sir NGHICP VA TIT TUANG HO CHI MINH
CHU TKH HO CHI MINH VOfI VIEC THIET LAP NEN GlAO DUC DAN TOC, DAN CHU 6 VIET NAM
(1945-1946)
ThS PHAM NGUYEN PHl/OfNG Dgi hgc Bdch khoa Hd Ngi
N
en giao due d nude ta dudi thdi Phap thdng tri la nen giao due nd djch do thirc dan Phap chft ftuong va kiem soat. Trong tae pham Dong Duang (1923-1924), phan Chinh sach ngu dan, Nguyen Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh viet:"Tnrdng hgc lap ra khdng phai de giao due cho thanh nien An Nam mdt nen hpc van tdt dep va chan thirc, md mang tri tug va phat trien tu tudng eho hg, ma trai lai cang lam eho hg dan ddn them... Nd lam cho thanh thieu nien trd nen ngu ngde. Dieu gi ed the ren luyen dupe cho hpc sinh biet suy nghT, biet phan tich thi ngudi ta khdng day d nha tmdng. Van de nao cd lien quan den chinh tri, xa hdi va cd the lam cho ngudi ta tinh ngd deu bi bdp meo va xuyen tac di"'. Chinh vi vay, sau khi lanh dao nhan dan ta gianh dupe chinh quyen, lap nen nude Viet Nam Dan chft cdng hda, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da thiet lap mdt nen giao due mdi, nen giao due dan tde, dan chu eua nude Viet Nam dge lap.
Ve td chftc he thdng giao due, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh phan ra ba nganh hgc: giao due binh dan hpc vu, giao due phd thdng, giao due dai hgc va mdi nganh dupe chi dao xay dung theo mdt phuong phap thich hgp.
Trong phien hpp dau tien cfta Hdi ddng Chinh phft lam thdi tai Thu dd Ha Ndi, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh ndi: ''Van de thu hai, nan ddt - La mdt trong nhung phuong phap ddc ac ma bpn thuc dan dftng de eai tri chung ta.
Hon chin muai phan tram ddng bao chung ta mft cho. Nhung chi can ba thang la du de hpc dge, hpc viet tieng nude ta theo van qudc ngu. Mdt dan tdc ddt la mdt dan tdc yeu. Vi vay tdi de nghj md mdt chien dich de chdng nan mil chft"'.
De thuc hien nhiem vu "chdng nan mft chu" do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh de ra, ngay 8-9-1945, Chinh phu ban hanh 3 sac lenh ve giao due: Sac lenh sd 17/SL thanh lap Nha Binh dan hpc vu true thudc Bd Qudc gia Giao due; Sac lenh sd 19/SL quy dinh td chftc cac ldp hgc budi tdi cho ndng dan va thg thuyen; Sac lenh sd 20/SL quy dinh viec bat budc hgc chft qudc ngu trong toan qudc, khdng mat tien. Dieu 2, Sac lenh sd 20/SL ghi rd: "Han trong mdt nam, toan the dan chung Viet Nam tren tam tudi phai biet dpc va bidt viet chft qudc ngft. Qua han dd, mdt ngudi dan Viet Nam nao tren tam tudi ma khdng biet dpc va biet viet chu qudc ngft se bj phat tien"'.
TAPCHfLICHSUfOANG4 2013
Ngay 4-10-1945, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh ra Ldi keu gpi toan the qudc dan tham gia chdng nan that hpc.
''Quoc ddn Vict Nam!
