Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Mol trudng
^ D O N G Q U A N L Y RlTNG CT VIET NAM:
NGHIEN c u t ! D I £ M TAI XA PU LUONG - KHU BAO TON LOAI VA SINH CANH MU CANG CHAI
V6 Mai A n h \ Bui Th8 D 6 i \ Nguyin Van H o p ' Vu Thi Mmh Ngoc\ Nguyin Thi Hai Hoa"
'TS, ThS. Tru&ng Bgi hpc Ldm nghiip
^ThS. BQ Nong nghiep & Phdt triin Nong thon T O M T A T
D6ng quan ly (DQL) rimg la mot trong nhflng phuong thue quan ly rimg dang thu hiit sir quan tSm tir d p Trung uong dhx dia phuong. Thuc tien mOt s6 noi d5 chi ro quan ly rimg v6i sir tham gia eiia c^ag d6ng dja phuong sfing gin rimg va cac td ebiic ciia Nha nuoc la m6 hinh quan ly rimg co tinh kha thi ve kmh te - xa hpi, phil h<?p voi tap quin san xuit truyen ihong eua nhilu dan toe cr khu virc mien mil ciia Vi|t Nam. Nghien ciiu vfi mS hinh BQL rimg tai xa Pii Luong thupc Khu bao t6n loai \k sinh canh Mil Cang Chai, tinh Yen Bai d3 dupc thue Men. Phucmg phap ehu dao eiia nghifin ciiu la phong van eae doi tugng lien quan ket hipp quan sit thiic tfi.
M§i nhdm hp phong van 20 hfl gia djnh Ap dung phuong p h ^ phong van sau doi voi cic dfli tupng gia vai tro quan ly trfin dia ban. Kfit qua ciia nghien ciiu la da lim ro dupc thuc trang va hi|u qua ciia mfl hinh DQL rung dfii voi d£ri sflng kinh tfi va moi tmong eiia dja phuong; xic dinh nhOng tfln tai va han chfi ciia mo hinh DQL dang dupc ip dung Tir do, cie kifin nghi da duoc dua ra dfi khic phuc kho khan va hoan chinh mo hinh DQL t^i cho khu vyc trong thai gian toi.
Tfr khoa: Bong qudn ly, H'Mdng, khu bdo ton, Pu Ludng va rung cgng dong
I. DAT VAN DE
Rung la tai nguyen vo ciing quy gia ciia dat nuac, mot bo phan quan trong ciia moi truong sinh thai, no khong chi co kha nang tai tao m i con CO gia tri Ion ve kinh te, gan li^n vai doi song ngucri dan cac dan tpc mien nui.
Tinh dtn thing 12/2011 diSn tich rung Viet Nam khoang 13,4 trieu ha, do ehe phii la 39,7% (Quygt dinh s6 2089/2012/BNN-PTNT) [2], trong do khoing 10 trieu ha l i rung tu nhien. Rung Viet Nam duac chia thanh 3 loai l i rung die dung, rung phong hg va rimg san xuit. Trong do, he thong rimg die dung duac coi l i chien lugc bao ton thien nhien liu dai ciia Viet Nam va l i ca hgi t6n tai ciia cac loii dgng, thuc vit dang bi de dga. Do riing tu nhien ngiy cang bi thu hep, da dang sinh hgc bi day ICii toi nhung viing niii nen hau h8t cic khu rimg die dung duac phan bo a cac viing siu, vimg xa, noi co nhieu d6ng bio dan tgc thieu so sinh song. Nhimg khu virc nay thuong CO dia hinh hiem tra, di lai kho khan, kinh tl xa hgi kem phat trien, trinh do din tri con nhiSu
han ehe (Dinh Ngge Lin, 2002). Dieu nay da gay ra khong it tra ngai cho c6ng tic quan iy cac khu rimg dac dung trong thai gian qua, die biet la luc lugng quin ly rung thuong rit mong, nhieu noi khong dii dieu kien de thanh lap ban quan ly.
