NGHIEN COU-TRAO DOI
• TS. NGUYEN TH| NGUYEN HONG Trtfdng DH Thtfofng mai
^ B H i e t N a m trd t h a n h
^Lg tharrh vien c h i n h thQc W thQ 150 c u a Td chQc ThQdng m a i t h e gidi (WTO) d d n g nghia vdi viec bQdc c h a n v a o mdt s a n chdi Idn, thu h u t nhQng ngudn Irfc mdi, t a o t h u a n Idi cho p h a t t r i e n d a t nQdc n h a n h va b e n vQng. Trong dd, chu t h e cua qua trinh hdi n h a p c h i n h la c a c DN - ndi trQc tie'p s a n x u a t r a s a n p h a m h a n g h o a , dich vu, dQdng ddu trQc d i e n vdi h a n g hoa va dich vu nQdc ngoai trong cudc c a n h t r a n h n g a y c a n g gay gat. Gia n h a p WTO d a m d r a m d t giai d o a n m d i cho Viet Nam, giai d o a n p h a t t r i e n trong bd'i c a n h hdi n h a p s a u va t o a n didn vao n d n k i n h t e t h e gidi dang bie'n ddi n h a n h chdng, dQa lai nhQng cd hdi va t h a c h thQc ldn cho t a t ca c a c linh vQc, trong dd cd du lich.
Thdi gian qua, Viet N a m d a cd nhQng c a m k e t cu t h e vd rrhQng nghia vu chung; dd'i xQ td'i hue qud'c, dd'i xQ qud'c gia, m i n h b a c h va tie'p c a n thi trQdng dd'i vdi ca 4 phQdng thQc cung c a p dich vu: qua b i e n gidi, tieu d u n g d nQdc ngoai, h i e n d i e n thQdng mai va h i e n dien t h e n h a n trong cdc Iinh vQc du lich. DQa t r e n cac chi tidu d a n h gia k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h ciia n g a n h Du lich do Hdi d d n g Du lich va LQ h a n h The gidi WTTC (World Travel a n d Tourism Council) dQa ra: gia dich vu, cd sd h a t a n g , n g u d n n h a n iQc du lich, n g u d n n h a n Irfc qud'c
gia, tie'n bd c d n g n g h e , t i n h m d ciia n g a n h , m d i trQdng v a chi tieu vd p h a t t r i e n xa hdi, thi tirrh c a n h t r a n h c u a du lich Viet N a m t h u d c loai td't t r o n g k h u vQc Ddng N a m A, nhrfng Iai k d m h d n c a c qud'c gia c d n Iai t r d n m p i phQdng d i e n k h a c . Tuy n h i e n , Du lich Viet N a m cd ldi t h e ve t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i d n , cd t h i trQdng n d i d i a r d n g . Viet N a m d a n g cd cd hdi Iam sd'ng Iai t h i trQdng du lich qud'c t e b a n g h i n h a n h m d t d i e m dd'n a n t o a n , h a p d d n va t h a n t h i e n .
Trong xu the hgi nhgp kinh te khu vUc vd the gidi ngdnh du lich ndi chung vd cdc DN du lich Viet Nam cd nhUng cd hdi sau:
- T a n g k h a n a n g m d rdng thi trQdng, m d rdng quan h e h d p tac.
Cd hdi d a u t i e n va rd nha't la srf t a n g trQdng m a n h m e ciia du k h a c h qud'c t e vao Viet Nam. Cac c a m kd't cho p h e p t h a n h l a p p h a p n h a n thrfc h i e n k i n h d o a n h dich vu dai Iy IQ h a n h , d a t chd trong k h a c h s a n cd a n h hQdng r a t Idn dd'i vdi c a c DN du lich IQ h a n h k h a i t h d c k h a c h du lich qud'c te' i n b o u n d . Ngoai viec gia t a n g vd so IQdng k h a c h , t h i trQdng k h a c h cung dQdc m d rdng.