Khi xua Phap cai tri nude la, chung thi hanh chinh sach ngu dan. Chung ban che md trudng hgc, chung khdng mudn cho dan ta biet cho de de lua ddi dan ta, bdc Ipt dan ta. Sd ngudi Viet Nam that hpc so vdi sd ngudi trong nude la 95 phan tram, nghTa la hau het ngudi Viet Nam deu mil chu. Nhu the thi tien bd lam sao dupe? Nay chung ta da gianh dupe quyen dde lap. Mpt trong nhung cdng vigc phai thuc hien cap tdc trong luc nay, la nang cao dan tri. Chinh phu da ra han trong mgt nam, tat ca mpi ngudi Viet Nam deu phai biet chft qude ngu... NhOng ngudi chua biet ehu hay gang sue ma hpc cho biet di. Vp chua biet thi chdng bao, em chua biet thi anh bao, cha me khdng bidt thi con bao, ngudi an ngudi lam khdng bidt thi chft nha bao, cac ngudi giau cd thi md ldp hpc d tu gia day cho nhung ngudi khdng biet cho d hang xdm lang gieng, cac chu ap, ehu ddn dien, chft ham md, nha may thi md ldp hpc cho nhftng ta dien, nhung ngudi lam cua minh..."''.
De chdng nan mft chO, phong trao hgc tap - phong trao Binh dan hgc vu, lan rdng trong ca nude, manh me nhat la d ddng bSng Bac Bd. Chi sau hon mdt nam, ca nude da
"md dupe 75.805 ldp hpc, cd 97.644 ngudi tham gia day hpc va ban 2,5 trieu hpc vien da biet dpc, biet viet"^ Trong sudt thdi ky 1947-1954, phong trao Binh dan hpe vu phat tnen manh: tang sd ldp hgc, ngudi hpe va nhung ngudi da dpc thdng vi8t thao thi tiep tuc hpc Ien, hpc Iam tinh, hgc khoa hpc thudng thuc,v.v.
Ddi vdi nganh hpc phd thdng, Hd Chi Minh chft truang tidp thu tat ca cac co scr trudng ldp da cd, md mang them nhung CO sd mdi v^ ddng loat khai giang vao diu thdng 9-1945, cd thd chenh Ignh nhau vai ngiy do s\r chu4n bi cua tung dia phuong. | Ddng thdi, Ngudi chi dao chuan bj chuoTig j trinh cai each he thdng giao due cii, h!mg budc phat trien giao due phd thdng thanh mgt nen giao due dai chftng.
Nhan ngay khai trudng dau tien cua nude Vigt Nam Dan chii cdng hda, Chft tich Hd Chi Minh gfti thu cho hgc sinh ca nude. Trong thu, Ngudi ty coi minh la mdt ngudi "anh ldn" de ndi chuyen vdi "cac em" - nhihig ngudi chu tuang lai cfta nude nha: "Tmdc day cha anh cae em, va mdi nam ngoai ca eac em nfta, da phai chju nhan mgt nen hpc van nd lg... Ngay nay cac em dupe cai may man ban eha anh la dugc hap thu mdt nen giao due cfta mdt nude ddc lap, mdt nen giao due nd se dao tao cac em nen nhung ngudi cdng dan hftu ich cho nude Viet Nam, mpt nen giao due lam phat trien hoan toan nhftng nang luc sin cd cua cac em"^. Bftc thu cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh cd sue cd vft ldn, thuc tinh ddi vdi the he tre, ddng thdi ham chua nhftng tu tudng sau sac cua Ngudi ve viec xay dung mdt nen giao due hien dai.
Ngay 10-10-1945, Chft tjch Hd Chi Minh da ky Sic lenh sd 44/SL thanh lap Hgi dong cd van hgc chinh. Hgi ddng nay do luat sir Vu Dinh Hde (Bd trudng Bd Qudc gia Giio due) lam Chu tjch, gdm khoang 30 thanh vien la nhftng ngudi cd kien thftc va hieu biet ve giao due, giftp Bd Qudc gia Giao due ITnh hdi va cu the hda nhung tu tudng chi dao cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh v^ nen giao due cua dat nucrc nhu hoaeh dinh cdng
44
sir NGHllPVA TUTUdNG Hd CHi MINHI
vigc, td chftc trudng ldp, xay dung chuong trinh,... Hpi ddng cd van hpe chinh da thao luan nhihig du an cfta Bp trudng Qude gia Giao due, hoac du an eac tieu ban ve giao due dai hpc, trung hpc, tieu hgc, chuyen nghiep, binh dan hpc vy, va khan truong nghien cuu chuang trinh cai each giao due.
