I NUOI TRONG THUY SAN
Nuoi torn hum long:
Can sir quan ly va quy hoach de phat trien ben vQ>ng
NUOI TOM HUM L 6 N G TREN BIEN 6 VIET NAM DA B A T O A U TU" N H C N G NAM 9 0 CUATHE KY XX VA PHAT TRIEN MANH TU" NAM 2000 CHO BEN NAY. TUY NHIEN, CUNG V O I SU* PHAT TRIEN D 6 , C A N PHAI CO SU" QUAN LY VA QUY HOACH MOT CACH HOP LY NHAM DU'A NGHE NUOI CO GIA TRI KINH TE CAO NAY HU'ONG OEN S\J PHAT TRIEN MOT CACH BEN V C N G .
Mpt nghe nuoi phat trien nhanh va on djnh
Tdm hiim la ten ggi chung cua mdt nhdm giap xac thugc hg Palinuridae. O Viet Nam, tdm hiim phan bd' tir Quang Binh tdi Binh Thuan nhung tap trung d cac tinh Phu Yen, Khanh Hda, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thugn.
Viet Nam la mgt tiong nhiing nude ed nghe nudi tdm hiim long phat trien so vdi cac nude khac tren the'gidi. Sd'Iugng long nudi
ed thdi diem len deh gan 60.000 chie'c, tap trung nhieu d cac tinh Nam Trung bg, tir Binh Dinh tdi Binh Thuan. Vdi san Iugng nudi trung binh hang nam gan 2.000 tah, chii ye'u la Ioai tdm hiim bdng {Panulirus ornatus) va tdm hum xanh {Panulirus homarus), da dem lai ngudn thu hon 3.500 ty ddng mdi nam va la sinh ke' cho hon 15.000 ngudi dan ven bien cac tinh Nam Trung bg.
Trong nhiing nam gan day.
nghe nudi tdm hum long da phat tiieh tuong dd'i dn dinh. Vimg nudi tdm thudng tap trung d eac viing, vinh va dam tgi cac tinh duyen hai Nam Trung bp nhu dam Cii Mdng (Binh Dinh - Phu Yen), vinh Xuan Dai, Viing Ro (Phii Yen), vinh Van Phong, vinh Cam Ranh (Khanh Hda), vinh Vinh Hy, vinh Phan Rang (Ninh Thugn)..., nhung noi it bi anh hudng ciia gid bao, cd ddng chay do thiiy tiieu, cd do sau, chai day
Nuoi torn hum long tren V/nh Vung Ro - Phu Yen
9 0 TT*IO« MM THiY SAN / SO 172 ^ THANG 4(2014
NUOI TR6NG THUY SAN I
va cac yeu to thuy Iy, thuy hda rai thugn Igi eho nghe nudi.
So lugng long nudi tdm hiim nam 2000 cd khoang 17.600 long, nam 2006 tang len 47.700 Idng, nam 2007 giam cdn 45.800 Idng nhung den nam 2008-2009 Iai tang mgnh, dat gan 60.000 long.
Nhiing nam sau, sd' lugng long nudi tdm hum giam, dao dgng hgng khoang tir hon 40.000 - 50.000 long va nam 2013 cdn khoang 42.500 long.
Theo dd, san lugng tdm hum nudi nam 2000 moi dgt 685 tan, nam 2006 tang len 1.920 tah, nam 2007-2008 do dich benh tdm hiim siia nen giam ehi cdn 700 ta'n. Tir nam 2010 trd di, san lugng cd xu hudng dn dinh va nam 2013 dgt khoang 1.600 tah.
Cong tac nghien ciru va phat trien van con han che
Ngay 31/03/2014, tai Diin dan Ndng nghiep vdi chu de "Qudn ly vd phdt trien ben vimg nghe nudi tdm hum" to chiic tai Tp Tuy Hda, tinh Phii Yen vira qua, Thgc si Vo Van Nha (Vien Nghien ciiu Nudi hdng Thuy san m) cho rang, cimg vdi sy phat tri&i aia nghe nudi tdm hiim Idng tgi Viet Nam thdi gian qua, ky thuat nudi va cac phuong phap phdng tri t>enh cho tdm ciing da timg budc duge nghien ciiu, eai hen va de xuai, song lgi ehua theo kjp vdi td'c dp phat trien d at cua thyc te'san xuai.
Chang hgn, hien nay tiong nude ciing nhu tren the'gidi chua s ^ xua't dugc gid'ng tdm hiim, thay vao do, nguon gid'ng hoan toan phu thugc vao danh bit ty nhien vdi kich co khdng dong
Didn dan "Quan ty vd phdt triSn bdn vdng nghd nuoi torn hOm tai cac tinh duyen hdi miin Trung"
deu, chai lugng khdng dam bao nen ty le sd'ng rai thap va tdm cham Idn. Tham chi, do khan hiem, gia tdm hum gidng cd thdi diem len den 350.000 ddng/con va dy kieh se cdn tang nua vi san Iugng gidng tdm hiim khai thac tir ty nhien dang ngay cang giam mgt each rd ret,
Ong Pham Khanh Ly, Phd Vy trudng Vu Nudi trdng Thuy san, cho biei viec nghien ciin cho tdm hiim sinh san nhan tao da dugc Vien Nghien ciiu Nudi trdng Thuy san HI tie'n hanh hon 20 nam qua nhung van chua kha quan. "Tfft cd chi mdi dii'ng lai d viic cho trung nd thdnh tdm hum trdng (tdm mdi na chi bdng sai chi) thi chel. Chiing ta chua the nghien cuu dugc mdi truang sinh sdn ndo hgp ly cho tdm hiim, chua biet dugc nguon thiec dn cua tdm hiim ho me truac khi sinh vd cua tdm hiim trdng, cUng nhu qud trinh lot vo cua torn hiim trang"- dng Pham Khanh Ly chia se.
