, can phat trien nhilfng ky nang (skills) cung nhu thai do (attitudes) can thiet cho hg. Nhijfng ky nang ma SV can c6 de t u hpc la ky nang dpc tai lieu chuyen mdn, ky nang nghien cdu khoa hoe, ky nang thue hanh. Moi ky nang nay dddc danh gia tren ba ky nang: ky nang lap ke hoaeh, ky nang thue hien ke hoach va ky nang t u kiem tra danh gia [3].
Trong bdi canh day va hoc ndi chung, day va hoc tieng Anh ndi rieng, phUOng phap day va hgc la dieu cdt Idi dan den viee t u hge [2]. Chinh GV la ngudi xac dinh npi dung, phUOng phap hge tap cho SV d tdng mdn hoc eu the de cd the xay dung kien thdc can thiet cung nhu nhdng ky nang cho SV. Ve mat thai do, GV cd vai trd ehfnh trong vi^c gi^ng gi^i cho SV ve tam quan trong cCia tU hgc cung nhu cd nhdng bien phap khuyen khfch SV duy tri ddng co hoc tap va ed thai do dung d i n ddi vdi t u hoe va thUc hien viec t u hoc cua minh cho tCftig mdn hgc. Tdm lai, de t u hge dien ra, SV can ed ky nang, kha nang, thai dp tich cue de cd the phat trien nang luc t u hpc ddng thdi dUOc sU
9 8 TapchiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE. So 2 1 . 2 0 1 4
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hudng dan cua GV.
3. HOAT £ > 0 N G "SlTU TAM THONG TIN TREN MANG" VA VIEC N A N G CAO K H A N A N G TLT Hpc C O A SV
3.1. "SUu tam thdng tin tren mang"trong hoc phan Ooc viet d he ChuySn nguT
Hoat ddng "SUu tam thong tin tren mang" (Taking it Online) la mot hoat ddng duoc trien khai trong khi day ky nang dgc hieu tieng Anh trong hoc phan Dpc viet 1,2,3,4 t d hpc ky 1 den hpc ky 4 trong ehUOng trinh giang day cua he Chuyen ngd. Day la mdt hoat dgng dUOc trinh bay, hudng dan cu the trong giao trinh Well Read 1, 2, 3, 4 cua eae tae gia Mindy Pasternak va Elisaveta Wrangell, NXB Oxford. Moi cuon Well Read ed 8 chuong, Trong do, hoat dpng nay la hoat dgng cudi ciing cua mdi chuong Sau khi hgc xong mdi chUdng GV yeu cau SV tim tai lieu dgc vdi dd dai tuy thugc vao hgc phan (vi du Dgc viet 1:900 -1200 td, Dgc viet 2:1000 -1500 td), theo chu de moi chuong trong phan "Taking it online".
SV phai in tai lieu doc tim dUdc va phieu tra ldi lay chCf ky eua GV va kep thanh portfolio. SV nop tap bai dgc (reading porfollo) eda minh vao tuan 15 va diem cCia tap bai doc nay duoe tinh la mdt dau diem thudng xuyen. Do do, cd the thay rang day la mdt hoat dgng cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec danh gia ket qua hgc tap cCia SV.
3.2. Oac diem ciia "SiAi tam thdng tin tren mang" va nang cao tinh t d hoc choSV
Hoat dgng nay gom ba phan:
-Tim thong tin tren mang: SV eung vdi ban, dung mang Internet de tim kiem thdng tin ve chu de da hpc eCia tdng chuong (nhu truyen thdng, y hoc, nghe thuat lam vUdn...), Phan nay dupc hudng dan eu the qua ba budc:
+ Budc 1: Quyet djnh thdng tin minh can tim hieu.
+ BUdc 2: Dung edng cu tim kiem Google hay cac cdng cy tim kl^m chinh khac de tim ra cac trang web chda dung thdng tin minh can.
+ Budc 3: Dpc ludt thdng tin tren eac trang web vda tim dupe.