Vao WTO, do d a c d i e m ciia t h i trQdng k h a c h du lich k h a c vdi thi trQdng h a n g h o a n e n du lich cd trnh ddc l a p cao trong c a n h trarrh t o a n cau, k h d n g bi p h u thudc vao thi trQdng My cung nhQ k h d n g bl arrh hQdng bdi c a c h i e p d i n h ve t h u e q u a n va thQdng m a i qud'c te nhQ h a n g h o d t h d n g thQdng.
- Dia vi b i n h d i n g vdl c a c t h a n h vidn k h a c t r o n g WTO s e t a o didu k i d n de giao thQdng
qudc t e , t h u a n ldi, k e o t h e o iQdng k h a c h qud'c te' (dac b i e t la k h a c h thQdng mai) t a n g . T h e o thd'ng kd c u a Tdng cue Du lich, IQdng k h a c h qud'c t e de'n vi m u c dich cdng vide h a n g n a m d a Ien tdi gdn 1 tridu IQdt. Nhieu d o a n k h a c h d a c h u y e n d i a d i e m td chQc du lich, h d i n g h i tQ c a c nQdc T h a i Lan, Malaysia s a n g Viet N a m vdi md'i q u a n t a m ve m d t t h i trQdng mdi.
- Tao n i d m tin, thu h u t ddu tQ nQdc ngoai v a o du lich de p h a t t r i e n h a t a n g , n a n g cao n a n g iQc p h u c vu k h a c h t r o n g v a ngoai nQdc, d a c b i e t la k h a c h MICE.
Theo Bd ke h o a c h va Ddu tQ, so dif a n vd du lich d a chie'm t r d n dQdi p h a n nQa c a c dif a n ddu tQ nQdc ngoai vao Viet Nam. Trong dd cd cac drf a n ddu tQ ldn nhQ D a n Kia - Sudi V a n g (Da Lat, Lam Ddng) vdl vd'n d a u tQ Ien tdi
1,2 ty USD, td h d p k h a c h s a n , c a n hd tai TP. HCM do H a n Qud'c ddu tQ cd so vdn 2 0 0 trieu USD,...
Viet Nam h i e n t a i cdn it k h a c h s a n cao c a p , quy md Idn de d d n k h a c h , srf k h d n g d d n g bd ve qui md vat c h a t tQ k h a c h s a n , n h a h a n g , k h u du lich, vui chdi,...
cung r a t h a n c h e , d a y c h i n h la hQdng m d cho srf h d p t a c .
- DN du lich V i e t N a m cd cd h d i tie'p t h u k i n h n g h i e m v a e a c h I a m du l i c h ciia c a c DN du lich t r d n t h e gidi, n a n g cao sQc e a n h t r a n h v a d a o t h a i DN ye'u k e m . Gia n h a p WTO c h i n h l a m d i trQdng d e c a c DN vQdn I e n trf h o a n t h i e n m i n h , n a n g cao h i e u q u a v a sQc c a n h t r a n h nd'u mud'n t d n t a i t r e n
t h i trQdng. ^ ^ THUONG MAI So 28/2010 1 2 7
NGHllN ctfu-TRAODOI
' Ddi m d i t o a n d i e n va d d n g bd n g a n h du lich, t a o m d i trQdng t h u a n Idi cho c a c DN du lich b o a t d d n g . Khi gia n h a p WTO, C h i n h phii VN d a c a m ke't x a y dQng t i n h c d n g k h a i , m i n h b a c h t r o n g c a c qui d i n h va c h i n h s a c h ciia m i n h . Didu n a y c u n g d a m b a o t a o m d i trQdng k i n h d o a n h t h u a n Idi va c d n g b a n g , t a o r a t i d n d e p h a t t r i e n cho c a c DN n d i c h u n g v a du lich n d i r i e n g .
Ddng thdi vdi nhUng cd hgi mang lai cho cdc DN du lich Viet Nam Id nhUng thdch thdc phdi ddi mat:
- SQc dp c a n h t r a n h gay gat.
