NGHIEN ciiu-TRAO DOI
(Tiep theo so 12/2011)
• ThS. LE CONG HOI
TCty Tai chinh CP D i u khi Viet Nam (PVFC)
ThS. LE MAI TRANG
Tnfdng Dai hoc ThtToTng mai
DN XK cua Viet Nam c i n phai lam gi?
Cdc DN d Viet Nam phdi tim each thich nghi de ifng phd vdi tinh hinh qudc te dang cd nhidu bie'n dgng vd nhifng thach thifc chii yeu nhU da dd cap d tren.
Didu ndy dac biet quan trgng neu Viet Nam mudn dat difdc vi the hang ddu it nhdt Id de'i vdi mdt vai sdn pham XK. Vdi sif gia tang cac ludng ddu tU trifc tiep nifdc ngdai cimg vdi qud trinh cai each dang dUdc thiic day nhanh chdng d khu vUe DNNN va sif ndi len eua cac DN tU nhan, boat dgng kinh ddanh d Viet Nam thudng xuyen co sd bie'n ddi.
- Cdi tien chdt lilcing sdn pham vd thiet ke. Cho den nay, ddi vdi nhi^u nganh hang, chien Iifdc chu yeu ciia Viet Nam van Id chuyen ve tieu chuan hea vd s a n xua't h a n g loat. Ddi vdi nhifng sdn pham ndy, gia ca Id tieu ehuan lifa chgn chinh tren thi tnfdng va viec gidm gid la chien Iifdc duy n h a t md cdc DN sif dung lam cdng cu de canh tranh tren thi tnfdng, ndi md sif c a n h tranh qudc te rat m a n h me. Tuy nhien, nhieu sdn pham cd the difdc p h a n biet bdi chat lifdng
(khdng chi lien quan de'n nhifng n h a n td khdch quan nhif dd tin eay va dich vu sau bdn bang ma cdn ce nhifng tieu chuan mang tinh chii quan nhif thiet ke va tieng tam) va dieu nay lam tang sif lifa chgn che cae DN de'i vdi nhifng linh vifc hg mong mudn canh tranh. Mgt ti le ve chat Ihdng - gia ed hdp ly ed the difdc tim tha'y d nhifng khu vife thi tnfdng c6 binh dien t h a p va cad. Trdng khi cac DN d nhifng nUde phat trien ed xu hifdng theo dudi muc tieu vd gia cao, chat lifdng tdt tai mgt sd khu vifc (d khu vUc dd, viec trd lUdng Cling phdi cae), thi cae DN d cdc nUde dang phat trien lai thudng phdi Iiia chgn khu vifc gia cd t h a p , chdt Ihdng t h a p vd trd lifdng cung t h a p . Cdc DN ciia Viet Nam cdn phdi Cling cd hdn nifa sif chuyen mdn hdd ciia minh. Tuy nhien.
viec chuyen mon hea cung phu thugc vao nhidu yeu to nhif ddu tif mdt cdcb thich hdp vao chdt lifdng nguyen lieu the, ky thuat
sdn xuat. cd sd ha tdng. quan ly hieu qua va nguen nhan life.
- Thich iing tieu chudn cua Viet Nam vdi tieu chudn qudc te vd gidm thieu nhiing thdch thdc dnh hiidng den chdt liiOng cua hdng hoa XK. Chat lifdng khdng dap ifng difdc yeu cdu phan Idn la dd thieu tieu chuan chat lifdng va khong cd cac cd quan chifc nang thiic hien viec kiem tra.
