%ujdn §ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010
niifc ti§n thi hanh cac khoan tri no vay ngan hang:
CON NHIEU BAT CAP
• TRAN VAN AN *
Mac du cdc ca quan thi hdnh dn ddn sit dd tich cite tim ccic bien phdp, gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao ty le thi hdnh dn, gidin littmg dn tdn dong nhitng thitc te'sdvii viec tim dgng, chita tin hdnh dn dugc vdn con lim, trong do co khdng it cdc vii viec thi hdnh cdc khoan trd ng vay ngdn hdng, to chitc tin dung (sau ddy ggi tdt Id ngdn hdng). Thitc tien thi hdnh dn ddn sit cho llid'y, co mot so bdt cap trong qud trinh thi hdnh cdc khodn trd ng vay ngdn hdng, cdn co vdn bdn hitdng ddn cu the ciia cdc ca quan co tham quyen.
1. Tra nd theo ban an cua Toa an hay theo Hdp dong tin dving ?
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 54 Luat Cac td chiic tin dung n i m 1997 (dUdc siia ddi, bd sung nam 2004 ) va Quy che cho vay ctia cac td chitc tin dung ddi vdi khach hang (ban hanh theo Quyet djnh so 1627/2001/QD- NHNN ngiy 31/12/2001 cua Thdng ddc Ngan h i n g Nha nUdc), trong trUdng hdp den han tra nd m i khich h i n g khdng tra dUdc nd thi ngan h i n g cd quyen xii ly t i i san bao dam vdn vay de thu hdi nd hoiic khdi kien khach hang ra tda i n .
Thuc te thi hau het cic ngan h i n g thudng khdng xii ly tai san bao dam theo quy dinh de thu hot no ma khdi kien khach h i n g ra t o i an (ve viec kien ddi nd vay), sau dd l i m van ban yeu c i u cd quan thi h i n h i n d i n sU thi hanh.
Dudc sU phdi hdp chat che ciia ngan hang, cac cd quan thi h i n h an dan sU tich cUc td chiic viec thi hanh an, bang cac bien p h i p thuyet phuc cdng nhu cUdng che thi h i n h an da thi hanh xong nhieu vu viec, gdp phan thu hdi vdn cho ngan hing. Tuy nhien, do nhieu
nguyen nhan khach quan nen nhieu viec thi hanh an thudng phai keo dai nhieu nim.
Ngoai t i l san dam bao vdn vay (nhi, di't cl dUdc the chip ngan hang) thi ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n khdng cd t i i san gi khac cd gia tri de dam bao thi h i n h an, trong khi tai san the chip thudng la ndi d duy nha't ctia ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n v i gia dinh hg. Viec xU ly (ke bien, b i n da'u gia) t i i san the chi'p lai gap nhieu vUdng mic, nhU: Tai s i n the chi'p sau khi ke bien, b i n da'u gii cd the khdng ban dUdc do khdng thuan Idi ve vi tri dia ly hoac tam ly ctia ngUdi dan d ndng-thdn khdng mua tai san ke bien; viec tao chd d mdi (trong mot thdi gian nhi't dinh) cho gia dinh ngUdi phai thi hanh an khi ap dung bien p h i p ke bien, ban di'u gii t i i san the chi'p; cd che uy quyen b i n di'u gia n h i , di't d; kmh phi cho viec xii ly t i l san the chip...