Dd la Io Idng chung ciia nhieu DN IQ h a n h qude t e Viet Nam thdi ki h a u WTO. Dieu dd dQdc Ii giai b a n g rihidu n g u y e n n h a n . H a n g r a o b a o hd DN trong nQdc se d d n thu h e p Iai, srf c a n h t r a n h se trd n e n gay g i t h d n vdi sQ t h a m gia ciia cac DN nQdc ngoai marrh vd vd'n, t i n h chuyen n g h i e p cao, cd m a n g IQdi r d n g k h a p . Trong dd hieu qua va k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h ciia DN IQ h a n h nQdc t a c d n nhidu h a n c h e . Trong rrhQng n a m qua, cac DN IQ h a n h Viet Nam d a h o a t d d n g k i n h d o a n h trong didu k i e n cdc Cty nQdc ngoai k h d n g dQdc p h e p m d chi n h a n h h o a c t h a m gia trong Iinh vQc n a y vdi
100% vd'n, chi cd t h e b o a t d d n g dQdi d a n g lien d o a n h vdi DN Viet Nam t h e o ti Id vd'n d d n g gdp k h a b a n che; cd nghia la c a c DN IQ h a n h trong nQdc d a dQdc bdo hd bdi m d t h a n g r a o phi t h u e quan.
Tinh t h e n a y d a t h a y ddi, DN IQ h a n h qudc te' t r o n g nQdc d a n g p h a i dd'i m a t trQdc thrfc te la vao WTO t h i h a n g r a o b a o hd p h a i dQdc dd bd. Viet Nam p h d i thrfc h i e n c a m ke't t h e o Id t r i n h m d cQa thi trQdng dich vu IQ h a n h , trong dd cho p h e p cae Cty nQdc 2 8 1 THUONG MAI So 28/2010
ngoai dQdc k i n h d o a n h dQa k h a c h qud'c te de'n nQdc t a dQdi hirrh thQc ddu tQ 100% vd'n h o a c lien d o a n h vdi ti Id gdp vd'n l d n h d n trQdc.
Ngudn vd'n Idn, thQdng h i e u m a n h , cdng n g h e du lich cao, h e thd'ng td chQc c h u y e n n g h i d p , cd m a n g iQdl d a i Iy t o a n cdu v a k h a n a n g k h a i t h a c t h i trQdng cao, Iai d a n g n i m giQ IQdng k h a c h tQ ngudn, n e n cd k h a n a n g , c a c Cty nQdc n g o a i s e t a o n e n sQc d p c a n h t r a n h dd'i vdi DN t r o n g nQdc. T r o n g k h i dd n h i e u DN IQ h a n h t r o n g nQdc chQa cd sQ c h u a n bl ki iQdng cho hdi n h a p khi m a srf c a n h t r a n h d a n g d i d n r a quye't liet t r d n n h i e u m a t :
Thtf n h a t la c a n h t r a n h vd s a n p h a m . Cac DN nQdc ngoai cd n a n g Irfc s e chie'm Iinh v a b a n c a c chQdng t r i n h du lich l i e n h o a n cho du k h a c h C h a u Au, Chau My va t h a m q u a n Viet N a m chi la m d t d i e m de'n t r o n g tour di T h a i Lan, C a m p u c h i a , Lao, Malaysia. Hdn nQa, c a c DN nQdc ngoai s e ddu tQ k h a i t h a c ludn ca c a c d i e m de'n du lich chQ k h d n g chi d d n t h u d n Iam n h i e m vu dQa k h a c h du lich vao Viet Nam.
Thtf h a i , c a c DN nQdc ngoai thQdng t a n d u n g n a n g life t a i
c h i n h m a n h de dQa r a cac chQdng t r i n h khuye'n m a i n h d m l o a i bd n h Q n g dd'i t h u c a n h t r a n h k h d n g m a n h ve t a i chirrh, h o a c d u n g n h Q n g t h u d o a n tai c h i n h de giQ Iai gia tri gia tang n g o a i l a n h t h d Viet Nam (phQdng p h a p c h u y e n gia) giam t h i e u t h u e t h u n h a p p h a i ddng t a i Viet N a m .
