THANH TlJU SAU HCiN 30 NAM DOI MCfl TI/ DUY KINH TE CUA DANG
VE NEN KINH TE THI TRlJCfNG DINH HUOING X A HOI CHU NGHIA
• N G U Y I N TH! HIEN - N G U Y I N THj NGHIA
TOM TAT:
Sau hdn 30 ndm Ddi mdi, Dang ta ludn kidn dinh va tffng bffde hoan thien tff duy kinh te vd xay dffng ndn kinh te' thj trffdng dinh hffdng xa hoi chu nghia. Qua trinh do da dat dffde nhffng kd't qua to Idn, lam tdng tiem Iffc kinh td, ndng cao vi the nffdc ta trdn trffdng qudc td', bao vd vffng chac an ninh chinh tri, ddc Idp, chii quyen va todn ven lanh tho, gdp phdn thffc bien muc tidu dan gidu, nffdc manh, cdng bang, dan chu vd vdn minh. Bai vie't phan tich nhffng thanh tffu sau hdn 30 nam ddi mdi tff duy kinh te eiia Dang ve nen kinh td' thj trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi ehii nghTa.
TH khoa: Ddi mdi tff duy kinh td', kinh te thi trffdng. Dang, dinh hffdng xa hdi chu nghia.
1. Nhffng ddi mdi trong tff duy kinh td' cua Dang ve nen kinh td' thi trrfcfng djnh hifdng xa hoi chii nghia
Sau khi Viet Nam hoan toan thd'ng nhd't. Dang va Nha nffdc dd tap trung khdi phuc kinh te' do chid'n tranh tan pha va tie'p tuc xay dffng chu nghia xa hdi, duy tri cd chd'ke'hoach boa tap trung quan lieu bao cap. Song, tiem Iffc kinh te' nffdc ta ngay mot can kidt; ed che' quan ly ke' hoach hda tap trung bdc Id nhieu ban chd'da "kim ham san xud't, lam giam nang suat, cha't Iffdng, hieu qua kinh td' - xa hdi, gdy rd'i loan trong phdn phdi Iffu thdng va de ra nhieu hien tffdng tidu cffc trong xa hdi".
Trong bdi canh do. Dang da dffa ra cae quye't sach nhdm bie'n ddi tmh hinh, thuc day tang trffdng vd phat trien kinh te' - xa hpi, ma trffdc he't phai ddi mdi tff duy kinh td', thdo gd cac rao can, rdng huge de giai phdng sffc san xua't xa hdi.
Thffc hien muc tidu dd, Dang ta da thffa nhdn sff tdn tai eiia kinh te tidu san xud't hang hda va kinh te'tff ban tff nhan.
Dd dam bao trien khai thffc hien quan diem tren mdt each nghiem tue, Dai hdi VI eiia Dang da nhd'n manh: "Can sffa ddi, bo sung va cdng bd' rdng rai chinh sdch nhd't qudn doi vdi cac thdnh phan kinh te'. Nhffng quy dinh co tinh nguyen tac phai trd thanh phdp luat de mpi ngffdi yen tam, manh dan kinh doanh... Song, ve phdp ludt phai thffc hien nguyen tac binh dang. Nhffng ngffdi lam ra cua cai va nhffng viec cd ich cho xa hdi, thffe hidn day dii nghTa vu, chd'p hanh nghiem chinh ludt phdp va chinh sach deu dffde tdn trpng, dffde hffdng thu nhdp tffdng xffng vdi ke't qua lao ddng, kinh doanh hdp phap eiia ho". Tren cd sd do. Ban Cha'p hdnh Trung ffdng, Bd Chinh tri da ban hanh cae nghi quye't nhff: Nghi quye't Trung ffdng 2, khoa VI ve Iffu thdng phan phd'i; Nghj quyd't Trung ffdng 3 khoa VI ve ddi mdi cd chd quan ly nha nffdc ddi vdi xi nghiep qud'c doanh;
Nghi quyd't sd 10-NQ/TW, ngay 05/04/1988 ciia Bp Chinh trj khoa VI vd ddi mdi cd chd' quan ly ndng nghiep.
74 So 9-Thong 5/2019
KINH TE
Nghi quye't Dai hdi dai bieu todn qud'c lan thff VII ciia Dang cung cac nghi quyd't eua Ban Chd'p hdnh Trung ffdng, Bp Chinh tn khoa VII dd kd' thffa quan didm, tff tffdng ciia Dai hpi VI vd ddu nha't qudn la tdp trung giai phong sffc san xud't todn xd hpi, khuyd'n khich mpi ngifdi ndng ddng, sang tao, san xud't ra nhidu ciia cai, thuc day tang trffdng kinh td', sff dung nhieu hinh thffe pbdn phd'i, song phdn phd'i theo lao ddng van la chii yd'u. Hdi nghj Dai bieu toan qudc giffa nhidm ky khoa VU khang dinh: "Tang cffdng quan ly vT md eua Nha nffdc nham dinh hifdng vd chi dao phat tridn todn didn nen kinh t e - x a hdi... khac phuc nhffng tdn tai von cd ciia nen kinh te' thj trffdng, lam cho thj trffdng thdt sif trd thanh cdng cu quan trpng trong vide phan bd, sff dung cd hieu qua ede ngudn Iffc, phdn phd'i vd pbdn phd'i lai thu nhap qudc dan, bao dam quan he tich luy va tidu dung, dieu tie't ldi ich giffa cdc thanh phan kinh te', cdc tang Idp ddn cif, thuc dd'y tdng tnfdng nhanh, dn dinh vffng chac hdn, cdng bang xa hpi nhieu hdn".
Dai bdi dai bieu todn qudc lan thff VIII cua Dang ndu quan diem "tie'p tue ddi mdi ed chd'quan ly kinh te'bao gdm viec tao lap ddng bp cdc yeu to' thi trudng, hoan chinh hd thd'ng phap ludt ve kmh te'; tiep tuc ddi mdi cdng tdc ke'hoach hda; ddi mdi chinh sach tai chinh, tidn td, gid ca, ndng cao hieu Iffc quan ly kinh td' cua Nha nffdc".