Thiic tien thi h i n h an ddi vdi cac khoan tra nd vay ngan hang cho thi'y cic ngan hing thUdng cimg "ddng hanh" vdi cd quan thi h i n h i n dan sU trong viec thu hdi nd vay, tuy nhien can cii de Ngan h i n g thu nd cua khach
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
' Chi cue Thi hanh an dan sir huyen Quang Trach, Quang Binlt(Xjudn ^ank (Vdn S61 (214)-2010
hang (ngudi phai thi h i n h an) khdng phai l i ban an, quyet dinh ctia tda an, ma l i hdp ddng tin dung da ky ket giUa ngan hang va khach h i n g . Do vay, cd nhieu trudng hdp khi chi'p hanh vien den yeu cau ngUdi phai thi h i n h an thi hanh khoan nd vay ngan hang thi dUdc biet l i hg da tra mdt phan cho ngan hing theo khe Udc vay tien (hgp ddng tin dung), c i biet cd trUdng hdp hg da tra dii tien cho ngan h i n g va lay lai gia'y chiing n h i n quyen sti dving di't (la tai san da the chi'p cho ngan h i n g de vay tien). Chi'p h i n h vien danh phai den ngan h i n g de lap bien ban ve viec ngan h i n g (ben dUdc thi h i n h in) khdng yeu cau thi h i n h i n de ra quyet dinh dinh chi thi h i n h an theo quy dinh tai khoin 3 Dieu 28 Phip lenh Thi h i n h an dan sti n i m 2004 (nay l i diem c khoan 1 Dieu 50 Luat Thi h i n h i n dan sU). Nhieu trUdng hdp khi ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n da thi hanh dii so' tien nd (bao gdm ca gdc va lai) theo ban an v i lai cham thi h i n h an theo quy dinh nhUng ngan h i n g vin khdng tra lai gia'y chiing n h i n quyen sU dung di't (tii s i n the chap khoan nd vay) cho hg, bdi le theo hdp ddng tin dung thi hg chUa tra dti nd vay (bao gdm nd gd'c + lai trong han + lii q u i han). Liic niy, chi'p hanh vien trd t h i n h ngUdi "hda giai " bat die dl giUa ngan hing v i ngudi phai thi hanh an: De nghi ngan h i n g xem xet, tao dieu kien giam tien lit cho khich hang theo quy dinh ciia ngin hang, ddng thdi ddng vien ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n nop them tien lii cho ngan h i n g (neu cd).
Nhu vay, mot vi'n de phap ly dat ra li:
Ngudi phai thi hanh an phai cd nghia vu tra nd theo ban an, quyet dinh ciia toi i n hay t r i
nd theo hdp ddng tin dung da ky ket giUa ngan h i n g v i khach hing? Hay ndi each khac, hieu liic ciia hdp ddng tin dung giUa ngin h i n g v i khich hing cd chi'm diit khi ngan hang khdi kien khich h i n g ra toi i n v i toi i n cd ban i n , quyet dinh budc ben vay tien phai tra nd cho ngan h i n g bing mot sd tien cu the (bao gdm sd tien gdc v i tien lit phii tra)?
Edi vi, ne'u hdp ddng tfn dung giUa ngan h i n g v i khich h i n g chi'm diit khi cd ban an, quyet dinh ciia toi i n thi ngin h i n g khdng dugc thu tien cua ngUdi phii thi h i n h an theo hdp ddng tin dung, nghia l i ngUdi dUOc thi h i n h i n chi phai tra cho ngin h i n g khoin tien theo b i n an va lai cham thi h i n h i n chU khdng phii t r i khoin ng gdc v i lii tien vay theo each ti'nh ciia ngan hing (bao gdm lai trong ban v i lit q u i ban p h i t smh cho den thdi diem ngUdi phai thi h i n h an thi h i n h xong). Neu cho r i n g hdp ddng tfn dung dugc ky ket giUa ngin hing vi ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n van p h i t sinh hieu lUc khi da cd b i n in, quyet dinh cua toi i n thi vd hinh dung ban i n ciia tda i n chi mang tinh xic n h i n cho ban hgp ddng tfn dung dd v i viec ngin h i n g yeu cau eg quan thi h i n h an dan sU thi h i n h chi mang tfnh hinh thitc I
Chiing tdi cho ring, du xet dUdi gdc do l i hgp ddng thuong mat hay hgp ddng dan sU, khi ngin hing da khdi kien khach h i n g ra toi an de ddi ng v i toi i n d i xet xii bing mdt ban i n , quyet dinh thi ke tU thdi diem ban an, quyet dinh cua toa i n cd hieu lUc phip luat, hdp ddng tfn dung dUdc ky ke't giUa ngin h i n g va khich h i n g phai chi'm diit hieu lUc v i khich hing (ngudi phii thi h i n h in) chi cd
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
(Xjuan ^ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010
nghia vti tra nd theo ban in, quyet dinh ctia toa an (bao gdm tien nd theo quyet dinh ciia ban an va lai cham thi hanh an theo quy dinh).