- Dien vao bang vdi nhufng thong tin minh vda tim dUcrc: Trong phan hai, SV can tim ba thdng tin khae nhau ve cung mgt chu de. Vf du nhu chu de cua ehUdng la phong tuc hen hd. SV can tim ve phong tue hen hd d ba dat nUdc khae nhau va dien thdng tin theo cau hdi gdi y - Noi theo cap hoac nhom' SV thao luan ve thdng tin tim duoc theo cap hoac theo nhdm. Ngoai ra cdn cd meo tim kiem (online tip) giup SV tim thdng tin nhanh hdn. Tren day la mdta solUdc cau true hoat ddng nay Cd the nhan thay day la mdt hoat dpng dupe hUdng dSn eu the, ti mi va rat bo ich cho SV:
• Vekien thu^c:
+ Cung cd kien thUc da hgc trong bai:
Oe lam dugc viec nay, SV can tim tren trang web thdng tin lien quan den chu de da hoc trong bai, vf du nhU trong chUdng hoc ve chu de du lich (Weil read 2- tr 16), SV can tim hieu thdng tin ve ba each khac nhau cd the di du lich td noi minh dang d den diem du lich. Do ciing chu de nen ve mat t d vung, SV cd co hoi duoe dn lai nhdng tir da hoc d trong bai khi doe thdng tin tren trang web.
+ Cdp nhat kie'n thdc, thong tin thuc te: Day la eo hdi de SV tim hieu ve thdng tin thuc te hang ngay. Nhu vdi chu dedu heh da neu, SV cd the tim hieu ve phUOng tien du [ich t d Ha Ndi den New York, chi phf ehuyen di, va thdi gian xuat phat.
Thuc te thdng tin nay se bo sung kien thii'c ve du lich cho SV va cd fch cho nhu cau di du lich trong tUong lai.
-I- Mdrong vdn tdvUng: Khi dgc thdng tin tren mang ve cae chu de da cho, de hieu va trinh bay thdng tin nay eho ban hpc, SV can tra tdmdi. Qua trinh nay giup SV md rdng vdn t d mgt each t u nhien.
*Ve kynang:
+Kynang doc: SV ed co hpi duac tiep can rat nhieu tai lieu khac nhau ve eae chu de phong phii, da dang. Khi danh t d khoa vao edng cu tim kiem rat nhieu trang web xuat hien. SV can dpc ludt de tim hieu y chfnh ve ndi dung cua trang
web do. Do do, SV luyen dupe ky nang dpc ludt de lay y chfnh (skimming). Khi da xae dinh dupe thdng tin can tim, SV can dpc ky de lay thdng tin chi tiet cu the va day la hoat dong luyen ky nang doe lUdt de lay thdng tin chi tiet (scanning) Vf du ve ehii de du lich, SV can doe nhanh de tim hieu ve npi dung ehfnh ciia trang web va xac djnh day cd phai la bai viet ve each di du lich t d ndi minh dang d den mgt thanh phd hay khdng, sau do la doc ky de lay thdng tin ve chi phf di lai, thdi gian eu the eua chuyen bay neu di bang may bay... NhU vay SV luyen dUOe hai ky nang dpc eO ban la skimming va scanning.
Ngoai ra, khi doc nhieu tai lieu khac nhau ve cac chii de, SV thuc chat dang ren luyen kha nang dpc rdng (extensive reading). Va hoat dong doc rdng la mgt trong nhCtng hoat ddng cd kha nang phattrien nang luc ghi nhdtdvUng [8] va mang lai ngudn thdng tin khuyen khfch SV tham gia tich cUc vao hoat ddng ndi [9]. Them nda, doc rdng dupe eoi la mdt trong nhdng hoat dong bo fch nha't cho viee md rdng vdn td, hgc cac cum tU mdi va ciing cd ngd phap [11],
+ Ky nang viet: Sau khi doc xong mot bai viet tren mang vdi do dai khac nhau, SV can dien thdng tin vao bang da cho va day la mdt dip SV duac luyen kha nang tdm tat, trinh bay thong tin theo y hieu eua minh ve chii de da eho. Chang han nhu, trong cuon Well Read 2, tr 34, SV can tim hieu ve chu de ddng vat cd nguy eo tuyet chiing (endangered animals), SV can hoan tat bang bieu ve cae ndi dung nhutenddng vat, noi loai nay sinh sdng, sd luong cdn lai va li do tai sao loai ddng vat nay tuyet chiing. SV can doc ba bai vdi do dai ft nhat 900 tU roi dien thdng tin tim dddc trong nda trang A4. Vi vay, SV cd the ren luyen ky nang tdm tat va ky nang dien dat eua minh.
+ Ky ndng lam viec theo cap, theo nhom: Hau het cae hoat dpng tim kiem deu dien ra vdi mdt ban hgc khae. Cap SV nay can thong nhat tim hieu thdng tin ve mdt chu de nao do roi danh t d khoa de
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tim kiem. Vf dy nhu eiing vdi ban thao luan ve ba van ddng vien ma ca hai cung mudn tim hieu. Ngoai ra sau khi hoan tat thdng tin vao bang bieu cap SV edn thao luan vdi nhau hoac vdi eac nhdm khac ve thdng tin tim dUdc. Nhu vay SV cd co hdi dugc lam viec theo nhdm hoac theo cap.