Nam tren dai Hoang Lien Scm himg vT, hon 15 nam ve truac Khu bio ton loii v i sinh canh Mil Cang Chai (KBT) co nhieu khu rimg gan nhu vin con nguyen ven, it bi tic dgng (Bg Nong nghiep va PTNT, 1997) [1]. Tuy nhien, Men nay viec quin Iy bio ve KBT dang gip rit nhieu kho khan. Kinh phi hoat d6ng hang nam han hep, truoe day chi dua vao nguon chucmg trinh 661. Mat khic, trang thi^t cho to tu§n tra rat thieu thon, cac thinh vien t5 tuan tra co trinh do van hoi thap nen g^p kho khan trong xir ly su viec. Mgt vin de niia l i nguoi din dia phuang o diy chu yeu la nguoi dan tgc H'Mong voi truyen thong du canh, du cu, cu6c s6ng vin phu thuoc khi nhieu vao cac nguon tai nguyen sin co trong rimg nhu gd ciii, lim san ngoii g6... Do viy, giai phap cho c6ng tic quan ly tii nguyen rimg a day khong th8 tich TAP c m KHOA HOC VA CONG ^GSt LAM NGHIEP S 6 2 - 2013
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trUdng rm su thara gia ciia cgng dSng dia phuong va cac thanh phin khic co lien quan. Giai phap cimg vai nguai dan va cac ca quan t6 chiic khac tren dia ban tham gia quin ly KBT hay dong quan ly tii nguyen rimg dugc xem l i co nhieu trien vgng nhim bio t6n gia ni da dang sinh hpc trong khu v u c Mo hinh niy da dugc ttien khai va buac diu dem Iai hieu qui 6 xa Pung Luong thugc khu bio t6n loai v i smh canh Mil Cang Chii. Do viy, viec dinh gii hieu qui cua mo hinh ddng quan ly rung 6 diy la can thiet de nit ra nhiing bii hpc kinh nghiem cho viec hoan thien mo hinh va nhan rgng mo hinh ra cic khu vuc co di6u kien tuong d6ng.
II. © 6 l T i r O N G V J L P H I T O N G PHAP NGHIEN c u t ;
2.L Doi tiroTig nghien ciju
- Khu bao ton loii v i sinh canh Mii Cang Chai vai tong dien tich 20.293 ha, trong do diSn tich phin khu vuc bao vS nghiem ngat, khu phuc hoi sinh thai, dich vu hanh chinh lin lugt la 15.129 ha, 5.164 ha, 185 ha; vimg dem Ii 94.325 ha.
- Cac h6 gia dinh tham gia va khong tham gia DQL rimg 6 Xa Pii Luong, mpt xa vimg cao cua huyen Mii Cang Chii, co 9 ban va 1 thi tii, vai 641 hg, 3.471 khiu. Din tgc H'Mong chigm da s6 (gin 88%), dan tgc Kinh 11%, Thai 0,37%.
- Nghien ciiu tip trung vao thuc trang nguon tai nguyen thien nhien trong KBT, nhung thinh cong v i bit cap ciia cac mo hinh thuc tiln ve dSng quin ly rimg d^c dung hien co tai KBT, va cic giai phap mang tmh dinh hudng v6 DQL rimg o KBT.
2.2. Phu-ong p h a p nghien c u n - Thu thdp sd lieu thu cdp: S6 lieu thii cip bao g6m cic cong trinh nghien cim cua cic tie gia hong va ngoai nuoc vg linh vuc DQL tai nguyen thien nhien noi chung va DQL rimg n6i rieng; cic vin ban phip^ quy, cic chuang trinh du an va cic bao cio co lien quan den DQL rimg;
TAP CHI KHOA H Q C VA CONG NGHE L.4.M NGHIEP S 6 2 - 2013 - Lua chpn diem nghien ciru- Xa Pii Luong nam trong va %'ung dem ciia BCBT, nguoi dan trong x i CO doi song phu thugc vio tii nguyen ciia KBT v i cd vi tri quan trpng trong kiem soit cic hoat ddng khai thac lim sin.
- Phong vdn: Ddi tuong bao gom cin bg thupc: Ban quin ly KBT; chinh quyen xa; cpng ddng ngudi din dia phuong true tiep tham gia DQL; cdng ddng ngudi dan khdng true tiep tham gia DQL nhung cd sinh ke phu thugc vio tii nguyen rimg d khu vuc DQL; cpng ddng nguoi din khdi^ tham gia DQL v i cd sinh ke khdng phu thudc vao tai nguyen ning. Sir dung bang ciu hdi phdng vin ban cau tnic vdi ddi tugng cgng dong ngudi dan dia phuong; phdng van siu cin bd quan ly khu bao ton, vudn qudc gia v i chinh quyen dia phuong ve tinh hinh v i ket qua thuc hien md hinh DQL rimg dac dung.