2. Lai cham thi hanh an doi vdi khoan tra nd vay ngan hang: Tinh the nao la hdp ly?
De dam bao quyen Idi cho ben dUdc thi hanh an, han che viec ben phai thi hanh an cd tinh day dUa, khdng tu nguyen thi hanh in, theo quy dinh tai Thdng tU lien tich sdOl/TT- LT ngiy 19/6/1997 ctia TANDTC-VKSNDTC- ETP-ETC hudng din viec xet xii va thi hanh in ve tii san (sau day ggi tat la Thdng tU lien tich so' 01/TT-LT), toi an phai quyet dinh rd trong ban an hoac quyet dinh ve trich nhiem do cham thUc hien nghia vu thi hinh in (hay cdn ggi la lai cham thi hinh an), nhUng thUc tien thi hinh an cho thi'y viec tinh lai cham thi hinh an thudng chi ap dung ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hinh cho ngan hing. Edi vi, ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hanh khoan bdi thudng hoac tra nd cho cdng dan ciing nhU cac td chiic khic, sau khi thi hanh xong phan nd gdc theo quyet dinh ciia ban an, ben dUdc thi hanh an thudng cd van ban khdng yeu cau thi hanh khoan tien lai cham thi hanh an. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac khoan tra nd vay ngan hang thi ngan hing khdng the "cho" phan lai cham thi hinh an vi anh hUdng den Idi ich ciia ngan hang (ma thtic chat li Idi fch ciia Nhi nUdc), mat khac ngUdi phai thi hanh an thudng phai tra het nd vay theo hdp ddng tin dung thi ngan hing mdi trich xua't cac giay td the chi'p de tra cho ngudi phai thi hanh an.
Viec tinh tien lai cham thi hanh an den nay van chUa cd van ban hudng dan cu the,
trong khi lai sua't de tinh lai cham thi hinh an dUdc tuyen trong cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia tda an thUdng khdng thdng nha't do thdi diem xet xti khac nhau (cd trUdng hdp ap dimg theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 313 Bo luat Dan sU nam 1995, cd trUdng hdp ip diang theo khoan 2 Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nam 2005) nen cac cd quan thi hinh an cUng gap khd khan trong viec tinh lai cham thi hinh an.
TrUdc day. Eg Tu phap cd ban hanh Cdng van 404/TP-THA ngay 24/02/2005 hudng din mot so'vi'n de nghiep vu thi hinh an, trong do Muc 14 cd hudng din ve viec tinh lai suat cham thi hanh an: "Tii ngay 15/3/2005 trd di, cd quan thi hinh an tinh theo miic thap nhi't cua khung lai sua't do Ngan hang Nha nUdc quy dinh cho cac ngan hang thUdng mai ip dung theo tdng thdi ky vdi miic lai sua't vay trung han", nhUng van ban niy da hi huy bo.
Do vay, hien nay ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hinh khoan tra nd vay cho ngan hing, chi'p hinh vien thudng ip dung quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nam 2005 de tinh lai cham thi hanh an, cu the la tinh "theo lai sui't cd ban do Ngan hang Nha nUdc cdng bd tUdng dng vdi thdi gian cham tra tai thdi diem thanh toan". Tuy nhien, viec tinh lai cham thi hanh an ctia cd quan thi hanh an thudng khdng dUdc ngan hang chi'p nhan, bdi vi, trong cac vu viec thi hanh khoan tra nd vay cho ngan hang, so' tien ngUdi phai thi hanh an phai nop (bao gdm sd tien nd theo ban an va lai cham thi hinh an) thUdng thap hdn sd tien ma khach hang phai tra cho ngan hang theo hdp ddng tin diing.