+ Ky ndng noi: Td thdng tin tren bang bieu, hai SV trong mdt cap thao luan vdi nhau, vdi nhdm khac, hoae trudc Idp. Do do, SV ed ca hgi nang cao kha nang ndi ciia minh.
+ Ky ndng sd dung mdy tinh: Trong phan Online tip (meo tim kiem), SV dupe hudng dan sd dyng mgt so phfm tat de giup qua trinh tim kiem diln ra nhanh hon, Vf du nhu trong cuon Well Read 4, tr42 SV dugc hUcffig dan diing Ctr+F de giup tim td khoa trong mot trang web. Cu t h i la tai mgt trang web, nhan Ctrl+F, mot d nhd mdi hien len ben phai man hinh, danh td khoa vao d nhd nay td khoa se dugc lam noi bat tren nen vang. Dieu nay giup SV tim kiem thdng tin chi tiet nhanh hon. NhUvay, nhd nhdng hudng dan bo fch, ky nang sd dung ban phfm may tfnh cua SV chac chan dUOc cai thien.
+ Ky ndng t'lm kiem thdng tin: Cae bude eua hoat dpng nay cd hudng dan eu the ve ndi dung tU khoa, va gpi y trang web tim kiem eung nhu meo tim kiem.
Vf du nhu, trong cuon Well Read 4, tri 14, meo tim kiem hudng dan nhu sau: tren trang hien thj ket qua tim thay, nhan vao t d Cached (td nay xuat hien tren danh sach ket qua tim dUdc), Khi md trang web ra, tat ca cac t d khoa se dugc lam ndi bat. Cd the thay rang, hudng dan SV tim kiem thdng tin tren mang Internet cua hoat ddng nay rat cu the chi tiet, tao tien de cho viec phat trien kha nang thu thap thdng tin phuc vu hoat ddng nghien cdu khoa hoc sau nay.
+ Kha ndng chon Igc ddnh gia thong tin: Sau khi tim dUpc thdng tin, SV can nhin nhan lai va danh gia ket qua tim dugc. Chang han nhu ve chii de nhdng su trung hdp ky la, SV tim thdng tin ve nhdng sU triing hdp, ten trang web, va
tdm tat lai nhdng sU kien do (Well Read 4,trl 14), sau ddSVtrinh bay nhdng li giai ciia chfnh ban than ve nhdng hien tUOng ky la dd. Vi vay SV khdng nhdng can phai hieu thdng tin ma cdn can dUa ra danh gia, binh luan hoac If giai ciia chinh ban than ve thdng tin dd. Dieu nay giup SV tang cUdng t u duy phe phan va phat huy tntudngtUdng.
Qua md ta ve eau true cung nhU nhdng ldi fch ma hoat ddng "Suu tam thdng tin tren mang" mang lai, cd the thay hoat ddng nay gdp phan nang eao nang lUe tU hpc ciia SV:
- Thdnhdt, La hoat ddng giao vien giup SV eung cd kien thdc eua bai hoc qua viec tim kiem thdng tin tren mang dUa vao chii de da cho d timg bai hoc va viec eung ed naydoehfnhSVtUthUchien.
- ThUhai, Chinh SV la ngUdi dupe trao quyen md rdng, chon lge, quyet dmh va ghi ehep lai kien thdc can tim hieu cho ban than.
- Thd ba, Hoat ddng nay hd trg phat trien cae ky nang ed ban nhuky nang dpe hieu, ndi, viet eho SV d nha vdi djnh hUdng ve mat ndi dung va phUdng phap rd rang, cu the. Cho nen, SV biet minh can phai tU hpc gi va hpc nd nhU the nao d nha.
- Thdtu, La hoat ddng cd the giup SV phat trien cac ky nang mem nhU ky nang sd dung may tfnh, ky nang chpn Ipc danh gia thdng tin, ky nang tim kiem thdng tin.
Tren thUc te, day la nhdng ky nang khdng the thieu dupc trong viec nang cao nang lUc t u hpc eho SV trong viec khai thac thdng tin tren Internet [5].
