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NGHlfiN CUU XAC DINH THOI DIE:M TUOI NUQC CHO CA PHE: VOI KINH DOANH
ThS. Nguyen Xudn Hda Vien Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat Nong Ldm Nghiep Tdy Nguyen
1. Dat van de
Viec tifdi nifdc da trd thanh mdt phan thiet yeu dd'i vdi he thdng san xua't ca phe chuyen canh hien dai. Tai Dak Lak, cac vdng ca phe difdc trong cd hai miia mifa va miia khd rd ret, vdi 6 thang miia khd, gid nhieu va dp am tha'p thi viec tu'di nifdc la cdng viec bat budc. Tu'di nifdc cd tac dung duy tri sinh tru'dng ciia cay ca phe, dong thdi la dieu kien de cay ra hoa. Sau mpt thdi ky khd han de phan hoa mam hoa, cay du'dc tifdi nifdc diing liic va dii se ra hoa rat tap trung. Trong giai doan nd hoa, cay can mdt lifdng nifdc Idn hdn nhieu so vdi cac giai doan khac, vi liic nay qua trinh hd hap xay ra rat manh. Vi vay tu'di nifdc mang y nghla quyet dinh den kha nang sinh tru'dng va nang sua't ca phe.
Da so' ndng dan tu'di nifdc cho ca phe cao hdn so vdi khuye'n cao ciia cd quan khoa hpc vdi lu'dng tif 500-700 mVha/nam. Chu ky tu'di thi riit ngan lai tif 5-7 ngay, do vay se lam tang so' lan tu'di trong miia khd. Dieu nay da lam tang chi phi dau vao, dac biet la nhien lieu tu'di ngay cang tang cao. Mpt sd' ndng dan xac dinh thdi diem tu'di lan dau khdng diing, thu'dng la tufdi sdm hdn so vdi nhu cau tu'di ciia cay. Vi vay lam cho ca phe ra hoa khdng tap trung, gay khd khan cho cdng tac thu hoach sau nay. Mat khac do tifdi sdm, nen thifdng phai tang them so lan tu'di, se lam tang chi phi tifdi (tang chi phi dau vao).
Ve quan ly tu'di nifdc cho ca phe vdi vao giai doan kinh doanh, cac nghien ciJu cua WASI tif 1995-1999 (Le Ngpc Bau -1999) da xac dinh lu'dng nifdc tu'di cho ca phe kinh doanh dd'i vdi tifdi phun mufa tii' 600-700 mVha/lan; dd'i vdi tu'di di tiJf 500-600 lit/gdc/lan vdi chu ky tifdi la tii' 20-25
ngay/lan. Tu'di lan dau thi lifdng nifdc cao hdn so vdi dinh miJc tif 10-15%. Nguyen Dang Minh Chanh va Dave D'Haeze (2003) khi nghien cdu lifdng nu'dc tifdi cho ca phe (cac dong vd tinh chon Ipc nang sua't cao) da xac dinh difdc lufdng nufdc tu'di cho ca phe vdi kinh doanh la 520 lit/hd'/lan dat hieu qua kinh te cao nha't vdi chu ky tu'di dao dong tif 25-28 ngay. Dieu nay gdp phan quan trpng vao viec suf dung hdp ly nguon tai nguyen nifdc va bao ve mdi trifdng sinh thai.
Tren thifc te, viec tu'di nifdc phu thudc ra't nhieu vao dieu kien thdi tiet va phai can ciJ vao nhieu cd sd khoa hpc khac, do dd tu'di nifdc sao cho dii lufdng nifdc tifdi va diing thdi diem tu'di ciing la van de dat ra de tiet kiem chi phi dau vao cung nhif tao dieu kien td't nha't de cay ca phe cd the sinh tru'dng va phat trien dem lai nang sua't va chat lu'dng cao.
Nghien citu th&i diem tUdi niidc cho cd phe voi kinh doanh la can thiet de tif dd xay difng each quan ly tifdi nu'dc tdng hdp khdng chi ddn gian la cung cap dii nufdc cho cay ca phe ma cdn tinh toan den Idi ich ciia cac van de bao ton nguon nu'dc, mdi trifdng sinh thai va hieu qua kinhte.
