CONG T A C K I E M SAT
KINH NGHIEM OE RA YEU CAU DIEU TRA TRONG CAC VU AN KINH TE, THAM NHUNG
CAO ANH DlTc
Ban yeu cau dieu tra co chat lugng se giup ich rat nhieu cho Kiem sat vien trong vifc thu th^p, cung c i chung cir v^ hoan thifn thu ti^c to tyng, gdp phan tich cyc vao vi^c giai quyet vy an. Bai viet tong hyp kinh nghiem va mot so tuu y khi d i ra y l u cau dieu tra trong giai quyit cSc vy an kinh te, tham nhung.
Tir khoa: Yeu cau dieu tra; Kiem sdt vien; vu dn idnh te, tham nhung.
Nhan bdi: 25/6/2019; bien tap xong: 05/7/2019; duyet bdi: 16/7/2019.
Theo quy dinh frong Bd luat Td tung hinh sy (BLTTHS) nam 2015, Luat td chiic Vien kiem sat nhan dan (VKSND) nam 2014, viec de ra yeu cau dieu fra va yeu cau Co quan dieu fra thuc hien la frach nhiem, quyen ban cua VKSND khi thuc hien chiic nang thuc hanh quyen cdng td ttong qua trinh dieu fra vu an hmh sy (cac dieu 42, 132, 165, 245, 236 BLTTHS nam 2015; Diiu 3 Luat td chirc VKSND nam 2014). Co quan dieu fra cd frach nhiem thuc hien yeu cau cua Vien kiem sat;
trudng hgp vi ly do bat kha khang hoac do frd ngai khach quan ma khdng thyc hien dugc thi phai neu rd ly do bang van ban.
Yeu cau dieu tta do Kiem sdt vien dat ra va yeu cau Co quan dieu tra thyc hien nhdm lam rd tdi pham, ngudi pham tpi frong vy dn (Dieu 165 BLTTHS nam
2015); de mgi hanh vi pham tdi, ngudi pham tdi phai dugc phdt hien, khdi td, dieu fra kip thdi, nghiem minh, diing ngudi, diing tdi, diing phdp luat, khdng lam oan ngudi vd tdi, khdng de Igt tgi pham va ngudi pham tgi; mgi boat dpng dieu tra thu thap tai lieu, chiing cii chiing minh tdi pham, dugc thyc hien diing quy dinh ciia BLTTHS, Bd luat Hinh sy ciing nhu cdc quy dinh phap luat khac lien quan trong qud trinh dieu tra, xir ly vu dn.
Ban yeu cau dieu fra cua Kiem sat vien giiip dinh hudng cho boat ddng dieu fra cua Co quan dieu fra kip thdi thu thap day du cac chung cii, tai lieu ciia vy dn, lam rd
Kiem sat vien cao cap, VIJ thi/c hanh quyen cong to va kiem sat diiu tra an kinti tS (Vu 3), Vien kiim sat nhan dan toi cao.
Tap chi
12 I KIEMSAT /sol8(thang9/2019)
CONG TAC KI^M SAT
ban chdt vy dn, chiing minh tdi pham; lam rd vai ttd, frach nhiem ding pham; giup cho boat ddng thu thap tai lieu, chirng cir chung mjnh tdi pham dugc toan dien, ddy du, diing quy dinh cua phap luat; ban che viec ttd hd sa giiia cdc co quan tien hanh td tung de dieu tta bd sung do khdng dam bao chiing cii chiing minh, do vi pham td tyng, do khdi td, dieu tra khdng diing tdi danh, do bd lot mdt tdi pham khdc, do khdng xii ly ddng pham...
1. Ve ndi dung, hinh thuc cua van ban y§u can dieu tra, cac bien phap dam bao thuc hien yen cau dieu tra
1.1. Ve ngi dung, hinh thuc cua van bdn yiu cau diiu tra
Do van ban yeu cau dieu tta dugc xac dinh la van ban td tyng, nen ddi hdi khi ban hanh phai ddm bao ve the thiic van ban va ndi dung yeu cau.