De'n Dai hpi dai bidu todn qud'c lan thff IX, Dang coi ddi mdi tif duy kinh te' Id nhiem vu cd ban Idu dai. Dai hdi nhd'n manh: "Phdt trien nhanh, hidu qua vd ben vffng, tdng tru'dng kinh te' di ddi vdi thife hidn tid'n bd, cdng bang xd hdi va bao vd mdi trffdng".
Dai hdi dai bidu todn qudc lan thff X, trong tieu muc "Tie'p tuc hoan thien the chd kinh te thj trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi chu nghTa" cd doan vid't: "Phat tndn nen kinh td'cd nhieu hinh thffe sd hiJu, nhidu thanh phIn kinh te', trong dd, kinh te'nha nffdc giff vai trd chii dao, kinh te' nhd nffdc va kinh td tdp the ngay cang trd thdnh ndn tang vffng chac eua nen kinh te'".
Tie'p do, Dai hdi dai bieu todn qud'c lan thff XI ciia Dang khang dinh; "On djnh kinh te vT md, doi mdi md hinh tang trffdng vd cd ca'u lai nen kmh te' theo hffdng tff chii yd'u phat trien theo ehidu rdng sang phat tridn hdp ly giffa chidu rpng va ehidu sdu, nang cao chd't lifdng, hieu qua nen kmh te', bao dam phat tndn nhanh, ben vffng, nang cao tinh ddc lap, tff chu ciia ndn kinh te'".
Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c l^n thff XII cua Dang trong muc "Tdng quat ve phdt tridn kinh td - xd hdi"
ed doan vid't: "D^y manh todn dien, ddng bO cdng cudc ddi mdi, phdt tridn kinh te' nhanh, bdn vffng, phd'n da'u sdm dffa nffdc ta trd thanh mdt nffdc cong nghiep theo hffdng hien dai, ndng cao ddi song vdt chd't vd tinh th^n ciia nhdn ddn. Kien quye't, kidn tn da'u tranh bao vd vffng chac ddc lap, chii quyen, thd'ng nhat, toan ven lanh thd cua Td qudc".
Mdi ddy nhd't, Nghj quyd't Hdi nghi Trung ffdng 5 khoa XII da nhd'n manh: "Tiep tuc hoan thien the che', tao thuan ldi cho phdt tridn khu vUe kinh te' tff nhdn thifc sff trd thanh ddng lUc ciia nen kinh td', thuc day vd hinh thanh cdc tap dodn kinh te' tff nhdn c6 cdng nghd hidn dai, nang Iffc quan trj tien tie'n, hoan thien chinh sdch hd trd doanh nghidp vffa vd nhd" Ddy Id lln d^u tien Dang ta nhd'n manh vai trd ciia khu vffe kinh te' tff nhdn.
Tdm lai, sau hdn 30 nam Doi mdi tff Dai hpi Dai bidu toan qud'c lan thff VI de'n nay. Dang ta ludn kidn dmh va tffng bifdc hoan thien tff duy kinh te' ve xdy dffng nen kinh td' thj trffdng dinh hifdng xa hdi chii nghia. Qua trinh do da, dang dien ra va se tie'p tuc hodn thien. Mde du edeh tid'p edn vd ngdn tff sff dung trong cac van kien ciia cdc ky dai hdi CO khde nhau, song ndi dung cd't ldi, cd ban cua ddi mdi tff duy kinh te' la khdng thay ddi. Cac nghi quye't, chinh sdch ddu nhd't quan tff tif duy ly ludn de'n hanh ddng thffc tien vd bien phdp thffc Men.
Sif nhd't qudn dd chinh Id tidn dd cho moi thdnh cdng ciia nffdc ta trong hdn 30 ndm qua.
2. Nhffng thanh tffu dat dffde
Qua hdn 30 ndm ddi mdi, Viet Nam da din hinh thdnh ddy dii, ddng bd eac yd'u td' thj trffdng va cdc loai thi trffdng, van hanh cd ban thdng sud't, gan kd't vdi thi trifdng khu vffe vd qud'c td'. Tdng trffdng kinh te di ddi vdi bao dam tie'n bp va cdng bang xa hoi ngay trong tffng bifdc phdt trien. Tff chd Nha nUde bao ca'p toan bd trong vide gidi quyet viec lam da dan chuyen trpng tdm sang thie't Idp ed che, chinh sdch dd cdc thdnh phIn kinh te va ngifdi lao ddng deu tham gia tao vide lam; tff chd khong chd'p nhan cd sff phdn hda giau - ngheo da di de'n khuyd'n khich mpi ngu'di 1dm giau hdp phdp di ddi vdi tich cifc xda ddi, giam ngheo.
Nhd do, td'c dp tang trufdng kinh te' cua Viet Nam tuy CO sff dao ddng nha't dinh, song vdn d mffc khd (Bang 1), cao hdn trung binh khu vffe vd the' gidi vdi mffc tang binh qudn ca thdi ky (1986-2018) g^n 7%/nam. Chd't Iffdng tang tnfdng va trinh dd
Sd9~Thang5/2G19 75
cdng nghd trong san xua't dffde nang Idn. Kinh td vT md dn dmh, lam phat dffde kiem sodt, nd cong cd xu hffdng giam dan, dff trff ngoai te tang, dat mffc an toan.
Bang 1. Toe dp tang trffdng kinh te gioidoqn 1986-2018 STT
1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9
Thdi gian 1986-1990 1991-1996 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016 2017 2018
lob d$ tang tnfdng (%) 4,4 8,2 7,6 7,34 6,32 5,9 6,21 6,81 7,08 Ngudn. Tong hop sd lieu lii Tong cue Thong kS Nhffng nd Iffc ddi mdi trong hdn 30 ndm qua cung giup mdi trifdng dau tff lien tue dffde eai thien, nhd dd thu hut ngdy cdng nhieu hdn vo'n dau tif cho phdt trien. Theo Bang 2, tdng vd'n dau tff huy dpng dffde ciia nffdc ta ngay cdng tang.