2. Ndi dung va phifdng phap nghien ciifu 2.1 Ndi dung nghien ciifu
* Dia diem nghien cii'u: Tai Vien Khoa hpc ky thuat Ndng lam nghiep Tay Nguyen, tinh Dak Lak.
* Ddi tu'dng nghien cufu: Ca phe vdi kinh doanh 12 nam tudi, sinh trifdng dong deu.
* Thdi gian thifc hien: tif thang 01/2010 - 12/2010.
* Cdng thiifc thi nghiem: Gom 3 cdng thiJc:
(1) Lam theo ndng dan (dd'i chii'ng) (2) Tifdi khi dp am dat dat 30%
201 S03-2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
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(3) Tifdi khi dp a'm da't dat 27%.
* Chi tieu theo ddi: Theo doi cac chi tieu - Dp am dat trifdc va sau tufdi.
- Ty le hoa nd lan dau.
-Tyle dau qua.
- Ty le qua rung.
- Nang sua't thifc thu.
- Chat lu'dng ca phe nhan.
- Phan tich chi phi dau vao.
* Tong hdp va xu" ly sd'lieu -Thu thap sd'lieu.
- Kiem tra sd lieu, nhap sd lieu phan mem Excel.
- Xuf ly so lieu theo phifdng phap thdng ke md ta phan mem SAS.
2.2 Phifdng phap nghien cii'u
- Thi nghiem difdc bd tri theo kieu khd'i day du ngau nhien (RCBD), 3 lan lap, mdi d cd sd 20 cay. Giifa cdc d cd sd cd thiet ke 1 hang bao ve. Theo doi 6 cay loi giifa cac d cd sd.
- Xac dinh dp am dat d dp sau 10-20cm bang thiet bi do nhanh dp am dat de xac djnh thdi diem tu'di cho cdng thifc (2) va (3).
Lifdng nu'dc tu'di la 520 lit nu'dc/cay.
Bang 1: Ty le hoa nof
- Ty le hoa nd, ty le dau qua va ty le qua rung du'dc theo ddi bang each cot day danh dau va theo doi cd'dinh mdi cay 4 canh theo 4 hu'dng d vi tri giila cay. Mdi canh quan trac 5 dot. Tdng 120 dot quan trac/d. Dem sd hoa nd, qua dau va qua rung hien thdi tren dot qua mdi lan theo doi. Thdi gian theo ddi 1 thang 1 lanbatdautif khindhoa, dauquaden khi sap thu hoach.
- Danh gia nang sua't thifc thu vao giai doanthuhoach
- Lay mau qua ca phe chin (2kg qua chin/mau) de phan tich chat lu'dng ca phe nhan song. Mdi d cd sd lay 1 mau cho phan tich vao thdi diem thu hoach.
- Tinh toan cac chi phi dau vao va hieu qua kinh te so sanh giifa cdc cdng thifc thi nghiem.
3. Ket qua va thao luan
3.1 Ty le hoa nd Ian dau va ty le dau qua Ty le hoa nd lan dau cd y nghia rat quan trpng den viec dau qua, neu hoa nd tap trung thi qua se chin tap trung va thuan Idi cho viec thu hoach cd ty le qua chin cao va tiet kiem difdc cdng thu hdi.
lan dau va ty le dau qua Cdng thiifc
Dd'i chii'ng
Tu'di khi do am 27%
Tu'di khi do am 30%
Trimg binh
Ty Id hoa nd Ian dau 71,83 82,26 75,77 76,62*"
(%) Ty I9 dau qua (%) 75,67
75,33 76,67
74,33^'^
Ket qua phan tich thdng ke chi ra rang ty le hoa nd lan dau giifa cdc cdng thiJc thi nghiem cd mdt sif sai khac rat cd y nghia.