- Xic ly vd phdn tich s6 liiu: Dimg phuong phs^ phan tich tdng hgp, md ta, so sanh, danh gii de danh gii tiSm nang phat trien DQL tai nguyen rimg. Phin tich ket qua cic phi^u dieu tra, tir do so sanh, danh gia tim ra nhiing nhan td anh hudng den su tham gia ciia cdng ddng dia phuong vao quin !y bao ve (QLBV) rimg v i giii phap co bin thich hgp cho phuong thiic DQL tai xa Pii Ludng thugc KBT.
m . KET QUANGHIEN CUtJ VA THAO L U ^ 3.1. Dac diem co- ban cong dong ngucri dan khu vuc nghien con
3.1.L Pban loai nhdm bp tai kbu vvc nghien ctru Vimg rimg die dung ciia x i Pii Luong chii yeu nam tren dia ban cac ban Na Hang A, N i Hing B va My Hai^ Tua Chii, do vay cac hp tbam gia BQL la cac hd gia (£nh thugc ba bin niy.
- Hp tiuun gia DQL: Sd lao ddt^ ciia cac hd cdn rat it so vdi sd khiu trong gia ^ n h , thu nhap chii yeu tir ndng nghiep. Ddi sdng ngudi din d day con rit thieu thdn, da so cac hd thudc dien ngheo (14/20 hd). Phin 1cm cac hd thupc cic ban cd tham gia DQL deu la cic hd da sinh sdng d dia phuong tir liu va thudc nhdm cac din tdc thieu sd; nhin thiic va kha nang thdng thao tieng Kinh ciia cac hd tucmg ddi han ehe.
89
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trudng - Hd khdng tham pa BQL: Trong sd 10 thdn
bin cua xa cd 7 ban khdng nam trong vimg rimg die dung, do viy cic hp gja dinh cua nhung bin nay chua thara gia vao DQL rimg. Qua diSu tra thiy rang ddi sdng ciia b i con trong ban chii yk\i phu thugc vio ndng nghiep va da phin la hg ngheo (16/20 hp), cdn hd trung binh thi thu nhip deu kiem them tir rimg.
3.1.2. Sir phu thupc cua ngir&i ddn vdo rimg - Khai thdc tdi nguyen rimg: Cdng dong dia phuang l i nhiing nguoi da chung sdng lau nam d khu vuc niy, hp coi rimg la nguon sdng v i su dung tii nguyen rimg thdng qua cic hoat ddng nhu: phit nuong lim riy, khai thac Iim sin ngoai go va chin t h i gia siic.
- Cic san phim khai thac tir rimg DQL:
Chii yeu l i gd khai thic de phuc vu cho nhu cau lam nha d, cac vat dyng sinh hoat cua ngudi din dia phuong. 50% cac hg khai thac gd d6 lam nhi, 30% hO khai thac thio qui, ciy thudc, 30% hg khai thac cui v i 20% hg hii rau tir rimg DQL. Chu yeu cac sin phim nay dugc khai thac de phuc vu nhu ciu su dung cua gia dinh.
Chbbiiiinc Umnutngrlf KhsiilikLaJG
Hinh 01. Cdc hoat d^ng khai thdc tdi nguyin rimg (Nguon: Tdng hpp kit qua
nghien cdu nam 2012)
3.1.3. Nhdn thirc cda ngie&i ddn ddi v&i mo hinh BQL rimg
- Hp tham gia BQL rimg: Da sd cac hd deu nhan thiic dugc rimg khong phii cua rieng ai ma la rimg truyen thdng ciia cdng ddng. Do vay, bao ve va phat trien rimg cung l i dam bio lgi ich ciia chinh ban than hp. Tuy nhien, dgng luc chinh dl cac hd tham gia DQL rimg lai la nghe ldi trudng thdn, can bg v i gii lang (chilm 60%). 40% hg tham gia DQL rimg dk dugc khai thac gd v i mdt sd hp tham gia do dugc ngudi din trong bin bau vao han tuin tra
Bang 01. Stf tham gia cua ngu&i ddn trong tiin trinh DQL rung
TT Tieu chi S6 ho Ty trong (%)
20 16 12 18 18 20
100 80 60 90 90 1 Cd hieu biet ve cac ben tham gia E)QL ning
2 Tham gia hpp dan trudc khi tham gia DQL rimg 3 Tham gia dilu tra rimg trudc khi thara gia DQL rung 4 Co hieu biet vl quyen lpi va nghTa vu trudc khi tham gia DQL rimg 5 Mo hinh DQL rimghien nay la phii hpp
So hg dieu tra
(Ngudn: Tdng hpp tir phieu dieu tra, ndm 2012) - Hp khong tham gia DQL rimg: Qua dilu gia DQL rimg n l u cd co hdi va 80% hd cho tra phdng vin chi cd 30% sd hd thudc nhdm cd ring md hinh DQL rimg hien tai la phii hgp.