- Ve the thiic van ban: Dieu 132 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh yeu cau ciia Vien kiem sat vd cdc van bdn td tung khac ttong hoat ddng td tung phai dugc lap theo mau thdng nhat, phdi ghi ro mpt sd ndi dung quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 132 BLTTHS; ngoai ra, van ban yeu cau dieu tta cdn phai thuc hien dung quy dinh tai Quyit dinh sd 15/QD-VKSTC ngay 09/01/2018, Quyit dinh sd 393/QD- VKSTC ngay 01/7/2016 cua Vien trudng VKSND tdi cao, Thdng tu lien tich sd 04/2018/TTLT-VKSNDTC-BCA-BQP ngay 19/01/2018 ciia VKSND tdi cao, Bd Cdng an, Bp Quoc phdng quy dinh ve phdi hgp giiia Co quan dieu tra va Vien kiem sat trong viec thyc hien mdt sd quy dinh ciia BLTTHS (Thdng tti lien tich sd 04/2018), cac diiu 42, 165, 167, 245
BLTTHS nam 2015... Viec vi pham ve the thiic van ban yeu cau dieu tra la vi pham quy dinh td tung.
- Ve ndi dung yeu cau dieu tta: Phai cd ngi dung dinh hudng, xuyen sudt boat ddng dieu tra va ndi dung yeu cau dieu tta cu the, rd rang vdi timg van de can dieu tta;
nham dam bao viec thu thap tai lieu, chiing cu lam rd ban chat vu an, hanh vi pham tdi, yeu td ldi cua bi can va ddng pham; vi tri, ttaeh nhiem ciia cdc bi can ttong vu dn, vai ttd ddng pham, vai trd trach nhiem cua nhiing ngudi lien quan frong vu dn; thu doan, ddng ca, muc dich pham tdi, tinh chat, miic dp thiet hai do hdnh vi pham tdi gay ra, nguyen nhan va dieu kien dan den hanh vi pham tdi va tinh tiet khdc cd y nghia ddi vdi vy an; frong dd, dac biet luu y nhiing van de sau day:
Thu nhdt, ddi vdi mdi vy dn, mdi loai tdi pham cu the, mdi tinh hudng pham tdi cu the, quy md, tmh chat tdi pham khac nhau ma ndi dung yeu cau dieu tta se khdc nhau. Viec de ra yeu cau dieu tra phai kip thdi, bdi le, ttong mdt sd vu an, do tinh chat, dac diem cua tdi pham cu the neu khdng thu thap kip thdi mdt sd tdi lieu, chiing cit thi se khdng giai quyet dugc vu an, vi khdng cdn dieu kien de thu thap dugc nira. Ddi vdi cdc vu an kinh te, tham nhiing, can kip thdi yeu cau thyc hien dinh gid tai san, giam dinh thiet hai, xdc dinh sai pham, xac minh tai sdn, phong tda, ke bien, thu hdi tai san lien quan den hanh vi pham tdi... day la chiing ctr cd gia tri chimg minh, cd y nghTa quan frgng ttong viec giai quyet vu dn, ddm bdo thdi han td tung, thu hdi tai san khac phuc hau qua do hanh vi tdi pham gay ra.
Sd18{thmg9/Z019}\
Tapchi _KIEMSAT I 1 3
CONC TAC KIEM SAT
Thu hai, cdn can cu dac diim tdi pham cy the, phuang phap thii doan pham tdi va nhiing van de cdn chimg minh, dy kiin nhtmg tinh hudng cd thi xay ra tai phien tda de de ra yeu edu diiu fra va viec diiu fra thu thap tai li?u, chiing cii diing quy dinh td tung.
Thie ba, yeu cau diiu tta, trudc hit phai dya tten tien do, ket qua diiu tta vu dn; tai lieu, bien ban thu thap dugc khi thuc hien kiem sdt viec lap hd so vu dn theo quy dinh tai khoan 5 Diiu 88 Bd luat Hinh sy di di ra yeu edu diiu fra. Tren co sd phan tich tai lieu, chiing cir thu thap dugc, can cic dac diem, tinh chat tdi pham, de chi ra nhiing van de can tiep tuc dieu tra, nhiing van de ttpng tam, ttpng diem can tap trung dieu tra lam ro, nhiing van de lam co sd, tien de cho viec md rdng dieu tta vu an, de tir dd giai quyet vy an dugc triet de.