Tifdi khi dp am dat dat 27% cho thay liic nay cay ca phe da phan hda mam hoa mdt each day dii hdn va cd ty le hoa nd lan dau cao hdn cac cdng thifc khac va dieu nay se lam cho qua chin tap trung hdn. Mac dii vay chiing tdi lai khdng thay cd sif khac biet cd y nghia ve ty le dau qua giifa cac cdng thiJc thi nghiem
NS: khong co y nghla; '": co y nghla dp=0,01 va nhU'vay tufdi vdi dp am da't 27% se keo dai difdc chu ky tifdi ma khdng anh hifdng den sif dau qua ca phe so vdi tu'di d 30% va lam theo ndng dan.
3.2 Ty le qua rung va nang suat thijfc thu Sd lieu thu thap (tif thang 4 den thang 10/2010) du'dc xuf ly thdng ke va ket qua ve ty le rung qua d cac thang du'dc tinh toan la ty le so sanh vdi tdng sdqua theo ddi tai thdi diem thang 4/201 Ova du'dc trinh bay d bang 2.
SO3-2011« THONG TIN KHOA HOC & C O N G NGHE 21
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Cong thiifc Dd'i chifng
Tu'di khi do am 27%
Tu'di khi do am 30%
Trung binh
B Thang 5
4,04 3,96 3,92 3,98"'
ang 2: Ty le Thang 6
8,78 8,56 8,46 8,60^'
rung qua Thang 7 22,87 22,53 23,07 22,82"'
[%)
Thang 8 29,63 28,83 28,37 28,94"'
Thang 9 34,20 33,23 33,03
33,49"'
Thang10 43,33 42,40 42,23
42,66"'
Ty le rung qua deu tang dan qua cac thang theo doi tif thang 5 den thang 10/2010, tang cham vao cac thang 5 va 6 do qua cdn nhd va it cd sif canh tranh dinh du'dng Idn trong phat trien qua ciia cac chum qua ca phe. Ty le rung qua tang nhanh tu" cac thang 7 den thang 10, day ciing la dac diem rung qua sinh ly chung trong san xua't ca phe.
Ket qua cho thay rang khdng cd sif khac biet cd y nghia giifa cac cdng thdc thi nghiem ve ty le rung qua d tat ca cac thang theo doi.
NS: khong co y nghla Nhu' vay cd the ndi rang cac cdng thiJc thi nghiem khdng cd sif sai khac ve ty le rung qua mdt each cd y nghla.
So lieu nang sua't thifc thu (kg nhan/ha) du'dc tinh toan difa tren cd sd san lu'dng qud tu'di ciia d thi nghiem (6 cay theo ddi), ty le tu'di nhan va mat dp (1100 cay/ha). Chiing tdi thay rang sif chenh lech ve ndng suat thifc thu giifa cac cdng thiifc thi nghiem la rat nhd va khdng cd sif khac biet cd y nghia giifa cac cdng thiifc thi nghiem.
Nang suat thirc thu (kg nhan/ha)
4200 4000 3800- (kg) 3600
3400 3200 3000
Doi chLPng Tu-cci khi dp am Tu-ai khi 66 am 2 7 % 3 0 %
3.3 Cha't lifdng nguyen lidu qua tifofi va ca phe nhan
Bang 3: Cha't lifdng ca phe nhan sd'ng
C6ng thufc
Doi chifng
Tu'di khi do am 27%
Tu'di khi do am 30%
Trung binh LSD CV(%)
Sang 18 21,11 18,79 19,08 19,66"' 11,27 25,28
Ty le tren cac cd sang (%) Sang
16 39,22 42,29 44,59 42,03^' 21,81 22,89
Sang 13 35,01 35,45 33,96 34,80"' 16,55 21,81
• 221 SO 3 - 2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE
Sang 12 2,77 2,02 1,39 2,06"' 2,64 56,58
<Sang 12 1,90 1,45 0,99 1,44"' 2,15 65,54
- Trpng lif^ig 100
nhan (g) 14,58 14,13 15,30 14,67"'
1,61 4,84 NS: khong c
Tyle tifcfi/
nh§n 4,44 4,46 4,42 4,44"' 0,69 6,98 0 y nghla
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Ciing gidng nhif theo doi ty le rung qua va nang sua't thifc thu thi chat lu'dng ca phe nhan ciia cac cdng thiJc thi nghiem deu cho thay khdng cd sif khac biet mdt each cd y nghia d tat ea cac chi tieu ve chat lu'dng ca phe nhan sd'ng phan tich du'dc. Nhif vay cd the ndi cac cdng thiJc thi nghiem khdng lam anh hifdng den chat lu'dng ca phe nhan sd'ng.