hieu biet vl DQL. Dilu niy chimg td cdng tic Cic hd diu nhin tbiic dupc DQL rimg l i chii tuyen truyen mdi chi chii trgng vio nhurng hd truong ciia N h i nudc, bao ve rimg l i nhiem vu nim trong khu vuc cd rimg die dung. chung v i neu tham gia se cd them thu nhip va
Tuy nhien 90% cic hd diu sin sang tham dugc hudng lpi sau niy.
90 TAP CHI KHOA H O C VA CONG N G H ? LAM NGHIEP S 6 2 - 2013
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trudng 3.2. Thu-e trang dong quan ly rirng tai xa Pu Luong, khu bao t i n Ioai & sinh canh Mii Cang Chai
3.2.1. Quan he giira cdc bin lien quan trong ddng qudn ly rimg
a) Mdu thudn giua cdc ben lien quan Trong khu vuc nghien cim, cac miu thuan CO bin giira cic ben li6n quan duoc xic dinh nhu sau:
^ - M i u thuin giiia cgng ddng cua bin vdi cac cgng ddng khac. Vi du: cdng ddng nguoi H'Mdng vdi cgng ddng ngudi Kinh.
- M i u thuin giiia cdng ddng ngudi dan trong ban vdi nhung ngudi khai thic, budn ban
ddng vat va lam san khic. Diy la mau thuin gay git kho dung hoa.
- Miu thuin giira Ban quan ly khu KBT, chinh quyen dia phuong vdi ngudi khai thac, budn bin lam sin.
- Mau thuin giiia cic chii rimg voi mpt sd ngudi din trong cpng ddng ban.
b) Khd ndng hpp tdc giUa cdc bin lien quan Tuy timg mirc do m i cac b§n lien quan diu cd the trd thanh ddi tie trong DQL. Cd bdn ddi tic chii dao la chinh quyen dja phuong, Ban quin Iy KBT, cpng ddng ngudi dan, cic CO quan doin the va c i nhin dugc the hiSn d hinh 02.
BQL KBT
•
'
Cpng ddng din cu tho oban
DQL rung
To chiic, ca nhan khic Hmh 02. Sa dd khd ndng hpp tdc, hd tro cdc Si tdc chinh Qua thuc te nghien ciiu tren dia ban cho
thay, ngudi khai thac va budn ban lim sin tuy mau thuin va it hgp tac vdi cic ben lien quan khic, nhung n l u Ii nguoi dia phuong cin dugc khuyin khich tham gia DQL rimg. Hp cd the ddng gdp kien thiic va kinh nghiem ciia minh cho cong tic bao tdn, ddng Uidi giim cic hoat dpng tham gia khai thac Iim san.
3J2.2. Hieu qua va tiianb tuv kbi tnen khai md binb ddng quan Iy rung &kba vuc nghien cuu a) Hieu qua md hinb BQL rimg dang ap dung
De danh gii hieu qui ciia viec ap dyng md hinh ddng quin ly rimg d khu vuc nghien ciiu, chiing tdi tien hanh phdng vin cac hd gia dinh tham gia va khdng tham gia vao DQL rimg 6 dia phuang. Ket qui cho d bang 02.