Nd'u nhu' ea giai doan 1986-2000, tdng vd'n dau tff huy ddng dat 117,9 nghin ty ddng, thi de'n nam 2017, eon sd' nay la 1.667,4 nghin ty ddng, tdng ga'p hdn 14 lan. Cd ca'u vd'n dau tff theo thdnh phan kinh td' cung ed sff djch chuyen theo hffdng
tich cffc. Giai doan 1986-2000, vd'n ddu tff ciia khu vffe kinh td' nha nifdc chie'm 54,3% tdng vd'n dau tff todn xd bdi; khu vffe kinh te' ngoai nha nffdc Id 24,1%; khu vffe kinh te' cd vd'n dau tff nirdc ngoai Id 21,6%, thi de'n ndm 2017, cd ca'u vd'n dau tff theo thdnh phan lan Iffdt la: 35,6%, 40,6% vd 23,8%. Bang 2.
An sinh xa hpi cd ban dffde bao dam; he thd'ng an sinh xd hpi va phuc Idi xa hpi phdt trien khd ddng bd, nha't la trong va'n de giam ngheo, gidi quye't vide lam, phdt tnen he thd'ng bao hiem xa hpi, chinh sach bao hiem y te' toan ddn tao dieu kien de ngffdi ddn difpe hffdng thu nhieu hdn ve van hda, y td vd giao due. Cu thd, nam 2017, sd lifdng lao dpng tff 15 tudi trd len dang Idm viec trong cdc nganh, ITnh vffe ciia ndn kinh td la 53.718 nghin ngffdi; nang s'ud't lao dpng xd hdi dat 93,2 trieu ddng/ngffdi; ty Id that nghiep d mffc tha'p, dat 2,24% (Tong cue Thd'ng ke, 2018). Thu nhdp binh qudn dau ngffdi tang tff 200 USD nam 1990 len 2.200 USD nam 2015 vd 2.587 USD nam 2018.
Vd'n dd xda ddi, giam ngheo difdc td chffc thffc bidn nghiem tue, chu ddo tff khdu xac djnh chuan ngheo cho tffng giai doan phii hdp vdi trinh dp phat trien ciia ndn kinh te' vd mffc sdng binh quan ciia dan cff, tff do tao didu kidn cho cdc hp ngheo, vung ddc biet khd khan ed ed hoi tham gia san xud't, kmh doanh, nen hd ngheo ea nffdc da giam dangke. Qua so'lidu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng kd, neu xet theo chuan ngheo cdc giai doan tff 1993-1995 va 1997-2000, thi ty Id bd ngheo nam 1993 la
Bang 2. T^ng v6'n dau tff xq hpi cOa Viet Nam qua cdc giai doqn Ttidi gian
Tdng von dau tu (nghin ty dong) Phan chia theo thatth phan kinh is (Ban vf Ktiu vuc kinh te nha niidc
Khu VUG kinh te ngoai Nha nu6c Khu vuc kmh te co von dau tU nu6c ngoai Co cau von dau tu theo thanh phan Idnh te Tdng von dau tu
Khu vuc kinh te nha nudc Khu viJc kmh te ngoai Nha nudc Khu vuc kmh te cd vd'n dau tu nudc ngoai
1986-2000 117,9 fnh: nghin ty
64,0 28,4 25,5 fflon VI tinh:',
100,0 54,3 24,1 21,6
2001-2005 248,8 long)
128,9 80,7 39,3 i)
100,0 51,8 32,4 15,8
2006-2010 618,6
239,2 223,1 156,3
100,0 38,6 36,1 25,3
2011-2015 1.123,2
439,0 429,9 253,8
100,0 39,0 37,3 23,7
2016 1.486,1
557,5 579,7 347,9
100,0 37,5 39,0 23,5
2017 1.667,4
594,9 676,3 396,2
100,0 35,6 40,6 23,8 Nguon: Thdi bdo Kinh te Viet Nam (2018)
76 So 9 - T h a n g 5/2019
KINH TE
58%, giam xud'ng 37,4% vao nam 1998. Ap dung chuan ngheo giai doan 2001-2005, thi nam 2002 ty id hd ngheo la 28,9%, ndm 2004 Id 23,2%.
Theo chuan ngheo giai doan 2006-2010, thi ndm 2007, ty Id hp ngheo la 14,8%, nam 2010 la 9,457c, Cdn cff chua'n ngheo giai doan 2011-2015, thi ty Id hd ngheo ndm 201 lid 11,76%, ndm 2015 la 7,1%. Giai doan 2016-2020 bat dau dp dung chuan ngheo tie'p can da ehidu, theo do ty Id hd ngheo ndm 2016 la 8,93%, nam 2017 la 6,72%, nam 2018 ffdc eon khoang 5,2%.
Mac dil vay, so vdi ydu e^u dd ra, kd't qua tff qud trinh ddi mdi chffa ddng bd va toan dien.
Nhidu chi tieu, tidu ehi trong muc tieu pha'n da'u dffa Viet Nam ed ban trd thdnh nu'dc cdng nghidp theo hffdng hidn dai chffa dat dffde. Nang sua't, cha't li/dng, hidu qua, sffc canh tranh eua ndn kinh te' eon tha'p.
3. MOt s6' dd xuS't
Trong bd'i canh qud'c td' nhieu bid'n ddng ciing nhffng doi hoi ndi tai ciia da't nffdc Men nay. Dang c^n tid'p tue ddi mdi manh me vd hodn thidn tff duy phat trien kinh td' tren mdt sd' ndi dung sau:
Mot Id, hodn thien the che' vd sd hffu, phdt trien eac thanh phan kinh td, ede loai hinh doanh nghiep va cdc td chffc san xua't kmh doanh nham sdm tao Idp ndn tdng tidn tie'n, hdp ly, vffng chde ciia nen kinh td' thi trffdng dinh hifdng xa hdi chu nghia.