3.4 Phan tich chi phi dau vao va hieu qua kinhtd'
Tong chi phi, doanh thu, Idi nhuan va tang Idi nhuan dieu difdc tinh toan quy ddi
ra tren ddn vi dien tich Iha ca phe (mat dp 1100 cay/ha) va quy ddi ra ndng sua't thifc thu theo kg nha n/ha ba ng ca ch chia cho ty le tu'di/nhan ciia cac cdng thiJc tai bang danh gia chat lu'dng ca phe nhan sd'ng.
Trung binh tdng chi phi ciia cdng thiifc dd'i chii'ng va tifdi khi dp a'm da't dat 30% la nhu' nhau. Cdng thdc tifdi khi dp am da't dat 27%
cho thay da tiet kiem difdc vdi chi phi la 2.930.000 ddng/nam so vdi hai cdng thifc cdn lai do da tiet kiem difdc mdt lan tu'di/ndm.
Bang 4: Phfin tich chi phi va hi^u qua kinh te (ngan dong)
Cdng thrfc
Dd'i chifng
Tu'di khi dp am 27%
Tu'di khi do am 30%
Trung binh
Tong chi phi 50.510 47.630 50.510 49.550
Doanh thu 139.707 140.519 141.297 140.508
L<jfi nhuan 89.197 92.889 90.787 90.958
Tang l(^i nhuan
+3.692 +1.590
Doanh thu va Idi nhuan cua cdc cdng thiJc la rat cao do gia ca phe cao tai thdi diem ban (thdng 12/2010 la 35.000 ddng/kg), cao nha't d cdng thifc tu'di khi dp am da't dat 27% do cd chi phi dau vao thap nha't. Viec tang Idi nhuan so vdi dd'i chufng cao nha't d cdng thifc tifdi khi dp a'm dat dat 27% (3.742.000d/ha) va thiJ hai la cdng thiJc tifdi khi dp a'm da't dat 30% (1.590.000 ddng/ha).
4. Nhan xet va kien nghi 4.1NhSnxet
Tifdi nifdc khi dp am da't dat 27% cho thay lam cho viec phan hda mam hoa day dii hdn.
hoa nd tap trung hdn va tiet kiem difdc chi phi mdt lan tifdi nu'dc/nam cung nhu" cdng lao dong thu hai ma khdng lam anh hu'dng den sif dau qua, rung qua, nang sua't va chat lu'dng ca phe so vdi tufdi nu'dc khi dp am da't dat 30% va lam theo ndng dan.
4.2 Kien nghj
Khuyen cao xac dinh thdi diem tifdi nu'dc cho ca phe bang dung cu do dp am da't nhanh va xac dinh dp a'm da't dat 27% thi mdi tien hanh tifdi vdi lu'dng nu'dc 520 lit nu'dc/hdde tiet kien chi phi tu'di nifdc lam tang hieu qua san xua't cung nhu'suf dung hdp ly tai nguyen nifdc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
* Le Ngpc Bau (1999), Quan ly tudi nude cho ca phi voi vao giai doan kinh doanh, Ke't qua nghien cufu khoa hpc, Vien khoa hoc ky thuat nong lam nghiep Tay Nguyen.
* Nguyen Dang Minh Chanh va Dave D'Haeze (2003), Nghien citu luang nude tudi eho ca phe, Ket qua nghien ciJu khoa hoc, Vien khoa hpc ky thuat nong lam nghiep Tay Nguyen.
SO 3 - 2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 123