Cdn phdi ce phifdng thifc phii hdp de thich nghi hoa tieu chuan cua Viet Nam phii hdp vdi tieu chuan qudc te. Didu nay dac biet quan trgng del vdi eae sdn pham ndng sdn va thuy sdn la nhifng sdn pham ma thi trUdng the gidi dp dung nhifng quy dinh rat khdt khe v6 an toan va ve sinh thifc pham ciing nhif ngudn gd'e xuat xif. De thifc bien difdc viec nay, cac nha che bie'n va sdn xua't cdn phdi nang cao kha nang qudn ly chdt lifdng thdng qua day chuyen ddng tin eay tif viec canh tac/nuoi trdng va thu h o a c h / d a n h bdt de'n van chuyen va che bie'n. Viec-
THUUHG MAI So 13/2011 I 1 3
NGHIEN Clio-TRAO DOI
C ^ nang cao chat lifdng vd tieu chudn hoa cung can thiet ddi vdi san pham cdng nghiep.
Cdc hang sdn xua't cdn thifc hien theo quy trinh qudn ly chat lifdng (ISO).
- Xdy diing thddng hieu. Nang cao khd nang n h a n thifc ve tam quan trgng cua n h a n mac va sd' Iddng n h a n hieu thhdng mai cua sdn pham dddc XK la didu het sifc cdn thiet. Chdng han nhU ed khddng 90%) sdn pham ndng san cua Viet Nam difdc XK sang thi trUdng nifdc ngddi nhUng khdng e6 n h a n mdc, didu ndy c6 nghia la n e n kinh te Viet Nam hang n a m mat dl hang tram trieu ddla. Nguyen n h a n chinh la dd cae DN XK khdng cd du thdng tin vd thi tnfdng XK, khdng n h a n thifc dimg v6 tdm quan trgng cua n h a n mdc thUdng mai va kheng hieu rd quy trinh va chi phi ve dang ky thifdng hieu, ten tudi va n h a n mac.
- Ddu tu ndng cap cd sd hg tdng, khoa hgc & cdng nghe. Mgt he thdng cd sd ha tdng k e m hieu qud chinh la mdt trd ngai nghiem trgng che XK cua Viet Nam. Vi du nhif dd'l vdi nganh thuy sdn vd n6ng nghiep, hien ed nhu cdu vd ddu tU vdd cdc khau sau khi thu heach va vae linh viic che bie'n. Chang b a n n h d van dd Idn hien nay la trang thiet bi cua khd glCf lanh hoac giii am cdn ngheo ndn.
Didu can ntfa la ddu td vao cdc may mdc hien dai vd c6ng nghe mdi de cai thien sdn Ihdng va chat Iddng sdn pham ddng thdi lam tang gid tri gia tang. Chang b a n nhif nghien cifu vd linh vUe sdn pham lUdng thifc ce the cdi tien chat lifdng va dd xua't ra nhuTng ky thuat san xua't ce hieu qud hdn.
- Nhan thdc dddc tdm quan
1 4 ! THUUHG MAI So 13/2011
Than da - mot trong nhOng m$t hang XK ciia ViSt Nam. Anh: S. T
trgng vd phdt trien hdp ly ngdnh cong nghiep phu trd: Muc tieu eiia nhifng nganh hd trd Id lam tang sifc canh tranh cua sdn pham, tang gid tri gia tang cua sdn pham treng chudi gid tri gia tang. Mac du nhdng nganh hd trd dang bdt ddu trien khai d Viet Nam, nhifng sd lifdng cdn it.
sdn xua't m a n h miin, nhd le.
Theo sd lieu tif Bd Cdng Thifdng, hien Viet Nam ed tdi 50 DN Idp rdp 6 td nhUng ehi ed t r e n 60 DN cung cap linh kien, qud thap sd vdi 385 DN d Malayxia va 2500 DN d Thai Lan (Le Mai Trang - Tran Viet Thae (2010)).
Hay nhu ddi vdi nganh det may, d cdc nUdc cd ngdnh det may phdt trien, sd' lifdng DN cdng nghe he trd len de'n hdng chuc nghin DN, cdn d Viet Nam (2005) mdi chi ed khddng 850 DN phu trd va bdn phu trd. Dd vay mac du n a m 2008 ngdnh det may dat kim ngach XK tren 9,2 ty USD nhifng tdi 70% trong de Id gia cdng cho nUde ngodi (Vu Thi Thanh Huyen - Le Mai Trang (2010)).