Thtf b a , h e thd'ng cd sd iQu tru chQa d a p Qng dQdc n h u cdu, n h a t la v a o c h i n h vu. Trong khi c a c Cty nQdc ngoai, n h d cd tidm IQc ldn lai t a o r a nhQng h e n ke't n h a m d a n h Qu d a i vd d a t phdng cho k h a c h v a d a y c a c Cty ndi d i a d a k h d k h a n ve ngudn k h a c h , lai c a n g rdi v a o tinh t r a n g k h d k h a n h d n . Neu cd sd IQu tru d a p Qng du, c a c lien ke't n a y Iai tid'p t u c d a n h cho nhau nhQng rfu d a i ve gia, c h a t IQdng dich vu.
- Hien tQdng "chay m a u chat x a m " . C u n g vdi vide m a t thi trQdng, c a c DN du lich Viet Nam c u n g cd k h a n a n g m a t n g u d n n h a n IQc c h a t IQdng cao. Cac DN du lich nQdc ngoai s e k h d n g ngai ed nhQng c h i n h s a c h t h u h u t n h a n Irfc gidi c h u y e n m d n tQ cac DN IQ h a n h t r o n g nQdc. Kha n a n g h a n g l o a t nhQng n h a q u a n
NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI
Iy gidi, hQdng ddn vien gidi trong nQdc bi thu hut vd cac Cty nQdc ngoai do mQc thu nhap cao va cac didu kien lam vide chuyen nghiep la khd trdnh khdi.
Ngoai nhQng thach thQc rat ldn dd, anh hQdng tQ thi trQdng the' gidi cd the Ian toa nhQng bat dn. Xuat phat diem ciia nQdc ta la dang phat trien d trinh dp thap, Iai dang trong qua trinh chuyen ddi, nen ne'u xii Iy khdng td't ca tdm vi md va vi md se cd the xay ra nhQng rdi loan tren thi trQdng. Va ngQdi phai ganh chiu trQc tie'p chinh la cdc DN, trong dd cd DN du lich. SQ xam nhap d at va khd kiem soat ciia cac DN nQdc ngoai ddn de'n tinh trang mat dn dinh ve mdi trQdng, ca tQ nhien va xa hdi. Do chay theo Idi nhuan trQdc m i t va thie'u tinh chuyen nghidp trong kinh doanh IQ hanh, nhieu DN du lich trong nQdc, va ca mdt so DN nQdc ngoai se khai thac khdng ben vQng ngudn tai nguyen du lich trf nhien ciia Viet Nam, Iam anh hQdng de'n mdi trQdng va gay tac ddng xau de'n mdi trQdng. Ngoai ra, srf hdi nhap cung se dem theo srf du nhap nhQng ye'u td ngoai Iai cd the Iam xdi mdn ban sdc dan tdc.
Vdl nhUng cd hgi vd thdch thdc dd, cdc DN du lich cua Viet Nam cdn cd sii chudn bi tich ciic, Men phdp dng phd phu hdp vd hieu qud de tdn dung dUdc nhUng cd hgi vd vUdt qua dUdc thdch thdc. Men thdch thdc thdnh ddng lUc cho phdt trien nhanh vd bin vUng. Mudn ldm dUdc dieu dd, DN du lich trong nUdc cdn phdi thUc Men cd hieu qud nhdng gidi phdp sau:
- Nang cao n h a n thQc, hieu bid't rd ve cac thdng le va luat phap qud'c te de cd nhQng hanh
ddng dung, kip thdi va dat dQdc hieu qua kinh te mong ddi. Cac DN can xay dQng chie'n IQdc kinh doanh phu hdp n h a m nang cao nang Irfc canh tranh;
cd chie'n iQdc lien doanh, lien ket dung hQdng; chu trpng chie'm Iinh thi trQdng ndi dia, ddng thdi ra sQc tham n h a p thi trQdng the' gidi, cd mang IQdi dai ly rdng khap.