Thu tu, tten ca sd tai lieu, chiing cii dieu tta da thu thap dugc, Kiem sat vien can kip thdi phat hien de ra yeu cau dieu fra ve nhiing van de lien quan den ttinh ty, thit tuc td tung can phai dugc khac phuc, xir ly kip thdi ngay trong giai doan dieu fra, trdnh vi pham td tung do khdng the khac phuc dugc trong giai doan truy td, xet xii.
Thu ndm, ngoai yeu cau dieu tta lam rd hanh vi pham tdi cua bi can, ddng pham, khi phat hien cd dau hieu bi can ngoai tdi pham da bi khdi td cdn pham vao mdt tdi khac hoac khdng pham vdo tdi da khdi td, phai kip thdi yeu cau dieu tra Idm ro hanh vi pham tdi mdi (pham tdi khdc) de cd can cu thay ddi quyet dinh khdi td.
Thu sdu, ddi vdi cdc vu dn ma bi can, dii tugng lien quan sau khi thuc hien hanh vi pham tgi tai Viet Nam da trdn ra nude
ngoai, Kiem sat vien can yeu can dieu tta thyc hien qua hgp tdc qudc te de thu thap tai lieu, chimg cir phyc vu cho dieu tta, truy td, xet xir, cung nhu viec truy tim, thu hdi tdi sdn do pham tdi ma cd.
1.2. Mot sd bi^n phdp de bao ddm thirc hiin cdc yiu can diiu tra
Mac du phap luat da cd nhiing quy dinh cy thi (BLTTHS, Luat ti chiic VKSND, Thdng tu lien tich sd 04/2018...) ve chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia Vien kiem sat frong viec de ra yeu cau dieu fra va frach nhiem thuc hien cua Co quan dieu tta khi thyc hien cdc yeu cau dd; nhung khong phai mgi yeu cau dieu fra deu dugc Ca quan dieu tra nghiem tiic thyc hien, thuc hien triet de, cd ket qua, dimg thcri ban; bdi le, do chat lugng ban yeu cau dieu tta; do cdng tac phdi hgp chua tdt; do bdn ITnh cua Kiem sat vien, thai do tan tuy vdi cdng viec ttong viec thuc hien chirc nang, nhiem vu cua Vien kiem sat.
De dam bao viec thuc hien cac yeu cau dieu tta, dya tten ket qua xu ly cac vu dn kinh te, tham nhiing tai dan vi, chung tdi nit ra mdt sd kinh nghiem sau:
Mot la, can tang cudng cdng tdc phdi hgp chi dgo giai quyet cdc vu an hinh sy giiia lanh dao co quan Canh sdt dieu tta Bd Cdng an vdi lanh dao Vu thyc hdnh quyen cdng td va kiem sat dieu tta an kinh te. Ddi vdi mdt sd vu an kinh te, tham nhiing cd tinh chat phuc tap ve hanh vi pham tdi, ve cdc van de can chiing minh, cd quan diem, dudng ldi xu ly vu an giiia cac ca quan tien hanh ti tung khac nhau, can su tham gia phdi hgp ciia lien nganh cac co quan tu phdp ngay tir khi khdi td vu an, de dam bao cdc yeu edu dieu tta cua Vien kiem sat
Taip chi
KIEM SAT_ /So 18(thang 9/2019)
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
dugc thyc hien triet de. Can coi vipc phdi hgp giiia cac co quan tiin hanh td tyng la het sure can thiet va la mdt ttong nhiing bien phap bao dam viec thyc hien yeu c4u dieu tra cua Vien kiem sat.
Hai la, can tang cudng cdng tac phdi hgp giiia Kiem sat vien va D i i u tta vien ttong boat dgng thyc hien yeu cau dieu tta.
Ddi vdi Kiem sat vien phai cd kS hoach, phuang phap thuc hien cy the. Dac biet, ddi vdi viec thuc hien cdc yeu edu diiu tta cd y nghia quan ttpng ddi vdi viec giai quyet vu an, Kiem sat vien can phdi hgp tham gia cung Dieu tta vien. Cac budi hdi cung, ghi ldi khai cac bi can hoac ddi tugng theo yeu cau dieu fra cua Vi^n kiem sdt thi Kiem sat vien can phai tham gia de lam rd cac yeu cau dd.