Bang 02. Nhdn thuc ve hiiu qud kinh le - moi tru&ng cua ngu&i ddn doi v&i tiin trinh BQL riimg
1 2 3 4 5
Chi tieu Tai nguyen rimg Lupng nuac sinh ho^t Xoi mon, sat la dat Kliai thac rimg DQL Thu nhap cua dan
T6ng 30 hp dieu tra
TaDg 16 8 0 4 18
Y kien ciia ngiroi dan H« tiiam sia DQL
Giam KhoDg doi 4 0 12 0 20 0 12 4 0 2
20
Ho khong tham Tang
14 10 6
Giam 4 6
20 gia DOL
Khong doi
2 4 10
{Nguon: Tong hpp tie phieu dieu tra ndm 2012) TAP C H i KHOA HOC V.A. CONG NGHE LAM NGHEEP S 6 2 - 2013
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trudr, - Hiiu qud ve kinh ti: Ngudn thu chinh ciia
ddng bao xa Pii Ludng chii yeu tir trdng liia, lam nuong riy, chin nudi vi cac nginh nghe khic (chilm khoang 60%). Trong khi do, ngudn thu tir rimg (lim nghiep) chiem gin 40%, trong dd mpt phin dang ke li nhiing khoan thu nhap tir viec tham gia DQL rimg nhu khai thac cac sin phim tir rimg (nhua thdng, thio qui, tio meo, gd tan thu...) va kinh phi nhin khoan bio ve rimg. Chinh vi viy, 18/20 hg (chilm 90%) cd tham gia DQL rimg cd nhan dinh ring ddi sdng ciia hg khi hon so vdi trudc khi tham gia tiln trinh DQL rimp, hp dupc hd trg tir DQL rimg va cac khoan diu tu vio phin bdn, chuyen ddi co cau ciy trdng...
- Hiiu qud vi mdi tru&ng: Tim hieu md binh DQL rimg tai Pii Ludng cho thiy, d diu rtmg dugc ^ao cho din, cho cgng ddng vi gin lgi ich thi6t thuc ciia dan vai rimg thi d do rimg dugc bio ve tdt han. C6 80% hd tham gia DQL rimg va 70% hg khdng tham gia DQL rimg nhan dinh ring tai nguyen rimg dugc tang len so voi tnrdc khi tien hinh DQL rimg do quan ly bio v€ tdt hon, ngin chin dugc nan phi rimg liy gd vi sin bin bira bai (bang 02).
60% hd tham gia DQL rimg kit luin hien tugng ch^t phi rimg da giim, tuy nhien van cdn mdt sd trudng hgp san ban bira bai va phi rimg lam nuong riy. 100% cac hg tham gia DQL rimg cho ring hien tugng xdi mdn, sat la dit giim so voi tmdc khi tien hinh DQL rimg do rimg diu ngudn dugc bao ve tdt han.
b) Nhimg thdnh tuu cua md hinh BQL rirng - Huy dpng dugc ngudi dan tham gia: Ket qui tren chi ro DQL rimg khdng chi mang lai lgi ien va hipu qui ddi vdi ngudi dan tham gia ddng quin ly ma ci nhting hd khdng tham gia.
0 nhihig bin thuOc rimg DQL ngudi dan tham gia tvr nguyen va ddng dao, hg da td chiic dugc cac td tuan tra rimg thudng xuySn vi hieu qua.
0 nhiing ban khdng thugc vimg rimg DQL, da sd ngudi dan cung san sang tham gia nlu dugc lira chpn.
- Ting dugc nhin thirc cua nguoi dan vl DQL va cdng tac QLBV rung: DQL rung da lam thay doi siu sac nhan thiic ciia ngudi dan xa Pii Ludng ve QLBV rimg. Dii dan di cdn thap vi hiu het li ngudi dan tdc thieu sd nhung cac hd da hieu biet dugc rimg Ii tai nguyen thien nhien qui bau ciia qudc gia, bio ve rimg
la bio ve tii sin chung vi bao ve lgi ich ciia chinh ban than minh. Ngoii ra, cic hg cung nhan thiic dugc QLBV rimg la chii truong cua Nha nudc, do vay cin tuyet ddi tuan thii va ty nguyen tham gia.
- Cai thien mdi trudng sdng cua ngudi dh\
dia phucmg; Nhu phin tich d_ tren, thdng qua bang ciu hdi phong vin true tiep ngudi dan, kit hgp vdi quan sit thue te cho thay d xa nhiing nam gin diy rimg da dugc cpng ddng quan tam cham sdc bio ve nen ehat lugng da dugc cai thi?n. Nhd viy, ngudn thu nhap cua ngudi dan dugc cai thi|n, dp ehe phii rimg, dien tich rimg dugc trdng mdi di ting len, cac hien tugng thien tai, lii lut da dugc cii thien rd ret.