Ben canh do, tiong 10 nam qua (2003-2013), mdi chi cd vdn ven 3 de tai nghien eiiu khoa hpe dugc tiien khai thyc hien, tiong dd Vien Nghien cuu Nudi tiong Thuy san
in chu tri 2 de tai- "Nghiin cuu mdt so benh thudng gap do vi khuan, ky sinh triing gay ra a tdm hiim bdng tqi Phil Yen, Khdnh Hda vd biin phdp phdng tri" (2003) vd "Nghien ciru xdy dung hi thdng gidm sdt dich binh tren tdm hiim nuoi long d mien Trung" (2011). Vien Cdng nghe sinh hgc (Ha Ndi) ding chu tri 1 de tai ve "Nghien ciru benh sira a tdm hiim bdng vd biin phdp phdng tri" (2009).
Thyc te tren cho tha'y, hien van chua cd nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu sau va dpt pha lien quan de'n viec thay dd'i hay cai tie'n quy trinh ky thuat nudi nhu:
ehii ddng ngudn gid'ng, san xuai thiic an rieng cho tdm hiim, cai tie'n phuong phap nudi nham hgn che' d nhiem mdi trudng va han ehe'dich benh...
Can CO SIP quan ly va quy ho^ch de phat trien ben VLPng
Theo bao cao cua Td'ng cue Thuy san, hien cd 5 nhdm khd khan, tid nggi chinh cho viec phat trien nghe nudi tdm hum tgi cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung dd la: va'n de ve quy hogch, nguon
I NUOI TRONG THUY SAN
gidng, dich benh, edng nghe nudi va ngudn thiic an.
Ve quy hogch, hien mgt so tinh van chua cd quy hogch chi hei vimg nudi tdm hiim. Trong khi dd, tai cac khu vuc da duge quy hoach chi tiei thi mat do nudi Iai ngay cang gia tang, dan de'n nguy co pha vd quy hoach nudi, hoac quy hoach nudi tdm hiim nam ehung vdi tdiu vuc nudi ea bieh va eac loai thiiy san khae, gay khd eho quan ly va lam dich benh de lay lan. Tham chi, mgt so diem hien dang nudi tdm Igi nam hong quy hoach phat tiieh du Ijch, cdng nghiep ciia tinh, anh hudng de'n sy phat trien chung cua nghe nudi long, be...
Dac biet, do khan hie'm gidhg, da xuai hien tinh tigngngudi nudi ty nhap gidhg tir cac nude Ian can nhu Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanca... ma khdng cd sy kiem soat, kiem dich chat che. Nhiing ngud'n gid'ng nay chua dugc dam bao ve chai Iugng, nang suai va tiem an nguy co eao lam lay nhiem dich benh tdm hiim tir nude ngoai vao Viet Nam.
Ong Nguyen Huy Dien, Phd Tdng Cue trudng Tdng cue Thuy san khang dinh, de phat trien ben viing va d'n dinh nghe nudi tdm hiim, ngay tiong nam 2014 Bd NN&PTNT se tiiyc hi|n xay dung quy hoach tdng the phat tiieh nudi tdm hiim de'n nam 2020 de lam can o i eho cac tinh xay dyng, dieu chinh chi tiei hien nay cho phii hgp vdi quy hogch tdng the phat trien thuy san deh nam 2020 tam nhki 2030 da dugc chinh phu phe duyet.
Tom hdm dang dugc nudi Trong dd, do nguon gid'ng chua the san xuai nhan tao nen se tie'n hanh cdng nhan nghe khai thac tdm hum gid'ng la mgt nghe, cap phep khai thac cho cac hg dan lam eo sd cho viec quan Iy chat che ve sd' hg khai thac, so lugng tau, ngu cu, hinh thiic va san pham khai thac tdm hum gid'ng. Cac dia phucmg se phai phdi hgp vdi cac trudng dai hgc, vien nghien ciiu tie'n hanh dieu tia ngudn lgi tdm hiim gid'ng de xay dyng co che' giam sat, quan Iy nham khai thac ben virng ngud'n gid'ng.
Ben canh dd, Bd NN&PTNT se tap trung xay dyng de sdm ban hanh eac tieu chuan va quy chuan, djnh miic ve quy trinh cdng nghe cho cac hinh thiic nudi, tieu ehuan con gid'ng va khu nudi tap trung. Ngoai ra, Bg NN&PTNT eung se ban hanh cac chinh sach ve viec giao hoac cho thue mat dai, mat nuoc; xay dung chinh sach huy dgng vdh phii hop; tao mang ludi tiao doi
thong tin ve ky thugt va benh tdm hiim giiia ngudi nudi va eo quan ehiic nang; td chiie xay dung mang ludi bao quan va tieu thy san pham...
Thii tiudng Bg NN& PTNT Vii Van Tam eiing cho bie't, Bg dang to chiic nghien ciiu cho sinh san nhan tgo tdm hiim gidhg, ddng thdi NK ngudn tdm hum gidhg dam bao chat Iugng d cae nude d^ cung ihig cho nhu cau ngudi nudi tai Viet Nam.
"De ddm bdo quyen lgi cho ngudi nuoi, cdn sam thdnh lap Hiep hgi tdm hiim, liin kii tao dSu mSi qudn ly nhd nude, lien kei cdc nhd khoa hoc, day manh XTTM nham ndng cao gid tri XK cho torn hum, c6 nhu vdy ngudi ddn mdi cd the Idm gidu ben vieng tie nghi ndy", Thii trudng khang dinh.
Tran Duy
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