Trong do, can day manh ddi mdi, sap xe'p vd nang cao hidu qua kinh doanh eua doanh nghiep nha nffdc de gop phan giff vffng vd phdt huy vai tro chu dao eiia kinh te' nhd nffdc trong ndn kinh te' thi trffdng dinh hudng xa hdi ehil nghia. Khan trffdng cd ca'u lai nganh nghe kinh doanh ciia cdc tap doan kinh td' va cdc tdng cdng ty nhd nifde, tap trung vao mot so nganh, ITnh vffe then chd't ciia nen kinh td', thu hep nhffng ITnh vffe ddc quyen nha nffdc, xda bo bao ed'p cua nha nffdc. Xdc dinh diing dan, cu the hdn quyen ban, trach nhidm ciia hpi ddng qudn trj va giam ddc doanh nghiep dd'i vdi vd'n vd tdi san nha nffdc tai doanh nghiep, vffa bao dam quyen chii dpng san xua't - kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp, vffa bao toan, ndng cao hieu qua sff dung vd'n va tdi san nha nffdc.
Dong thdi, hodn thien cd che^, chinh sdch dd phat trien manh kinh td' tff nhan thffc sff trd thdnh mdt trong nhffng ddng Iffc ciia nen kinh td'. Thu hiit manh dau tff trffc tid'p cua nu'dc ngodi vdo nhffng nganh, ITnh vffe kinh te'phu hdp vdi quy hoach va chidnlffdcphat tridn eiia da't nu'dc, nhd't la cac ITnh
vffe cdng nghe cao. Khuyd'n khich cae nha dau tff trong va ngoai nffdc dau tff vao cac nganh cdng nghe cao, cong nghiep chd'tao, cdng nghidp vat lieu mdi va hd trd cdc doanh nghidp vffa va nho dau tff ddi mdi cdng nghe, tao ra ddng Iffc phat trien mdi thuc day tang trifdng kinh td', nang cao nang sua't, cha't Iffdng san pham, nang Iffc canh tranh tren thi trffdng trong nffdc, qud'c te' va khu vffe. Ddng thdi, tao ra nhidu gid tri gia tdng, ndng cao ty Id ddng gdp eua TFP vao tdng tnfdng GDP.
Phat huy quydn tff do kinh doanh theo hie'n phdp ciia mpi cdng ddn; ddm bdo mpi thanh" phIn kinh td', ede ehii the tham gia thj trffdng ddu difpc coi trpng, cung phdt trien lau dai, hdp tac, canh tranh binh dang, lanh manh vd vdn minh.
Hai Id, thay ddi tif duy "coi td'c dp tang tru'dng cao la ffu tien hang dau va phai dat dffde bang moi gid" sang tff duy, tru'dc hd't, nhd'n manh dd'n hieu qua, ndng Iffe canh tranh va vi the' ciia qud'c gia, doanh nghiep va san pham Vidt Nam. Ndi each khde Id didu chinh tu duy phat tnen tff theo dudi tang trffdng kinh te' bdng mpi gid sang phat trien hidu qua vd bdn vffng. Dd lam difdc didu nay, cIn ndng cad cha't Iffdng ngudn nhan Iffc, hien dai boa ke't ca'u ha ting kinh td'- xa hdi, ndng cao hidu qua dau tff, tang nang sua't lao dpng, nang cao ndng Iffc canh tranh vd tao vi the' canh tranh trdn thu'dng trffdng qud'c te', xda bo che' dp doe quyen kinh doanh vd cd chd' hd trp kinh doanh ddc quyen, tao moi trffdng kinh doanh lanh manh, minh bach, thudn ldi.
Ba Id, gan tang trffdng kinh te' vdi vide tao tac ddng lan tda tich cifc dd'n ede dd'i tffdng anh hffdng.
Theo do, duy tri muc tieu tang tnfdng kinh te'hdp ly trong md'i quan he vdi nhffng rang budc vd tai nguydn mdi tnfdng (tffc la trong qud trinh thffc Men tang trffdng kinh te', can quan tam khfa canh bdn vffng ve mdi trffdng, ndng cao hieu qua sff dung tai nguyen, tdi sinh tdi nguyen, chd'ng d nhiem mdi trffdng) va nhffng rang budc ve ede va'n de xd hdi, tffc la trong qua trinh thffc hien tang trffdng kinh td' can quan tdm giai quye't vide lam, xda doi, giam ngheo, ndng cao thu nhdp vd mffc sd'ng, cha't Iffdng cudc sd'ng eiia dan cu'; quan tam thffdng xuydn cac ebi tidu lidn quan de'n sff phat trien toan didn cho eon ngffdi, nhff giao due, y td, the due the thao, van hda nghe thuat, ca ehi sd gidi va ddn tdc...). Vide bao dam ede ehi tieu phat tridn xa hdi vd bdo ve mdi trufdng se la nhdn td' tich cffc ciing cd vd duy tri kha nang tang trffdng kinh te' trong ddi ban •
So 9-Thdng 5/2019 77
cong nghe trong san xua't dffde nang len. Kinh te vT md dn dinh, lam phdt dffde kiem sodt, nd cdng co xu hffdng giam dan, dff trff ngoai te tang, dat mffc an toan.
Bang 1. Td'c do tang trff6ng kinh te giai doqn 1986-2018 STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Thdi gian 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015^
2016 2017 2018
Too d« lang tnjdng (%) 4,4 8,2 7,6 7,34 6,32 6,9 6,21 6,81 7,08 Nguon: Tdng hap sdliSu tU Tong cue Thdng ke Nhffng nd Iffc ddi mdi trong hdn 30 nam qua cung guip moi trffdng diu tff lidn tuc dffde cai thien, nhd dd thu hiit ngay cang nhieu hdn vd'n dau ti/cho phat trien. Theo Bang 2, tong vd'n dau tff huy ddng dffde eua nude ta ngdy cang tang.
Nd'u nhu' ea giai doan 1986-2000, tdng vd'n d^u tff huy dpng dat 117,9 nghin ty ddng, tbi de'n ndm 2017, con sd' ndy la 1.667,4 nghin ty ddng, tang ga'p hdn 14 lan. Cd ca'u vo'n dau tff theo thanh phan kinh te' cung cd sff dich chuyen theo hffdng
tich Cffc. Giai doan 1986-2000, vd'n ddu tff cua khu vffe kinh te" nhd nffdc chie'm 54,3% tdng vdn dau tff toan xd bdi; khu vffe kinh te ngodi nha nffdc la 24,1%; khu vffe kinh td' ed vdn dau tu nffdc ngoai la 21,6%, tbi de'n nam 2017, cd cau vd'n dau tff theo thanh phan lan Iffdt la: 35,6%, 40,6% vd 23,8%. Bang 2.