3.2.3. Nhiing khd khdn vd han chi cua md hinh ddng qudn ly rieng
- Ddng luc tham gia ciia ngudi dan: De tao su chuy6n biln, md hinh DQL run^ phii gdp phin ding kd cho vide tao sinh ke, ting thu nhip va giam ty le hd ngheo tai dia ban. Tuy nhien, hien nay dan sd ciia xa Pii Ludng dang cd SII gia ting nhanh chdng, trong khi dien tich va trir Iugng rimg cd han nen ngudi dan tham gia chua thu Igi dugc gi hoac chi thu dugc m^t It tir rimg cho du hp phai bd nhieu thdi gian dl quan ly va bao vB rimg. Mat khac, trong khi ngudi din phii doi mat vdi nhiing kho khan vl tao thu nhip chinh nhu vdn va viec lam thi m5 hinh nay khdng thi giii quySt dugc ngay.
Ngoai ra, co ehe hudng lgi tir khai tiiic lam sin ngoii gd cho ngudi din tham gia DQL chua ro rang.
- Cdng tic myen tmyln chua that su hieu qui: Thii nhit, viec myen tmyen va trien khai md hinh DQL di gap khdi^ it khd khan do trinh dp dan tri con qua thip, nhin thiic cua ngudi dan v6 trach nhiem, nghia vu vi quyen lgi troi^
viec QLBV rimg chua cao. Thii hai, cdng tic tuyen tmyen, phd biln ve DQL rimg mdi chi tap trung d cic ban tiiudc vimg cd rimg DQL, chua chii trgng tdi nhiing thdn bin khac trong xa.
- Cdng tic trdng rim^ chua dugc diu tu dung miic: Kit qua phdng vin dilu tra cho thay hiu het cac hO gia (finh diu khdng phat trien trdng rimg do khdng nhan dugc diu tu diing miic.
Hon niia, dd cd ngudn lgi tir trdn§ rimg ddi hdi ngudi dan phii cd kien thiic nhit dinh ve ky thuat vi phai cd them thdi gian vi cdr^ siic.
- Qui trinh thuc thi tien oinh DQL rimg a 92 TAP Cffl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIfP S6 2 - 2013
Quan ly Tai nguyen nmg & Moi tn/dng iijxa Pu Ludng cdn chua hieu qua do mdt sd ii-nguyen nhin:
15 -r Dia hinh khd khin v i dudng xa xa xdi, tir nha den KBT xa vi xa thudc vimg dem nen uba con khong thudng xuyen di tuan tra vi mat 5. nhieu thdi gian. Thdng thudng cac td tuin tra
^chi di tuan mdi thing mdt Iin hoac hai lan s trong trudng hgp tinh trang dien bien phiic tap.
5^ -r Viec l ^ ke hoach QLBV rimg da phin u khdng dupc ngudi d i n biet tdi do viy hp JJ khdng nam bit dugc ndi dung de tu thuc hien, jj Chinh vi viy can mdi cac gii ling, trudng bin J diam gja vao cic cudc hgp xiy dung ke hoach
QLBV rimg de hp tuyen truyen vdi ngudi din
^ frong ban va lay y kien ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan ve nhung vin de bit cap de bin ke hoach hoan thien hon. Can phii lip ke hoach mdt
^ cich cong khai "va can cii v i o tinh hinh thuc te i! cua x i de 1 ^ .
\ -r Nhu cau su dung gd v i lam sin ngoii
; gd ciia nhin din de xay dung nha d, do gia
! dung, lim hing xuit khiu, ciii ddt... ngay
!i cang nhieu, cung chua dap iing ciu. Gia gd I tren thi trudng ngay mgt cao, trong khi do sin i: lugng gd ciia dia phuang giam manh, nen sire I ep ciia xa hdi ddi vdi tii nguyen rimg la rit [, ldn. Dieu nay dan tdi tinh trang chat p h i rimg, [ khai thac trai phep trong rimg DQL dien bien
; ngiy cang phiic tap, giam hieu qua ciia md
! tunh DQL rimg.
+ Ve mat quan ly N h i nudc, cac chinh t sach ve lam nghiep cua Nha nudc ndi chung v i ciia dia phuang ndi rieng chua ddng bg, viec , giao dit, giao rimg tien hinh qui chim, chua , dgng vien dugc siic manh ciia nhan dan, chua , gan quyen Igi va trach nhiem ciia ngudi din va
cac thanh phan Ifinh te trong cdng tic td chiic quan iy, bio ve va phat trien vdn rimg.