ThU ndm. La hoat ddng ed sU kiem tra, danh gia eua giao vien trong viec qua trinh hgc tap cua SV trong sudt hgc ky va ngoai ra ket qua cua hoat ddng nay dUoe tfnh vao mdt dau diem thudng xuyen trong ket qua hpc tap. Do vay, ngoai dpng luc la nhdng kien thdc bo ich, thUe te va phat trien ky nang cho ban than, SV cdn cd dpng lUe la neu lam tdt thi diem sd se eao. Day la ddng lUc true tiep giup SV hang hai tham gia vao hoat ddng nay.
4. THl/C TE TRIEN KHAI HOAT
D O N G "SUU T A M T H 6 N G T I N TR^N MANG"
Trong qua trinh giang day ky nang dpc hieu, mdn Dpc viet tdDpc viet 1 den Dpc viet 4, tac gia da tien hanh trien khai hoat ddng nay nhu da hudng dan trong De CUdng chi tiet mdn hpc va hudng dan SV each tien hanh cae budc hoat ddng nhutrong giao trinh da de cap.Trong khi giang day, tac gia cung tien h&nh quan sat cac tai lieu ma SV in ra de giao vien kiem tra, to ehdc eac hoat dong thio luan theo nhdm va cap, nhan xet, danh gia bai tap doe va phdng van SV ve qua trinh cac em tien hanh hoat ddng nay, nhdng thuan lpi cung nhu khd khan gap phai.
4.1.KetquddatdUGic - Da so SV hoan thanh bai tap diing han, the hien d ^ thdc in bai va dien thdng tin vao b l n g bieu;
- Hau het SV tich cue chu ddng tham gia vao cac hoat dgng t h i o luin ve thdng tin tim dupc tren mang d tren Idp khi giao vien trien khai;
- Phan Idn SV td ra hdng thu vdi nhdng thdng tin thUe te tim dUpc td eac trang web va hang hai thao luan va trinh baytrUdcldp;
- SV nang cao dugc hieu biet thue te ve cac chu de da de cap trong giao trinh;
- SV ren luyen duoc cac ky nang tim kiem thdng tin tir nguon Internet ren luyen kha nang chgn lge, danh gia, torn tat thdng tin;
- SV CO nhieu co hpi dupe luyen ky nang dgc, ky nang noi, ky nang viet, ky nang lam viec theo cap theo nhdm va thuyet trinh.
4.2. Mdt so han che
- Hien tuong mpt sd SV cdn quen khdng hoan thanh bai va hoac mUon bai cua ban rdi phdtd de ddi phd khi GV kiem tra cdn kha pho bien.
- Mpt so SV chua biet each chon Ipc thdng tin de dien vao blng bleu, th^ hien d hai xu hudng. Mdt la, SV viet thdng tin tim dugc qua ngan nen khi trinh bay trUdc Idp hoac vdi ban hpc, SV khdng ed nhilu thdng tin de trinh bay, do do han ehe co
1 0 0 TapchiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE. S 6 2 1 . 2 0 1 4
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hdi luyen tap ky nang. Hai la, SV viet cau tra Idi qua dai den khi thao luan vdi ban, SV khdng trinh bay thdng tin tim dupe mgt each ngan gon, de hieu, de nhd.
- GV chua danh nhieu thdi gian cho hoat ddng ndi trong hoat dpng nay, cd the thdi luong giang day d tren Idp it va bai dpc dai. Nhieu tuan GV chi dirng lai d viee kiem tra xem SV cd tim bai, dpe bai va dien thdng tin vao t d phieu chua.
Vi vay, GV da han ehe viec phat trien ky nang giao tiep, va thuyet trinh eCia SV, cung nhu chua giup SV cd cd hdi duoc phat trien t u duy phe phan va kha nang sang tao cua minh.
- Nhieu SV chpn lUa tai lieu doc ehUa hay ngdn ngd ehUa dupe chinh thdng, thdng tin ehUa chinh xae.
- Nhieu bai in eCia SV edn qua dai (10 trang) dan den lang phf tien bae khi in cung nhu thdi gian cdng sdc de chon lUa thdng tin.
4.3. Mdt so gidi phap - Can hudng dan cu the cho SV each tim tai lieu tren mang Internet, eung nhu ky nang dpe lUdt de tim dUOc tai lieu hay va each chgn lua thdng tin, de in nop bai, dae biet la ddi vdi SV nam thd nhat. Dieu nay cd the dat duoc khi GV cd sU md ta, lam mau trudc SV, neu phong hpc dUOc ket ndi Internet, viec hudng dan se mat ft thdi gian hOn nhieu.