Theo sy chi dao cua Chft tich Hd Chi Minh, Bd Qude gia Giao due da tich cue thirc hien ke hoach khai giang cac trudng phd thdng trong ca nude vao thang 9-1945 Ket qua, d Bac Bg va Trung Bd, trong nam hgc 1945-1946, da md dugc 5.654 trudng tieu hpc vdi 206.784 hgc sinh, 25 trudng tmng hgc vdi 7.514 hge sinh . Trudng trung hgc phd thdng d tinh ly Hai Duang va Thai Nguyen la hai trudng dupe thanh lap ngay 11-11-1946 theo Nghi dinh 553/NDva 554/
ND cfta Bd Qudc gia Giap due. Ci Nam Bd, viec khai giang eac trudng phd thdng khdng theo dupe ke hoach, do tinh hinh cd chien su bdi quan dpi Phap gay ban.
Td chftc khai giang ddng loat cac trudng phd thdng vao thang 9-1945 la mdt cugc bien ddi ldn lao ve giao due phd thdng, xda bd nen giao due thuc dan, thay vao dd nen giao due dan tgc, dan chu, de sau do nganh giao due phd thdng budc vao bdi canh quyet liet cfta cudc khang chien (1947-1954), vupt len nhung trd ngai do chien tranh, trd thanh nganh hpc cd vi tri chft dao cua nen giao due khang chien va kien qudc.
Cac phien hgp ngay 22-9,4-10,8-10,8-11 nam 1945 cfta Hdi ddng Chinh phft da lien tiep ban dinh vigc tiep thu ea sd cfta Dai bpc Ddng Duong, ke thfta va cai td eac trudng dai hpc va cao dang cu, thanh lap them mpt sd trudng mdi, ban dinh viec lya chgn, bd nhigm giam ddc, giao su, giang vien va viec
dftng tieng Viet de giang day ngay tix nien khda 1945-1946.
Ngay 10-10-1945, Chft tjch Hd Chi Minh ky sic lenh sd 43/SL ve viec thidt lap Quy tu tri trong cac trudng dai hgc, quy nay dugc Chinh phu trg cap hang nam va cd the nhan su giup do cua cae nha hao tam, va Sac lenh sd 45/SL thanh lap Ban dai hpc Van khoa Ha Ndi.
Theo chft truang eua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh va Hdi ddng Chinh phu, Bd Qudc gia Giao dye da quyet nghi ngay 15-11-1945 la ngay khai giang cac trudng dai hgc trong ca nude. Cac trudng: Dai hgc Y khoa, Dugc khoa, Nha khoa, Cao dang Khoa hgc. My thuat, Canh ndng, Thu y da cd ca sd cft se ddn sinh vien trd lai trudng hgc, tiep nhan su dao tao, ren luyen cua nha trudng theo nhimg yeu cau mdi cfta dat nude. Trudng Dai hpc Van khoa (Ban dai hgc Van khoa mdi thanh lap) do dng Dang Thai Mai lam giam ddc, cd cac khoa: Triet hgc, Viet hgc, Han hgc, Su ky, Dia du. Chinh phft cftng quyet dinh md ldp Cao dang Chinh tri - Xa hgi dat tai Trudng Dai hgc Van khoa trong khi chua cai td dupe Trudng Dai hgc Luat khoa cu. Ngoai cac nha luat hgc, triet hgc, sft hpc, van hgc, Bg Qudc gia Giao due cdn mdi cac nha boat ddng chinh tri den giang tai Trudng Dai hpc Van khoa va ldp Cao dang Chinh tri - Xa hdi, trong do cd Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va ddng chi Pham Van Ddng giang ve Hien phap, ddng ehi Vd Nguyen Giap giang ve kinh te.