+ Luc iugng Kiem lim cdn qua mdng va thidu Ifinh i^hiem ciing nhu trinh do ky thuit de cd die thuc hien tdt vai trd cua minh trong viec tuyen tmyen hudng din ba con tai cac 4dn ban trong viec quan ly, bao ve rimg. Ben canh do ehe tai cho viec xir ly vi pham lai chua ro ring, nhiiiig vu vi pham nhin chung rat khd de xir Iy do ngudi din qui ngheo khdng cd tien nop phat hoac cin nhu cau sdng.
+ Tinh cdng ddng cao cua ngudi din ciing cd the dugc coi l i mgt nguyen nhin khien md hjrih DQL rung d day chua that su hieu qua. 60% cac hg gia dinh dugc phdng vin tri
ldi hp tham gia DQL rimg hay khong tham gia la nghe theo ldi tradng ban hoac theo cac hd gia dinh khac trong bin. Tuy nhien, hien nay, do Nha nudc chua thira nhan ve mat phip ly cpng dong l i chii rung nen vdi mgt sd dia phuong hinh thiic quin ly rimg dua vio cdng ddng theo luat tuc tmyen thdng vdn hieu qua trudc diy thi hien mat din hieu Iuc bdi phong tuc tmyen thdng bi phi va, vai trd ciia gia lang, trudng thdn lu md.
+ Md hjnh DQL rimg d KBT chua dugc diu tu diing miic, bao gdm c i nhin luc va tai chinh, Tien cdng chi tri cho mdi hg gia dinh l i khoing 190.000 ddng/ha, sau khi trir di chi phi.
Mdi hd gia dinh chi nhin khoan bao ve khoing hon 2 ha rimg, nghia la khoin thu nhip tang them tir viec tham gia DQL rimg ciia mdi hg din l i khoing 400.000 ddng/ha/nam. Khoan thu nhip niy chua giii quyet dugc khd khan cua cic hd gia dtnh.
IV. K £ T LUiiN VA THAO LUAN Trudc nam 2007 tinh trang chat pha rimg, san bin ddng vit trai phep trd nen nghiem trpng. Vi viy, nam 2007 N h i nuoc da trien khai du an DQL rung cd su tham gia cua ngucri din dia phuang tai xa Pii Ludng thudc Khu bao tdn loii va sinh cinh Mii Cang Chii, tinh Yen Bai nham bio ve tai nguyen quy biu dang dan can kiet tiieo hinh thiic khoan bao ve tra tien bang ngin sach nha nudc. Tir khi bat dau du an DQL den nay thuc trang tai nguyen rimg tai xa da CO nhirng thay ddi ding ke, dac biet l i d nhiing ban tham gia DQL rimg. Tuy nhien, tien trinh DQL tai xa cdn gap mgt so han ehe nhu dieu kien tu nhien phiic tap; he thdng giao thdng kem, di lai khd khan nhat l i vao miia mua nen khdng the thudng xuyen di tuin tra;
nang luc quin ly con han ehe, luc Iugng tuin tra, myen truyen qua mdng; ngudi dan phu thugc nhieu vao TNR, hien tugng khai thic va budn ban trai phep lim sin cdn dien ra.
De tien trinh DQL tai nguyen rimg trien khai thuc hien dugc tdt d cic dia diem nghien ciiu, bio cio dua ra mpt so khuyen nghi sau diy:
- Can xay dung quan Iy Nha nudc ve DQL rimg. Cu the, xiy dung co ehe chinh sach ve quan ly v i td chitc DQL, ddng thdi ca quan do ciing ban hanh nhiing qui dinh Uen quan den chiic ning, nhiem vu, quyen han, co ehe hoat ddng ciia Ban DQL rung nay va qui ehe quan TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG N a H E L A M NGHIEP SO 2 - 2013 93
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi tntdt ly rimg gdm chiic nang, nghia vu, quyen lgi
cua cac ben lien quan trong ban DQL rimg, hdi dong tu vin... Ngoai ra, can xay dung quy udc bao ve va phit trien rimg cho cac cdng ddng din cu dua tren mdt so ngudn luat sin cd nhu Luat bao ve va phat trieu rimg nam 2004; Nghi dinh 117/2010/ND-CP ngay 24/12/2010 ciia Chinh phii vl td chirc quan ly he thdng rimg die dung... Xiy dung ca ehe phin quyen cho Ban quan ly khu bio tdn hay VQG, ngudi din, cgng ddng dia phuong tir quyen sd hihi ciia nha nudc ve rimg.