- Cdi thien viec tiep can thdng tin. Thong tin cap n h a t vd phii
hdp thifc sU thiet yeu dd'l vdi sif sdng cdn d nhiJng thi tnfdng canh t r a n h m a n h me. NhiJng n h a s a n xua't, che bie'n va XK cdn thdng tin ve thi tnfdng qudc te n h h mau ma, xu hifdng san xua't (vi du n h d xu hifdng vd ngudn nguyen Heu, mau sdc va kieu ddng), tieu dung, thi trUdng, nhiJng dae tnfng, tiep c a n thi tnfdng (cae hdng rao thue quan va phi thue quan), k e n h p h a n phd'l, kho bai, dong goi vd n h a n mac, gid ed va trien vgng vd thi tnfdng. Neu tap trung difde nhifng thdng tin cap n h a t vd cung cap chd cdc cdng ty se he trd cho hg rat nhieu trong kinh doanh.
- Ddm bdo tiep ccln ngudn nguyen lieu tho. d mgt sd nganh hang, cung cap nguyen lieu thd vd nguyen Heu trung gian cho san xua't trong nifdc khdng dap ifng difdc nhu edu ddn de'n chi phi cho sdn xua't tang (thue NK va chi phi cho van chuyen cao) vd ddi khi Idm gidn ddan boat dgng san xuat vi ngudn cung tif nifdc ngddi khdng dn dinh. De dam bao viec cung cap cho cac ngdnh che bie'n, cdn cd ke
hoach cu the n h d m tao ra va phat trien ngudn nguyen lieu thd dn dinh. Dd'l vdi san pham ngu nghiep, da cd ke hoach ve ddu txf vac nghd nuoi trdng thuy san.
Ddi vdi san pham thu cdng my nghe, ndi that va che tao sdn pham tif gd, chUdng trinh trdng cay gay rifng khong ehi dam bdo mdt ngudn nguyen Heu thd en dinh vdi ehi phi thap md cdn cdi thien difde didu kien sinh thdi, nang eae sifc khde cdng ddng, gidm thien tai vd tae them thu nhap cho ngUdl nong dan.
- Thiet lap quan he hdp tdc chat che vd linh hoat gida cdc ben hdu quan vd cung cd vai trd cua cdc hiep hgi kinh doanh. Chinh phu, hiep hgi ngdnh hang va DN phdi eiing lam viec nhdm gidi quyet nhiJng van dd dang cd thach thifc xay ra va eiing ed' sifc canh tranh cua Viet Nam. Dieu quan trgng la tat ed cac ben treng mgt nganh cu the nhU nhifng ngUdi ndng dan, nha che bie'n va ede nha XK cdn boat dgng gdn ket ciing nhau va cting do mgt Bg va hiep hdi ngdnh hdng didu phdi. Dd dd, vai trd ciia hiep hgi ed the ciing dddc nang len khi ma heat ddng eua nd la de phuc vu rihifng quyfen ldi chung ciia cac thanh vien, hdn the, hiep hgi cdn cd vai trd ddu mdi, thay mat cho nganh de trinh nhifng mong mudn, nhiJng dd xua't va khuyen nghi len chinh phu hay eac cap cd tham quyfin lien quan de'n chinh sdch vd thife hien eac quy dinh phap luat.
- Tim hid ddu til nildc ngodi.
Sif canh tranh giifa cac nifde dang phdt trien nhdm thu hut ddu tif tnic tiep nifdc ngddi (FDI) rat khde Het, vi du nhif ddu tif - binh thifc lien doanh hoSc 100%) DN vdn nifde ngddi - dang ngdy mdt tang vd difde nhin nhan nhif
mdt cdng cu chii yeu chd phat trien kinh te, tiem nang kinh te va la dau hieu hdng thinh cua tdan bd ndn kinh te qudc gia.