Dung ngay 15-11-1945, le khai giang khda hpe dau tien ciia Trudng Dai hpc Qudc gia Viet Nam dudi chd dp dan chu cdng hda da dugc td chftc tai ea sd trudng Dai hgc Ddng Duong, sd 19 Le Thanh
TAPCHi LICH SllrDANG4-2013
Tdng, Ha Ngi. Chft tjch Hd Chi Minh chu tga budi le. Giam ddc Dai hpe vy Nguyen Van Huyen d5 dpc dien v5n khai m^c, cd doan: "Budi le hdm nay, anh em giao su va sinh vien chiing tdi mudn la mgt dip de td cho the gidi biet rang trong gid phut nghiem trpng cua tien dd Td qude Iftc nay, dan tpc Vigt Nam, ngoai cdng cugc dau tranh bang xuang mau tren chien dia cung nd lye tham gia vao cdng cugc tien trien v5n hda eua nhan loai. Chung tdi mudn rang nen Dai hge mdi nay la mdt luc lugng manh trong nhftng luc lupng chien dau cfta dan tgc Viet Nam. Chftng tdi mudn nd la mdt thanh luy de trudng ky khang chien, phuc hdi hoan toan lanh thd va giai phdng tinh than cho dan tgc chftng tdi la mpt dan tdc van hien cd ngoai nghin nam Heh su ddc lap va da ty gay dyng nen dupe mdt nen van minh dae sac tren ven be Thai Binh Duong nay"**.
Trong nam hpc 1945-1946, cac trudng dai hge da tiep nhan dao tao 1.149 sinh vien chinh thuc, 270 sinh vien dy thinh.
Khi cudc khang chien ehdng Phap bftng nd, cac trudng dai hpc va cao dang da tft thanh phd chuyen ra vung ty do va len chien khu tiep tue nhiem vu dao tao nhan lye phuc vu cho khang chien, kien qudc.
Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve phat trien nen giao due mdi den nay van cdn nguyen gia tri, dupe the hien qua cac khia canh ca ban sau:
Thir nhdt. phdi ddm bdo muc dich cao nhdt cda gido due, ddo tgo Id nhdm ndng cao ddn tri. Trong Ldi keu ggi toan dan tham gia chien dich chdng nan that hpc, Hd Chu tich da chi rd: "Qudc dan Viet Nam! Mudn gift vung nen ddc lap, Mudn lam cho dan manh nude giau, Mpi ngudi Viet Nam phai hidu biet quyen Igi cfta minh, bdn phan eua minh,
phai cd kidn thftc mdi de cd the tham gia vao edng cupc xay dung nuoc nha"'. Chia khda dd ban than ngudi dan nhan thftc dMqz chft quyen nhan dan, cung nhu bdn phan cdng dan ciia minh chinh la "dan tri". Dan tri cdn la thft vft khi dac bigt de bao ve ddc lap, nang cao vj the cua ngudi dan va qu5j gia tren trudng qudc te. Do do, vigc xac dinh trung myc dich cua giao dye de cd nhftng hoach djnh phft hop la cdng vigc tien quyet Tu tudng ldn nay cfta Hd Chi Minh da dugc Dang nhan thuc trong qua trinh lanh dao cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nude: "Muc tieu ciia giao due va dao tao nham nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan lye, bdi dudng nhan tai"'".
Thu hai, phdi tgo lap, giir gin duac ban sdc cua gido due Viet Nam. Ngay trong ngay tyu trudng dau tien cfta hgc sinh ca nude (9- 1945), trong thu gfti hpc sinh, Chft tich Ho Chi Minh da dua ra khai niem "mgt nen giao due hoan toan Viet Nam". La mgt pham tru rdng, ban sac giao due the hien trong hau het cac ITnh vye tu each thftc, npi dung, vi die, cho den y thue cfta tung thanh vien ftoi^
nen giao due. Dan tdc Viet Nam, vdi tmyen thdng giao due dugc bdi dap qua hang nghin nam dyng nude va gift nude la mdt nen giao due cd ban sac: xem trgng vi tri cfta giao dye, ciia khoa eft, eua ngudi thay, ngudi hpc bam hieu biet, ed td chat, sang tao, thich ftng tdt,... Chung ta dung nude va gift nude ve vang, thoat ly dupe nen giao dye "nd djch"
cung la nhd cac td chat ban sac dd.