Ba Id, can coi viec nang cao chdt lugng ban yeu cau dieu fra la mdt ttong nhimg bien phap dam bdo de Co quan dieu tta thuc hien. Ddi vdi cac cap lanh dao can ndng cao vai ttd chi dao viec de ra bdn yeu cau dieu tra ciia Kiem sat vien ttong viec xdy dyng, kiem tta, gidm sdt ket qud thuc hien. Ddi vdi Kiem sat vien can phdi thudng xuyen trau ddi kien thiic nghiep vu chuyen mdn, ban ITnh nghe nghiep, thudng xuyen tdng hgp, tich luy kinh nghiem tir viec xir ly cdc vu dn cy the, cac loai tgi pham cu the, cac tinh hudng phap luat cu the phat sinh khi giai quyet cac vu an de nang cao chat lugng ban yeu cau dieu fra.
2. Mdt so kinh nghifm, van de luu y khi de r a cac yeu cau dieu t r a trong giai quyet cac vu an kinh te, t h a m n h u n g
Thu nhdt, do tai sdn bi tdi pham chiem doat ttong cdc vu an kinh te, tham nhiing la dac biet Idn, ddi tugng pham tgi la ngudi
cd chirc vu, quyen ban, ngucri cd chuyen mdn nghiep vu nen thudng sir dung nhiiu phuang thiic, thu doan khac nhau de che giau hanh vi pham tdi, che giau nguin gdc hinh thanh tai san do pham tdi ma cd, che giau dudng di cua ddng tien vd viec sii dung tien, nen rat khd phdt hien, thu hdi (ty le thu hdi toan qudc chi khoang 19%). Do dd, de tang cudng thu hdi tai san ttong cdc vy an kinh te, tham nhiing, chiic vy, thi ngay tir khi khdi td vy dn, Kiem sat vien phai kip thdi de ra cac yeu cau dieu tta nham xdc minh lam ro thiet hai ve tai san do tdi pham gay ra, tai san lien quan den hdnh vi pham tdi va viec sir dung tai san, tdi san thupc sd hiiu cua ddi tugng pham tdi hoac da bi chuyen giao bat hgp phap cho ngudi khdc, nham tau tan, che giau tai sdn do pham tdi md cd; Vien kiem sat can chil ddng phdi hgp vdi C o quan dieu tra de de ra cdc y6u cau, bien phdp nham tang cudng thu hdi tai sdn ttong qud trinh dieu tra vu dn.
Thic hai, de de ra cdc yeu cau dieu tta nham lam ro hdnh vi pham tgi, yeu td ldi cua bi can vd ddng pham, lam rd vai ttd, frdch nhiem cua nhiing ngudi lien quan frong vy an, Kiem sdt vien ngodi viec nam chac tinh tiet ciia vu an, can phdi can cii vao dac diem, hdnh vi, phuang phap, thu doan pham tpi ddi vdi timg loai tdi pham cu the, de tir dd de ra yeu cau dieu tta cd tinh sdt hgp, cu the, mang tinh dinh hudng dieu tta, nhu: Ddi vdi tgi pham xay ra frong ITnh vyc ngan hang, ddi tugng pham tdi Id cac cdn bp ngan hang, cdc ddi tugng cd quan he tin dyng vdi ngan hang, thudng thyc hien hanh vi vi pham quy trinh, quy dinh ve cap tin dung, ve kiem tta, giam sat
So 18(thmg 9/2019) \
Tapchi _KIEMSAT I 1 5
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
sau cho vay, din din bi cac dii tugng ph^m tdi khac lgi dyng, gay hau qua thiet bai den tai san cua ngdn hang, khach hang.