An sinh xa hpi cd ban dffde bao dam; he thdng an sinh xa bd. va phuc ldi xd bdi phdt trien khd ddng bd, nhd't Id trong va'n de giam ngheo, giai quyd't vide Idm, phdt trien he thd'ng bao hiem xa hoi, chinh sdch bao hiem y te' toan dan tao dieu kidn de ngffdi dan dffde hffdng thu nhidu hdn ve vdn boa, y te' vd gido due. Cu the, nam 2017, sd Iffdng lao ddng tff 15 tudi trd len dang lam viec trong cdc nganh, ITnh vffe ciia ndn kinh td'la 53.718 nghin ngffdi; nang sua't lao dpng xa hdi dat 93,2 trieu ddng/ngffdi; ty Id tha't nghidp d mffc thd'p, dat 2,24% (Tong cue Thd'ng ke, 2018). Thu nhap binh qudn dau ngffdi tdng tff 200 USD nam 1990 len 2.200 USD nam 2015 va 2.587 USD nam 2018.
Va'n de xda ddi, giam ngheo dffde td chffc thffc Mdn nghiem tuc, chu ddo tff khau xdc djnh chu^n ngheo cho tffng giai doan phu hdp vdi trinh do phdt trien ciia ndn kinh td' va mffc sd'ng binh quan eua dan cff, tff do tao dieu kien cho cac hd ngheo, vung dac biet khd khan cd cd hoi tham gia san xua't, kinh doanh, nen hd ngheo ca nffdc da giam dangkd. Qua so'lieu ciia Tdng cue Thdng kd, ndu xet theo chuan ngheo cdc giai doan tff 1993-1995 vd 1997-2000, thi ty le hp ngheo ndm 1993 la
Bang 2. Tong von ddu tff xq hpi cua Viet Nam qua cdc giai doqn Thdi gian
Tdng vdn dau tu (nghin ty ddng)
1986-2000 117,9 Phan chia theo thanh phan idnh te(Dcsn vf tinh: nghin ty c Khu vuc kmh te nha nudc
Khu vuc kinh te ngoai Nha nudc Khu vuc kinh te cd vdn dau tu nudc ngoai
64,0 28,4 25,5 Ca cau von dau ft/ tfjeo thanh phan idnh te(Ban vi tinh: ? Tdng vdn dau tU
Khu vuc kinh te nha nudc Khu vuc kinh te ngoai Nha nudc Khu vuc kinh te cd vdn dau tU nudc ngoai
100,0 54,3 24,1 21,6
2001-2005 248,8 long)
128,9 80,7 39,3 i)
100,0 51,8 32,4 15,8
2006-2010 618,6
239,2 223,1 156,3
100,0 38,6 36,1 25,3
2011-2015 1.123,2
439,0 429,9 253,8
100,0 39,0 37,3 23,7
2016 1 486,1
557,5 579,7 347,9
100,0 37,5 39,0 23.5
2017 1.667,4
594,9 676,3 396,2
100,0 35,6 40,6 23,8 Nguon: TItdi bio Klnl, „. I',,-,, fjam p o ; J J
76 So 9 - T h d n g 5/2019
KINH TE
58%, giam xud'ng 37,4% vdo nam 1998. Ap dung chuan ngheo giai doan 2001-2005, thi nam 2002 ty Id bd ngheo la 28,9%, ndm 2004 Id 23,2%.
Theo chuan ngheo giai doan 2006-2010, thi ndm 2007, ty Id hd ngheo Id 14,8%, ndm 2010 Id 9,45%. Can cff chuan ngheo giai doan 2011-2015, tM ty Id hd ngheo nam 2011 la 11,76%, nam 2015 la 7,1%. Giai doan 2016-2020 bat dau ap dung chuan ngheo tie'p can da chidu, theo do ty le hd ngheo nam 2016 Id 8,93%, nam 2017 Id 6,72%, nam 2018 ffdc edn khoang 5,2%
Mde dii vay, so vdi yeu cau de ra, ke't qua tff qua trinh ddi mdi chffa ddng bd va toan didn.
Nhidu chi tidu, tidu ehi trong muc tidu phd'n dd'u dffa Viet Nam ed ban trd thanh nffdc cdng nghiep theo hffdng hien dai chffa dat dffde. Nang sud't, cha't Iffdng, hieu qua, sffc canh tranh cua ndn kinh te' cdn thd'p.
3. Mot so'de xuat
Trong bd'i canh qud'c td' nhieu bid'n ddng ciing nhffngddibdindi tai eua dd't nifdc Men nay. Dang can tiep tuc ddi mdi manh me va hodn thien tff duy phdt tridn kinh td' tren mdt sd ndi dung sau:
Mot Id, hoan thidn thd chd' vd sd hffu, phat trien cac thanh phan kinh td, cac loai hinh doanh nghiep vd cdc td chffc san xud't kinh doanh nham sdm tao lap nen tang tidn tid'n, hdp ly, vffng chac ciia nen kinh te'thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hpi chu nghia.
Trong dd, can day manh ddi mdi, sap xd'p vd nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep nhd nffdc de gdp phan giff vffng va phdt huy vai tro chu dao ciia kinh te' nhd nffdc trong nen kinh td' thi trffdng dinh hffdng xd hpi chii nghTa. Khan tru'dng cd cdu lai nganh nghe kinh doanh ciia cac tap doan kinh td' va cdc tdng cdng ty nha nffdc, tap trung vao mdt sd nganh, ITnh vffe then chdt eua ndn kinh te', thu hep nhffng ITnh vffe ddc quydn nha nu'dc, xda bd bao ca'p eiia nha nifdc, Xdc dinh dung dan, cu thd hdn quyen ban, trach nhiem ciia hpi ddng qudn tri va gidm ddc doanh nghiep dd'i vdi vd'n vd tai san nhd nffdc tai doanh nghiep, vffa bao dam quyen chii ddng san xua't - kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, vffa bao toan, ndng cao hidu qua sff dung vdn va tai san nhd nffdc.