- Nang cao nhan thdc cho SV ve lpi fch cd the dat dUOc cua hoat ddng nay vao buoi hpc dau ky giiip SV
- Can ed bien phap eu the ngan ngda trudng hop SV mupn bai ciia nhau de phdtd nhu yeu cau SV chi rd nguon tai lieu, tham chi ngay gid cap nhat tai lieu.
- De dam bao SV lam viec theo dung thdi gian quy dmh, GV phai yeu cau SV trinh bai tap de ky va ehi ky cae bai tap lam dimg han,
- Can dieu chinh ndi dung giang day tren Idp de ed thdi gian cho SV chia se, danh gia binh luan thdng tin minh vda tim dugc giup SV phat then cac ky nang giao tiep, ky nang lam viec theo nhdm gid doc trd len sinh dong hon.
5. KET LUAN
Hoat dong "SUu tam thdng tin tren mang" la mdt hoat ddng bd ich giiip nang cao tfnh tU chu cua SV trong qua trinh phattrien ky nang dgc tieng Anh va nang eao kha nang sd dung ngdn ngd.
Tuy nhien, de lam dUdc dieu nay, can ed sU hudng dan, trien khai va kiem tra, danh gia chat che eua GV.
TAI LI^U THAM KHAO
[1]. Phan Bich Ngoc, To chiJc tot viec tU hot cho SV nham nang cao chat li/cmg clao tao ciia cac trucmg dai hgc theo hinh thiic tfn chf hien nay. Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Ngoai Ngii 25,150-164,2009.
[2].PGS,T5TranThanhAi,f)aotaotheohethongt'n dll cac nguyen li va bien phap Day va hoc ngay nay. So 7,2011.
[3], LeThi (Vlinh Loan, Anh hudng cua phirong phap giang day tdi kynangtu hoc cua SV, Tap chflamly hgc, so 3 (120), 3-2009.
[4] NguyinThlHuong, NghiencOliveviecphattnen tinhtuhoccho SV nam thi} nhat CLiatnrimg Dai hoc Kinhte qudc dan bang hoat dong viet Porfolio, Luan van Tbac sy, WcmgDai hocNgoai ngiJ,Dai hoc Oudc gia Ha Npi, 2006.
[5],TSDirongHjyCan,Vaitrd boi di/dng nang lucti/
hoc cho SV ctia giang vien trong to chde day hoc. Tap chf giao due so 298, ky 2-11,2012.
[6], Mindy Pasternak va Elisaveta Wrangell, Well Read 1,2,3,4, NXB Oxford, 2008,
[7], Scharle, A va Szabu, A Learner autonomy:
A guide to developing leamer responsibility. NXB Cambridge, 2000.
[8], Chun, Eunjin; Choi, Sungmook; Kim, Junsoo. The eflkt of extensive reading and paired-assodate learning on long-tem voabulary retention. An event-related potential, NeurasdenceLetters,Voli21(2),pp.125-129,2012,
[9], RammRahmany; Abbas Alii Z3rei;SohailaGilak, The effect of extensive reading on Iranian EFL leamers's motivation for speaking. Journal of Language Teadiing and Research, Vol,4 (6), p 1238(9), Nov 2013.
[10], Holec, H. Autonomy in Foreign Language Learning, NXB Oxford,1981.
[11]. Jane Willis, A Framwork for Task-based Learning, NXB Longman,1996.
[12], Little, D Leamer Autonomy. 1: Definitions, Issues and Problems. Dublin: Authentik, 1991.
NGHIEN ClJU VETl/THE NGOI TRONG KHUNG CANH...
Vietnamese people age group under 20 or above 20 are in favour of closing their legs tightly and vertically to the ground, whereas the Anglicist of all age groups {except for age group under 20) tend to open their feet with toes pointing to the sides.
Last but not least, it is the author's hope that this study can raise people's awareness of cultural similarities and differences and help them to attain and maintain successful cross-cultural
communication. Also, this study is hoped to contribute to promote the mutual understanding between Vietnamese and Anglicist people as w/ell as provide readers with some useful information being necessary for their appropriate sitting behaviours in particular situation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1], Axtell. R.E. Gestures: The DO's and TABOOs of Body Language Amund the World. John Willey &
(Tiep theo trang 97) Sons, Inc, (1998)
[2]. Harrison, R,P. Nonverbal Communication - Handbook of Communication. Chicago, Rand MCNa!ly,(1973),
[3]. Horiden, S R et al. Cmss-Cultural Business Negotiations. America, Preager Publisher (1999)
[4]. Pease, A Signals, How to use body language for power, success and love. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, (1994).
[5]. Nguyen Quang Nonverbal Communication across Cultures. VNU Press (2001)
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