Do dd, di lam ro vai ttd, vi tri, frdch nhiem cua bi can, ngudi hen quan, yiu td ldi, ngoai yeu edu thu thap ddy du hi so, tai lieu lien quan den viec cap tin dung, cac tai li?u, chiing tur lien quan den giai ngan, den dudng di cua ddng tien sau gidi ngdn, Kiem sat vien can yeu cau thu thdp day dii cac tai lieu ve quy dinh, quy che, quyet dinh ve cap tm dung ciia td chirc tm dung (nai bi can, ngudi lien quan cdng tdc, noi tdi pham xay ra) ve phdn dinh ttdch nhiem tham dinh, xet duyet hd sa, quyit dinh cip tin dyng, cac quy dinh ve kiem fra sir dung tien vay, quan ly, xii ly tai san bao dam;
phai yeu cau thu thdp day du cdc quyet dinh cua td chiic tin dimg ddi vdi viec bd nhiem, mien nhiem, phan cdng trach nhiem cu the ddi vdi bi can va nhung ngudi lien quan. Trong nhieu vu an, qua phan tich ngudn tai lieu thu thap neu tren da thu dugc chiing cii chimg minh hanh vi pham tdi, yeu td ldi cua bi can va xir ly ddng pham.
Thir ba, cac vu an kinh te, tham nhiing thudng cd sd lugng bi can vd ddi tugng lien quan rat Idn, mdt sd vu dn cd sd ddi tugng len tdi hang ttam ngudi, nhu vy Pham Cdng Danh vd ddng pham, xay ra tai Ngan hang VNCB; vy Tran Phuang Binh va ddng pham, xay ra tai Ngdn hdng Ddng A; vu Hira Thi Phan va ddng pham, xdy ra tai Ngdn hang Dai Tin... De franh viec xu ly ttan Ian, nhung khdng bd Igt tdi pham, can phan loai nhdm ddi tugng khdi td, nhdm ddi tugng khdng phdi Id tdi pham, Kiim sat vien cdn phai de ra cdc yeu edu
dieu fra thu thap tai lieu, chiing cir lam rd sai pham, vai frd, vj tri, trach nhi^m cua cac doi tugng lien quan den hanh vi pham tdi cua cdc bi can da khdi td. Tren ca sd ket qua thyc hien yeu cau dieu fra, ddnh gia dung ban chat hdnh vi sai pham cua cdc doi tugng lien quan, lam can cu phan loai nhdm ddi tugng (khdi td, khdng khdi td), Kiem sat vien can tiep tuc cd yeu cau di8u tta mdi de cung cd, bd sung tdi lieu, chiing cii dam bao cho viec phS chudn quyet dinh khdi td, ciing nhu xu ly cdc ddi tugng lien quan thugc dien khdng khdi td la cd can cii, diing phap luat.
Thu tu, can xac dinh cac van de ttgng tam, ttgng diem cua vy an de de ra yeu cau dieu fra, dam bao yeu cau chiing minh, md rdng dieu fra vu an, giai quyet triet de, diing ban chat vy an. Mdt sd vu dn phai yeu cau bd sung tai Ueu, danh gia lai chiing cii, td chitc hgp lien nganh de thdng nhat xac dinh vi pham la tdi pham de giai quyet diit diem vy an.
Vi d^, vu dn Dinh La Thang va ddng pham, pham tdi Cd y lam frai quy ditih ciia Nha nude ve qudn ly kinh te gay hau qua nghiem ttpng, de cd co sd quy ket frach nhiem cua Dinh La Thang ddi vdi toan bd thiet hai 800 ty ddng, khdng phai chi 100 ty ddng d phan gdp vdn lan thii 3 (vi pham Ludt cac td chiic tin dyng), Kiem sat vien da de ra yeu cau dieu tra lam rd hanh vi lam ttdi cua Dinh La Thang bat ddu tu khi nao, yeu cau thu thap cac tai lieu, chiing cir lien quan the hien vai ttd, ttdch nhiem quyit dinh cua bi can trong toan bg qud trinh gdp vdn... tir dd mdi cd co sd quy ket ttaeh nhiem cua Dinh La Thang ddi vdi toan bd thiet hai 800 ty ddng.
1 Tapchi
1 6 I KJEMSAT_ / So 18(thang 9/2019)
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
Vi dy, ttong vu an Hoang Van Todn va ddng pham pham tdi Vi pham quy dinh v i cho vay frong boat ddng cua cdc td chiic tin dyng, gay thiet hai cho ngan hdng Dai Tin (sau ddi ten la VNCB) so tiin 471 ty dong.