Dong thdi, hoan thien cd che', chinh sach de phdt trien manh kinh td' tff nhan thife sff trd thanh mdt trong nhffng ddng Iffc eua ndn kinh te'. Thu hiit manh dau tff trffc tid'p cua nffdc ngodi vao nhffng nganh, ITnh vffe kinh td' phu hdp vdi quy hoach va chien Iffdc phdt tridn cua dd't nffdc, nhd't la cae ITnh
vffe cong nghe cao. Khuydn khich cdc nhd ddu tff trong vd ngodi nffdc diu tff vdo cac nganh cdng nghe cao, cdng nghidp chd'tao, cdng nghidp vdt lieu mdi va hd trd cac doanh nghiep vffa vd nhd dau tff ddi mdi cdng nghd, tao ra ddng Iffc phdt tnen mdi thuc da'y tdng trffdng kinh te, nang cao nang sua't, cha^t Iffdng san pham, nang Iffc canh tranh tren thj trffdng trong nffdc, qudc td va khu vffe. Dong thdi, tao ra nhieu gid tri gia tdng, ndng cao ty le dong gop eiia TFP vdo tdng trffdng GDP.
Phdt huy quyen tff do kinh doanh theo bie'n phap eiia mpi cdng dan; dam bdo mpi thanh phan kinh td, cdc chii the tham gia thi trffdng deu dffde coi trpng, cung phdt trien Idu dai, hdp tdc, canh tranh binh dang, lanh manh va van minh.
Hai Id, thay ddi tff duy "coi tdc do tdng trffdng cao Id ffu tien hang d^u vd phai dat dffde bang mpi gid" .sang tU duy, trffdc he't, nha'n manh de'n hieu qua, nang Iffc canh tranh va vj the' cua qudc gia, doanh nghiep va san phd'm Viet Nam. Ndi cdch khde la dieu chinh tff duy phdt trien tff theo dudi tang trffdng kinh te' bang mpi gia sang phdt trien hieu qua vd bdn vffng. Dd lam dffde didu nay, edn ndng cao chat Iffdng ngudn nhan Iffc, hien dai hda ke't ca'u ha tang kinh td'-xa hdi, ndng cao bieu qud dau tff, tdng nang sud't lao ddng, nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh va tao vj the' canh tranh tren thffdng trffdng quo'c te', xda bd che' dp doe quydn kinh doanh vd cd chd' hd trd kinh doanh ddc quydn, tao mdi tru'dng kinh doanh lanh manh, minh bach, thudn ldi.
Ba Id, gan tang trffdng kinh te' vdi viec tao tac ddng lan toa tich cffc de'n cdc dd'i tffdng anh hffdng.
Theo do, duy tri muc tidu tang trudng kinh td' hdp ly trong md'i quan he vdi nhffng rang bupc vd tai nguydn mdi trffdng (tffc Id trong qud tnnh thffc hien tang trffdng kinh td, cIn quan tdm kMa canh bdn vffng ve mdi tnfdng, nang cao hieu qua sff dung tai nguyen, tai sinh tai nguyen, chd'ng d nhiem mdi tru'dng) va nhffng rang budc ve cdc va'n dd xa hpi, tffc la trong qua trinh thffc hidn tdng trffdng kinh te can quan tdm giai quyd't viec lam, xda doi, giam ngheo, ndng cao thu nhap va mffc sd'ng, cha't Iffdng cupc sd'ng cua ddn eif; quan tam thudng xuydn cdc chi tieu lien quan dd'n sff phat trien toan didn cho con ngffdi, nhff gido due, y te', the due thd thao, van hoa nghe thuat, ca ebi sd gidi va ddn tpc...). Viec bdo dam cac chi tidu phdt trien xd hpi va bao ve moi trffdng se Id nhdn td' tich cffc ciing co' va duy tri kha nang tang trffdng kinh td' trong dai han •
So 9-Thang 5/2019 77
cdng nghd trong san xua't du'dc nang len. Kmh te vT md on djnh, lam phdt dffde kiem sodt, nd cdng cd xu hffdng giam dan, dff trff ngoai te tdng, dat mffc an toan.
Bang 1. Toe do tang trffdng kinh te giai doqn 1966-2018 STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Thdi gian 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016 2017 2018
"IocdOtangtnJclng(%) 4,4 8,2 7,6 7,34 6,32 5,9 6,21 6,81 7,08 Ngudn: Tdng hop so lieu tif Tong cue Thd'ng ke Nhffng nd Iffc ddi mdi trong hdn 30 nam qua Cling guip mdi trffdng dau tff lidn tuc dffde cai thien, nhd do thu but ngay cang nhidu hdn vd'n dau tff cho phdt trien. Theo Bang 2, tdng vd'n dau tff huy ddng dUdc eiia nffdc ta ngay cang tang.
Ne'u nhff ca giai doan 1986-2000, tdng vd'n dau tff buy ddng dat 117,9 nghin ty ddng, thi dd'n ndm 2017, con so' nay la 1.667,4 nghin ty ddng, tang gap hdn 14 lan. Cd ca'u vd'n dau tff theo thanh phan kinh te' cung cd sff dich chuyen theo hudng
tich cffc. Giai doan 1986-2000. vdn ddu tff eiia khu vffe kinh te nhd nufdc chid'm 54,3% tdng vd'n dau tff todn xd hdi; khu vffe kinh te' ngoai nha nffdc la 24,1%; khu vffe kinh te" cd vd'n diu tff nffdc ngoai Id 21,6%, thi de'n nam 2017, cd c^u vd'n dau tff theo thdnh phan lan Iffdt la: 35,6%, 40,6% va 23,8%. Bang 2.
An sinh xd hpi cd ban dffde bao dam; he thdng an sinh xa hd. va phuc Idi xa hdi phat tndn kha ddng bd, nhd't la trong va'n dd giam ngheo, giai quyd't viec Idm, phdt trien he thd'ng bao hiem xa hpi, chinh sach bao hidm y te' toan ddn tao dieu kidn de ngffdi dan dffde hffdng thu nhieu hdn \k vdn boa, y te'va gido due. Cu thd, ndm 2017, sd lifdng lao ddng tff 15 tuoi trd len dang lam viec trong cdc nganh, ITnh vffe ciia nen kinh te' la 53.718 nghin ngffdi; nang sua't lao ddng xd hpi dat 93,2 trieu ddng/ngffdi; ty Id thd't nghiep d mffc thd'p, dat 2,24% (Tong cue Thd'ng kd, 2018). Thu nhap binh qudn dau ngffdi tang tff 200 USD ndm 1990 Idn 2.200 USD ndm 2015 va 2.587 USD ndm 2018.