Thir ba. phdi nhgn thirc duac luc lugng chinh de phdt trien gido due Viet Nam la bdn thdn con ngudi Viet Nam, hinh thuc gido due quan trgng Id tu gido due. Trong thdi ky khang chidn, kiSn qudc, dan tgc, ni6i ngudi dan, mdi ldp ngudi Viet Nam da tiing
su NGHIEP VA TUTUdNG Hd CHf MINH
cung nhau san se, ganh vac trach nhigm xay dyng mdt nen giao dye di len tft gian khd, xSy dung mdt nen giao dye dan tpc, dan chft. Trong giai doan hign nay, tinh than ty lye, ty eudng, phat huy npi luc, sue manh dan tpe ay van ludn la dieu kien quan trgng de dat nude ta tien den nhiing myc tieu to ldn, "hinh thanh dpi ngft lao ddng cd tri thuc va tay nghe, cd nang lye thyc hanh, ty chft, nang ddng va sang tao"".
Thir tu, phdi xdy dung mgt nen gido due todn diin. Nen giao due toan dign la mdt nen giao dye cd ddi tupng dupe giao due, phuang phap giao due toan dien va ITnh vuc giao dye toan dign. Ngay tft nhirng ngay dau xay dyng nen giao due dan tdc, dan chft, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da chft trpng den ca ba nganh hpc vdi hau het mpi ddi tugng can dupe dao tao cfta nude nha giai doan lieh su dd. Ben canh dd, viec quyet dinh thanh I3p Trudng Dai hpe Van khoa Ha Ndi va chinh Ngudi cung tham gia giang day cho thay rang, Ngudi khdng chi danh gia rat cao vi tri eua nen khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van ddi vdi sy nghiep giao dye nhan each va su nghiep phat trien dat nude ma edn chft tam diu dat va ky vgng rat nhieu vao nganh khoa hgc nay. Do dd, "Phat trien ddng bd khoa hgc xa hdi, khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hpc ky thuat... Chft trpng cae van de thudc khoa hgc nhan van"'^ la mdt trong nhirng dinh hudng "gdp phan giai quyet nhOng van de cap bach ve kinh td va xa hdi"'^ ma Dang da de ra trong nhiJng nam gan day.
Trong bdi canh Dang va nhan ta day manh toan dign su nghiep ddi mdi, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nude, tieh cue va chft dgng hdi nhap qudc td hien nay, cftng vdi thyc trang giao dye - dao tao thdi gian
qua, vigc phat trien nen giao due Viet Nam dap ung yeu cau, nhigm vu tren cfta dat nude la mdt nhu cau khach quan. Cftng vdi khoa hgc va cdng nghg, gido due vh dao tao dugc Dang xac djnh la "qudc sdeh hdng ddu"
Nhan thftc va ehii truong quan trpng dd xuat phat tft nen tang tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve tam quan trgng eua giao due, cfta nhftng bai hpc, kinh nghiem thyc sy quy bau tft tu tudng ve xay dyng nen giao due dan tdc, dan chft cfta Chft tich Hd Chi Minh vT dai.
1. Ho Chi Minh Toan tap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2000, T.l,tr.399-400
2. 4, 6, 9. Sdd, T. 4, tr.8, 36-37, 32, 36 3. Theo Viet Nam Quoc ddn bdo, 9-1945, tr. 7-8 5, 7. Le Mau Han (chu bien): Dgi cuang Lichsu VietNam,'^-nhGmodue, H, 1999, T.3, tr.31-32
8. Nguyen Van Huyen Todn tdp, Nxb CTQG, H, 2005, T.3, tr.l2
10, 11, 12, 13. Dang Cong san Viet Nam; Vdn kien Ddng th&i ky ddi m&i, Nxb CTQG, H, 2005, tr.287, 287, 373, 374.