Vu dn khdi td nam 2016, sau gdn 01 nam dieu tta, Ca quan dieu tta khdng khdi td dugc bi can nao do xac dinh khdng cd vi pham, hanh vi khdng phai la tpi pham. Vu thyc hanh quyen cdng td, kiem sdt dieu fra an kinh te (Vu 3) Vien kiem sat nhdn toi cao da ban hanh nhieu yeu cau dieu fra de danh gia dung ban chat hdnh vi. K i t qua thyc hien yeu cau dieu tta da cd du co sd xac dinh 08 ddi tugng thanh vien Hdi ddng qudn tri da cd y vi pham cac quy dinb ve cho vay, sir dyng gid tri tai san hinh thanh ttong tuong lai la quyen sir dung dat de ldm tdi sdn bdo dam, day dugc xac dinh la van de then chdt de giai quyet vu an. Thuc hien yeu cau cua Vu 3, Co quan dieu fra da khdi td toan bd cac thdnh vien Hdi ddng quan tri (08 bi can). Hien vu dn da truy td, xet xir diing cdo frang VKSND tdi cao truy td.
Thu ndm, tdi pham kinh te, tham nhiing rat da dang ve hdnh vi va phiic tap ve yeu edu chiing minh, can yeu cau dieu tta bd sung tai lieu, chiing cii de xdc dinh chinh xdc tdi danh khdi td, hanh vi pham tdi...
nhu; Pham tpi Vi pham quy dinh ve cho vay frong hoat ddng ciia cdc td chiic tin dung hay la tdi Lam dung tin nhiem chiem doat tdi sdn ttong vu Hua Thi Phan vd ddng pham, xay ra tai Ngan hang Dai Tin; pham tdi Lam dung chiem doat tdi sdn hay la Lgi dung chiic vu, quyen ban de chiem doat tdi san ttong vu Trdn Phuang Binh va ddng pham, xay ra tai Ngan hang Ddng A; pham tdi Tham d tai san hay la Lira dao chiem
doat tai san ttong vu Huynh Thi Huyen Nhu va ddng pham, xay ra tai Ngan hang Vietmbank... De giai quyet dugc van de neu fren, yeu cau dieu tta phdi lam rd dugc yeu td chu the, yeu td sd huu, tinb frang vdn chu sd hiiu, nguyen tac td chirc, boat ddng ciia to chiic kmh te, loai hinh doanh nghiep (doanh nghiep nhd nude hay doanh nghiep tu nhan, doanh nghiep cd vdn Nha nude, ty le vdn gdp ciia Nha nude, frach nhiem cua ngudi quan ly vdn, la ngan hang thuong mai cd phdn hay ngan hang hang chinh sach, don vi thyc hien tai cbinh ddc lap hay phu t h u g c . ) de lam rd dau hieu chii quan, hanh vi khdch quan ciia tdi pham.
Tom lai, viec de ra ban yeu cau dieu tra vd yeu cau Co quan dieu tra thuc hien day du, triet de yeu cau dieu fra la nhiem vu, quyen han va frdch nhiem cua Vien kiem sdt, Kiem sdt vien xuyen sudt trong boat ddng dieu tra. Qua viec de ra yeu cau dieu fra, cdc bien phdp dam bdo thyc hien, Kiem sdt vien the hien vai trd, frdch nhiem ddi vdi viec thuc hien chiic nang thyc hanh quyen cdng td cua Vien kiem sat nhdn dan, the hien bdn ITnh, frinh dp chuyen mdn nghiep vu, thdi do, trdch nhiem tan tuy vdi cdng viec, tinh thdn dau tranh vdi sai pham, tdi pham ciia mdi Kiem sdt vien.
Viec nang cao chat lugng bdn yeu cau dieu tta, cdc bien phap bao dam thuc hien yeu cau ciia Vien kiem sat ciing la mgt ttong nhung bien phdp cd tinh chat phdng ngiia oan, sai, sai pham, tieu cyc trong ndi bd cac CO quan tu phdp, bao ve can bd, Kiem sdt vien trong nganh Kiem sdt. Do dd, viec de ra ban yeu cau dieu tta can phai dugc Vien kiem sat cdc cdp thudng xuyen tdng ket, nit kinh nghiem. •
S6l8(thang9/2019)\
Tap chi . K I E M S A T I 1 7