Van de xda ddi, giam ngheo dffde td chffc thifc Men nghiem tiic, chu ddo tff khau xdc djnh chuan ngheo cho tffng giai doan phu hdp vdi trinh dd phat trien eua nen kinh te' va mffc sd'ng binh qudn cua dan cff, tff do tao dieu kien cho cac hd ngheo, vung ddc biet khd khdn cd cd hdi tham gia san xud't, kmh doanh, ndn hd ngheo ca nffdc da giam dangke. Qua sd'lidu eua Tong cue Thd'ng ke,neu xet theo chuan ngheo cdc giai doan tff 1993-1995 vd 1997-2000, thi ty le hd ngheo nam 1993 la
Bdng 2. Tong vd'n dau tff xd hpi cua Viet Nam qua cac giai doqn
Thdi gian Tdng vd'n dau tu {nghin ty ddng}
1986-2000 117,9 Phan chia theo thanh phan idnh te(Ban vf tinh: nghin ty c Khu vuc kinh te nha nudc
Khu vuc kinh te ngoai Nha nudc Khu vUc kinh te cd vdn dau tu nudc ngoai
64,0 28,4 26,6 Ca cau von dau tu theo thanh phan Idnh te(Ban vi tinh: S Tdng vdn dau tu
Khu vuc kinh te nha nudc Khu vuc kinh te ngoai Nha nudc Khu vuc kinh te cd vd'n dau tu nudc ngoai
100,0 54,3 24,1 21,6
2001-2005 248,8 long)
128,9 80,7 39,3 i)
100,0 51,8 32,4 15,8
2006-2010 618,6
239,2 223,1 156,3
100,0 38,6 36,1 25,3
2011-2015 1.123,2
439,0 429,9 253,8
100,0 39,0 37,3 23,7
2016 1.486,1
557,5 579,7 347,9
100,0 37,5 39,0 23,5
2017 1 667,4
694,9 676,3 396,2
100,0 35,6 40,6 23,8 Nguon: Thdi bdo Kinh le Vict Nam (2018)
76 So 9-Thang 5/2019
KINH TE
58%, giam xud'ng 37,4% vao nam 1998. Ap dung chu^n ngheo giai doan 2001-2005, thi ndm 2002 ty Id hd ngheo Id 28,9%, nam 2004 la 23,2%.
Theo chuan ngheo giai doan 2006-2010, thi ndm 2007, ty Id hd ngheo Id 14,8%, nam 2010 la 9,45%. Can cff chua'n ngheo giai doan 2011-2015, thi ty Id hd ngheo ndm 2011 Id 11,76%, nam 2015 la 7,1%. Giai doan 2016-2020 bat dau dp dung chuan ngheo tie'p can da chieu, theo do ty le hd ngheo nam 2016 la 8,93%, nam 2017 la 6,72%, nam 2018 ffdc con khoang 5,2%.
Mac du vdy, so vdi ydu cau dd ra, kd't qud tff qua trinh doi mdi chua ddng bd va toan dien.
Nhidu ehi tieu, tieu chi trong muc tieu pha'n da'u difa Viet Nam cd ban trd thanh nffdc cong nghiep theo hffdng Men dai chffa dat diTdc. Ndng sua't, chd't Iffdng, hieu qua, sffc canh tranh ciia nen kinh te' cdn tha'p.
3. Mdtsd'dd xudft
Trong bd'i canh qud'c te' nhieu bie'n ddng ciing nhffng doi boi ndi tai ciia da't nffdc hien nay. Dang can tie'p tuc ddi mdi manh me va hoan thien tff duy phdt trien kinh td'trdn mot sd'ndi dung sau:
Mot Id, hoan thidn thd chd' ve sd hffu, phat tridn cac thanh phan kinh te, cac loai binh doanh nghiep va cdc td chffc san xud't kinh doanh nham sdm tao Idp nen tang tien tid'n, hdp ly, vffng chac ciia ndn kinh te' thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi cbii nghTa.
Trong do, can day manh ddi mdi, sap xd'p vd nang cao hidu qua kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep nha nffdc de gdp phan giff vffng va phat huy vai tro chii dao cua kinh td nhd nffdc trong ndn kinh td' thi trudng dinh hffdng xa hdi chii nghia. Kh^n trffdng cd ca'u lai nganh nghe kinh doanh cua cdc tap doan kinh te' va cae tdng cdng ty nhd nu'dc, tap trung vao mdt sd' nganh, ITnh vifc then chd't ciia ndn kinh td', thu hep nhffng ITnh vffe ddc quydn nha nffdc, xda bo bao ed'p ciia nha nffdc. Xdc dinh diing dan, cu the hdn quyen han, trdch nhiem cua hdi ddng quan trj va giam dd'c doanh nghidp dd'i vdi vd'n va tai san nha nffdc tai doanh nghidp, vffa bao dam quydn chii dpng san xud't - kinh doanh eua doanh nghidp, vffa bao toan, ndng cao hieu qua sff dung vd'n vd tai san nha nffdc.
Ddng thdi, hoan thien ed chd', chinh sach ctd phdt trien manh kinh te tff nhdn thffc sff trd thanh mdt trong nhffng ddng Iffe ciia ndn kinh te. Thu hiit manh dau tff trffc tid'p cua nffdc ngoai vao nhffng ngdnh, ITnh vffe kinh te phil hdp vdi quy hoach va chie'n Iffdc phat trien cu a da't nifdc, nha't la cac ITnh
vffe cong nghd eao. Khuyd'n khich ede nhd dau tff trong vd ngoai nifde dau tff vdo cdc nganh cdng nghe cao, cdng nghidp che' tao, cdng nghiep vat lieu mdi va hd trd eac doanh nghidp vffa va nhd dau tff ddi mdi cdng nghe, tao ra ddng Iffc phat trien mdi thuc day tang trffdng kinh te', nang cao nang sua't, chd't Iffdng san pham, nang Iffc canh tranh tren thj trffdng trong nffdc, qud'c te' vd khu vife. Ddng thdi, tao ra nhidu gid trj gia tdng, ndng eao ty Id ddng gop cua TFP vao tdng tnfdng GDP.