Do vay cd the ndi, ddi vdi cac vti viec thi
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
%uan ^ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010
hinh khoan tra nd vay ngan hing, khi ngudi phai thi hanh i n da nop du sd tien nd theo ban an va lai cham thi hanh an theo each tfnh ciia cd quan thi hanh an dan sU vin chUa the xem la viec thi hanh an da thi hanh xong (mac dii cd quan thi hanh in da thUc hien xong ngi dung ctia quyet dinh thi hinh an)
3. Nguyen nhan va mot so kien nghi Hien nay, khi xet xti cic vu viec lien quan den tien bdi thudng, tien hoin tra... ciing nhu cac vu kien ddi nd vay giUa ngan hing va khich hing, nham dam bao quyen lgi cho ben dUdc thi hanh in, toa in thudng ap dung khoan 2 Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nim 2005 vi hudng din tai Thdng tu lien tich sd 01/TT- LT de tuyen ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an.
Theo quy dinh tai muc 3 phan I Thdng tu hen tich sd 01/TT-LT thi: "Ddi vdi cac khoan tien vay, gUi d Ngan hang, tin dung, do gia tri cua cac khoan tien dd da dUdc bao dam thdng qua cac mdc lai sua't do Ngan hing Nha nUdc quy dinh, cho nen khi xet xii, trong mgi trudng hdp tda an deu khdng phai quy ddi cic khoan tien dd ra gao, mi quyet dinh huge ben cd nghia vu ve tai sin phai thanh toin sd tien thtic te da vay, giii ciing vdi khoan tien lai, ke tit ngay giao dich cho de'n khi thi hanh xong, theo mdc lai sua't tUdng dng do Ngan hing Nhi nudc quy dinh". Do vay, tai muc 1 phan III Thdng tu lien tich nay ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an da "trd trUdng hdp dUdc hUdng din tai khoan 3 phan I Thdng tU niy ve cic khoan vay cua td chiic ngan hing, tin dung"
(nghia la khi xet xii cac khoan nd vay cua ngan hang, tfn dung, tda an khdng dUdc ip diing quy dinh ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an nhu ddi vdi cac vu viec dan sU khac). Tuy
nhien viec hudng din cua Thdng tU cdn chung chung, chua cd sti phan biet rd ring trong viec xet xU cic vu kien tra nd vay ciia ngan hing vdi viec xet xti cac vu viec dan sU khic nen thtic te thi khi xet xii cac vu kien ddi nd vay cua ngin hing, tda in thudng khdng xem xet den hudng din niy mi ip dung theo quy dinh chung. Cd the ndi, day la nguyen nhan dan de'n nhiing bit cap ndi tren.
Mat khic, do Thdng tu lien tich sd 01/TT- LT dugc ban hinh da liu (td nim 1997) nhUng den nay (hdn 12 nim) vin cdn dUdc ip dung mi chUa cd vin ban thay the (trong khi Ed luat Din sU nim 1995 da het hieu Itic vi dUdc thay the bing Eg luat Dan sU nim 2005) nen viec tuyen ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an trong cic ban in cdng cdn nhieu bit cap.
Trong so' ban an, quyet dinh dUdc ban hinh sau thdi diem Ed luat Dan sU nam 2005 da cd hieu luc thi hinh (01/01/2006), ben canh cic ban an tuyen lit cham thi hinh in theo lai sui't cd ban do Ngin hang Nhi nUdc cdng bd' tUdng dng vdi thdi gian cham tra tai thdi diem thanh toan (ap dung theo khoan 2 Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sti nim 2005 ), thi cdng cd khdng it trUdng hdp tda in van tuyen theo hUdng din ctia Thdng tu hen tich sd 01/TT-LT ve nghia vu cham thi hinh in (theo mdc lai sui't nd qua han do Ngin hang Nha nUdc quy dinh tUdng dng vdi thdi gian chUa thi hinh in).
Td thUc tien cdng tic thi hinh in dan sti, thie't nghi cic cd quan cd thi'm quyen can nghien cdu, xem xet de sdm ban hinh van ban thay the Thdng tU lien tich sd 01/TT-LT, trong dd can hudng din cu the viec xet xii va thi hinh ddi vdi cic khoan tra nd vay ngan hing •