- Nang cao chat IQdng s a n pham du lich. Cac DN du lich Viet Nam cdn tang cQdng nghien cQu tam Iy, thi hie'u, tap quan, thdi quen tieu dung cua cac dd'i tQdng khdch qud'c te va ndi dia de da dang hda s a n pham du lich, tao san pham du lich ddc dao, hap ddn, du sQc canh tranh trong khu vQc va trdn the gidi;
Ong dung cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng trong tuyen truydn quang ba DN va s a n pham du lich cua DN; thie't lap dai Iy va cac van phdng dai didn d cac khu trung tam va cac ddu md'i giao iQu qud'c te, tao drfng hinh anh cua du lich Viet Nam tren the gidi.
- Phat trien ngudn nhan iQc.
Hdi nhap sau va toan didn trong va ngoai WTO se keo theo sQ thay ddi rat ldn tQ phia cdu du lich ca qui md va chat iQdng, vi vay, nhan Irfc du lich cung phai thay ddi de thich Qng. Trong tQng DN, cac chii DN cdn phai xay drfng va td chQc thrfc hien cac van b a n quy pham phap luat, cac cd che, chinh sach va quy che quan Iy boat ddng dao tao, phat trien ngudn n h a n life cua minh; cd che dp dai ngd n h a n tai va quy dinh vd tidn iQdng, thQdng phu hdp, tao didu kien cho ngQdi lao ddng du lich cd kha nang va nhu cdu hpc tap sud't ddi de nang cao trinh dp tay nghe,...
- Phat huy ndi Irfc, tim kie'm ngoai iQc de phat trien
TrQdc tien la cac md'i quan he hdp tdc trong nQdc, thrfc te cho thay viec lien ke't tuye'n diem du lich cdn mang tinh hinh thQc, hieu qua khdng cao, cung nhQ cdng tac dieu hanh, tie'p thi edn thie'u tinh chuyen nghidp. Cac DN du lich cdn gap nhidu khd khan tQ phia cac nha cung cap dich vu nhQ: tinh trang tang gia.
Id chuye'n, buy chuye'n khdng bao trQdc ciia cdc nha cung cap dich vu van chuyen, hoac thie'u phdng khdch san, tang gia phdng tuy tidn trong mua cao diem gay khd khan cho cac Cty IQ hanh. Khdng nhQng the, srf phan biet trong chinh sach gia cua cac nha cung cap dich vu glQa DNNN va tQ nhan, DN Idn va nhd khie'n cac DN vQa va nhd giam sQc eanh tranh; gia ve tham quan tai cac diem du lich chQa ddng nhat, tinh trang deo bam khach du lich cdn phd bie'n,... Do vay cdn mdt sQ phd'i hdp lien nganh, lien ke't giQa cdc DN IQ h a n h va kinh doanh dich vu du lich vdi nhau, nham dam bao cho sQ phat trien bdn vQng cua du lich.
NhQ vay, hdi n h a p kinh te qud'c te' ma d a n h da'u b a n g viec gia n h a p WTO khdng phai la muc tieu cud'i cung ma mdi chi la bQdc khdi ddu cho mdt giai doan t h a t sQ gian nan, vat va. Dam p h a n de vao dQdc WTO da khd, thric h i e n cac cam ke't vdi WTO cdn khd hdn nhidu. Didu quan trpng la Chinh phii, cae DN - trong dd cd DN du lich cdn phai hieu rd luat chdi, t a n dung triet de cac Idi the', n h a n thQc ddy dii mpi v a n de de s d n s a n g va chii ddng dd'i phd, giam thieu nguy cd cd the xay ra •
THOONGMAISo 28/2010 1 2 9