Phdt huy quyen tff do kinh doanh theo hie'n phap ciia mpi cdng ddn; dam bao mpi thanh phan kinh te', cdc chu thd tham gia thj trffdng ddu dffde coi trong, cilng phat trien lau dai, hdp tac, canh tranh binh dang, lanh manh va van minh.
Hai Id, thay ddi tff duy "coi td'c dp tang trffdng eao la lfu tidn hang dau va phai dat ddOc bang moi gia" sang tff duy, trffdc bet, nhan manh de'n hieu qua, nang Iffc canh tranh vd vj thd' ciia qud'c gia, doanh nghidp vd san pha'm Viet Nam. Ndi each khac la didu chinh tff duy phdt tridn tff theo dudi tang trffdng kinh te'bang mpi gid sang phdt tndn bieu qua vd bdn vffng. De lam dffde dieu nay, can nang eao cha't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc, Men dai hda ke'tcd'uha tang kinh td'- xa hdi, ndng eao Mdu qua dau tff, tdng ndng sua't lao ddng, ndng cao nang Iffc canh tranh vd tao vi thd' canh tranh tren thifdng trffdng qud'c td', xda bo chd' dp ddc quyen kinh doanh va cd che' hd trd kinh doanh ddc quyen, tao mdi trffdng kinh doanh Idnh manh, minh bach, thudn ldi.
Ba Id, gan tang trffdng kinh te' vdi viec tao tdc ddng Ian tda tich cffc dd'n cdc dd'i Cffdng anh hudng.
Theo do, duy tri muc tidu tang trffdng kinh te' hdp ly trong md'i quan he vdi nhffng rang bupc ve tai nguydn mdi trffdng (tffc la trong qud trinh thffe Men tang trffdng kinh td'. can quan tdm khia canh ben vffng ve mdi tru'dng, nang cao hieu qua sff dung tai nguyen, tdi sinh tai nguyen, chd'ng d nhidm mdi trffdng) va nhffng rang budc ve cdc va'n dd xd hdi, tffc la trong qua trinh thffc hidn tdng trffdng kinh td' can quan tam giai quyd't vide Idm, xda ddi, giam ngheo, nang cao thu nhap va mffc sd'ng, cha't Iffdng cudc sd'ng ctia ddn cif; quan tam thffdng xuyen cdc ehi tieu lien quan dd'n sff phat trien toan dien cho eon ngffdi, nhff gido due, y te', the due the thao, vdn hda nghd thuat, ca chi sd'gidi va ddn t d c . ) Vide bao dam cac chi tieu phdt tridn xd hpi va bao vd mdi trffdng se la nhdn td' tich cffc ciing cd' vd duy tri kha nang tang trffdng kinh te' trong ddi han •
So 9-Thang 5/2019 77
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Chinh phu (2018) Tinh hlnh kinh te - xd hoi ndm 2018 vd ke hoach phdt trien kinh ti- xd hoi ndm 2019, Bdo cdo tai Ky hop Quo'c hoi Khda XTV, Ky hop thu: 6, ngdy 21/10/2018.
2. Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dai hoi Dai bieu todn qudc lan thd VI, VU, IX.
3. Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam Bdo cdo chinh tri Dai hoi Dai bieu todn qudc lan thd VII, X.
4. Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam. Nghi quyet Dai hoi Dai bieu loan qudc idn thd XI, XII.
5. Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam (1994). Vdn kiin Hpi nghi todn qud'c giita nhiem ky khda VII, Nxb Su that.
6. Thdi bdo Kinh te'Viet Nam (2018). Kinh tS'2017-2018 Viit Nam vd The gidi, Nxb Thdng tin vd Truyen thdng 7. Tong cue Thdng ke (1987-2018) Nien gidm Thdng M cdc ndm 1986-2017, Nxb Thdng ki, Hd Ndi.
8. Tdng cue Thdng ke (2018). Tmh hinh kinh te - xd hoi ndm 2018.
9. Nguyen Anh Tuan (2019). KTTT dmh hudng XHCN vd dU bdo nhdng tdc ddng tdi md hinh id chdc he thdng chinh tri d Viet Nam, Tap chi Kinh le vd Du bdo, sd 14, ihdng 5/2019.
10. Chu Vdn Cap (2019). Ddi mdi tu duy la yeu td quyet dinh, md dudng cho su phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi cd dnh dot phd d nudc ta trong thdi ky mdt. Tap chi Cong sdn.
Ngay nhan bai: 16/4/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chffa: 26/4/2019 Ngay chap nh$n dang bai: 6/5/2019
Thdng tinidc gid:
1. NGUY£N THI HIEN Trffdng CJiinh tri tinh Hau Giang 2. NGUYEN THI NGHIA Hoc vien Chi'nh tri Khu vffe IV
ACfflEVEMENTS AFTER MORE THAN 30 YEARS OF REFORMING THE PARTY'S ECONOMIC THINKING ABOUT
THE SOCIALIST - ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY
• NGUYEN THI HIEN School of Politics - Hau Giang Province
• NGUYEN THI NGHIA Academy of Politics Region IV
ABSTRACT:
After more than 30 years of renovation, the Communist Party of Vietnam has always been steadfast and gradually unproved the economic thinking of developmg a socialist-oriented market economy. This development has achieved great results including increasing the country's economic potential, enhancmg Viemam's position in the international arena, firmly protecting the countey's pohtical securtty, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, contributing to realize the country's goals of building a rich, strong country, justice, democratic and civiUzed culumre This paper analyzes achievements after more than 30 years of reforming the Party's economic thinkine about the sociaHst-oriented market economy.
Keywords: Innovating economic flunking, market economy, the Party, sociaUst onentation.
78 So 9 - T h a n g 5/2019