FDI la mgt hinh thifc co hieu qud nhdm nang cap cdng nghe sdn xuat, ky nang qudn ly va chuyen glad bi quye't treng kinh ddanh vdi nhifng tdc dgng lan tod khdng chi ddn thudn ben treng khudn khd cdc DN nifdc ngodi niJa. Ben canh dd. FDI ed xu hifdng kich thich hgi n h a p kinh te va mang de'n phifdng thife tiep can cung vdi cdc kenh p h a n phdi va marketing toan cdu, dae biet khi ddu tU hifdng vdd XK va Cty muc tieu ndm treng he thd'ng sdn xuat thd'ng nha't cua Cty ddu tU. Mae du Viet Nam da rdt thanh cdng trdng viec thu hut ddu tU FDI va ddu tu lal chii yeu vao chdt lifdng va chi phi cho cdc ngudn nhan life, nhUng Viet Nam cdn phdi khdc phuc nhifng han che cd' hifu neu mudn trd thanh mdt dia diem hap dan, thu hut ddu tU can. D6 la viec thieu sif minh bach va tinh nha't qudn ve khung chinh sach va phap ly. vi du nhu nhifng van de lien quan de'n thue, nhifng trd ngai ddi vdi ddu th, mdi tnfdng kinh ddanh chung, eae thii tuc cdn cdng kenh. nan quan lieu va hdi 16.
- Ddu tu vdo con ngiidi. R6 rang, life lifdng lad dgng ddi ddo, ed ky luat va ed chat lifdng ciia Viet Nam la mgt tai sdn quan trgng va qui gia nhat. Tuy nhien.
do life lifdng lao dgng thieu di nhifng nang liJc vd mat ky thuat nen da cdn trd nhidu sifc canh tranh todn dien. Chdng ban nhu, hdu het tat ed nhifng nha may che bie'n thuy san d Viet Nam hien nay dang cdn nhifng cdng n h a n difdc ddd tad va ce tay nghd vdi khd nang vd ky
NGHllNCUlU-TRAO DOI
thuat vd nhifng kien thife vd ve sinh, an lean thifc pham... de ddp uTng dddc cae tieu chuan qud'c te. Treng tifdng lai. ngudn cung thiet yeu vd ngudn nhdn Idc difde dad tad. dac biet la tdng idp ky sif va thd cd khi Id thdc sif cdn thiet dd'l vdi sif phdt trien cua bat ky nganh nde •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bd Cdng ThUdng (2010). Bdo cdo tdm tdt tinh hinh thiic hien ke hoach ndm 2010 vd ke hoach nam 2011 cua ngdnh Cdng Thiidng.
Bd Cdng Thifdng, Trang thong tin dien tif Bg Cong ThUdng.
Tdng cue Thd'ng ke. Sd lieu thdng ke. Trang thdng tin dien tif Tdng cue Thd'ng ke;
TdVifif hdp Kinh te 2009-2010:
Viet Nam vd The gidi (2010) - Thdi bad kinh te Viet Nam
PGS.TS. Ngo Kim Thanh (2009). Tdi cd cdu DN Nhd nildc - gidi phdp phdt trien hen viing.
Tap chi Klnb te va dif bdd, sd 21.
Jdnatban Pincus (2009),Viet- nam Sustaining Growth in Diffi- cult Times. ASEAN Eeondmie Bulettin.Vol 26,No 1.
Le Mai Trang - Tran Viet Thao (2010), Actual situation and Solutions oj Restructuring Viet- nam's Industry sector. Tap chi Thifdng Mai, sd 17.
Vu Thi T h a n h Huyen - Le Mai Trang (2010), Restructur- ing the sector and Vietnam's garment enterprises - Issues and Solutions. Ky yeu hgi thde khda bgc qud'c te "Tai cau tnic nganh va cac DN cdng thifdng trdng giai ddan hau khiing hodng tai chinh toan cdu" (884- 891), Nhd xuat bdn thdng ke.
TKriOHGMf I So 13/2011 I 1 5