- Cac xa trong khu bio tdn ndi chung cimg Ban quan ly khu bao tdn cin xiy dung mgt co ehe cy thi cho timg hoat dgng cua tien trinh DQL tai nguyen rimg dl trinh cac cip cd tham quyen phe duyet lam co sd phap Iy cho cac hoat ddng dn dinh liu dii.
- Tinh Yen Bai cin ban hinh cac quy dinh ve DQL tii nguyen va ngudn tii chinh hd trg cho DQL tii nguyen rung. Nen xiy dung ca ehe thudng phat cho cic boat ddng bio ve rimg. Can cd ehe do ho trg, khuyen khich phat tri8n, khai thac, sii dung va ehe bien m^t sd Ioai lim sin ngoai gd khdng anh hudng den cdng tic bio tdn.
- Cin cd nhiing nghien ciiu thii nghiem md hinh DQL d cic xa vimg dem cua khu bao tdn,
de thu hiit tit ci cic ben lien quan tham gii DQL. Ddng thdi, cin chii trgng hon nira vac cdng tic myen tmyen den tit ca cac hd tronj vimg ldi va ca vimg dem cua KBT.
- Cin cd quy dinh ddng gop, diu tu chc cdng tie bao tdn ddi vdi cic .doanh nghiep khai thic tiem ning ve tai nguyen thien nhien phuc vu du Hch, giai tri, nghi dudng...
TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO
1. Bo N6ng Nghiep & PTNT (1997), QD 1707/NN- TCCB ngay 18/08/1997 vk viec quy dinh chiic n^Dg, nhiem vu, quyfin han va t6 chiic bg miy Khu bao t^c loai v i sinh canh Mii Cang Chai.
2. BO N6Eg nghifip & PTNT (2012). Quyet djnh so 2089/QD-BNN-TCLN ngay 30/8/2012 cua_ Bfi Nong nghiep v i Phat trien nong thon cong bfi sfi hfiu hi?n trang rimg toan qufic nam 2011.
3. Brovra, D., 1999. Principles andpractice offaresi co-management- evidence from West-central Africa.
European Union Tropical Forestry Paper 2 4. EU-Chma NFMP (EU-China Natural Forest Management Project), 2010. Forest Co-managemem development: status and lessons learned from the NFH^.
5 Dinh Ngoc Lan (2002), Qudn ly rimg cpng ddn^
trong phdt triin bin virng ndng than viing nui phia Bac Viit Nam, Nha xudt ban NSng nghifip, H i NOi.
6. Nguyen Ba Ngai, 2009. Qudn ly rimg cgng ddng a Vlit Nam. thuc trgng, vdn de vd gidi phdp. Ky yfiu hgi thao quOc gia vfi quan ly rimg cong dfing. Ha Nfii, 2009.
FOREST CO-MANAGEMENT MODEL IN VIETNAM:
A PILOT STUDY IN PU LUONG COMMUNE -
THE HABITAT AND SPECIES PROTECTED AREA OF MU CANG CHAI Vo Mai Anh, Bui The Doi, Nguyen Van Hop, Vu Thi Mmh Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Hai Hoa SUMMARY
Forest co-management is one of cuirent forest management measures that attracted the attention from tke Central to the local levels. Empincai studies have proved that forest management with the participation of local communities suuounded the protected areas and the public forest management organizations would be an model with econoimc and social feasibility, and reasonable for traditional production practices of many ethnic groups in Vietnam. A pilot study on the forest co-management model has been conducted in Pu Luong conumune of Mi Cang Chai Habitat and Species Protected Area. The raam method was appUed for the study was to intervie^^
stakeholders related to the forest co-management, combined with the observation at die study area. Interview was given to 20 household of each group. A detailed interview was applied for local managers or authority, The studj has shown the present status and efSciency of the model for the economic conditions and environment of tht location- The study also pointed out the limitation and shortcomings of current co-management model. Based oi that, a number of recommendations have been proposed to overcome difficulties and improve the co-maoagemcQ model in the protected area in the future.
Keywords." co-management, community forest, H'Mong, protected a
Ngu&iphdn bien: PGS.TS. Dang Tung Hoa Ngdy nhdn bdi. 25/5/2013
Ngay phdn biin- 27/5/2013 Ngdy quyit dinh ddng- 07/6/2013
I, and Pu Luong
TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA C 6 N G N G H E LAM N^wmp .sr^ i . ini ^
