KY NIEM 34 NAM GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM (1975-2009)
Sir ra ddl cua
NGHI QUvir IS VA DUCfNG CHlh LUOC SS9 khang dinh quyet tam giai phong mien Nam
TRAN TRQNG TRUNG
Xdc dinh con dudng phdt trien cua cdch mang mien Nam tic cudi ndm 1954 den cudi ndm 1959 Id mot vdn de rdt khd khan, vi tinh hinh cdch mang mien Nam dien ra trong bdi cdnh trong vd ngodi nudc rdt phire tap. Dieu do gidi thich vi sao ngay tit khi Hi4p dinh Gioneva sdp dupc ky ket, tai Hpi nghi Trung uang Idn thic 6 (Khoa II- trung tuan thdng 7 - 1954) Chii tich Hd Chi Minh dd chi ra cho todn Ddng, todn ddn, todn qudn mot phuang hudng ehung Id: "Bdt ky hod binh hoac chien tranh, ta ciing phdi ndm vimg chu dpng, phdi thdy trudc, chudn bj trudc "'.
N
goai trudng My John Foster Dulles khdng dy phien hgp cudi ciing cua Hdi nghi Gionevo. Ong ta tuyen bd khdng iip md:chdng lai viec tiln hanh tdng tuyen cir ty do cd giam sat quoc tl dl tiln tdi mdt chinh phu thdng nhit cho toan nudc Viet Nam. Ngay sau khi Hgi nghi Gionevo kit thuc. My tien hanh mdt loat bien phap chinh trj, quan sy, kinh tl, ngoai giao nhim dat cho dugc y djnh ciia chinh quyln Aixenhao (Eisenhower). Dd la vd hieu hoa hoan toan Hiep djnh Gionevo, cu thi la gat Phap ra khdi miln Nam Viet Nam di ddi vdi phan hoa va loai trir cac lyc lugng Viet Nam than Phap, xay dyng chinh quyln va td chirc cac dang phai than My, nim quyln chi huy quan ddi Sai Gdn,
tit ca hudng vao mdt mue tieu la pha hoai sy nghiep thdng nhat dat nudc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam, bien mien Nam Viet Nam thanh mot
"nudc" trong quy dao ciia the gidi ty do.
My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem khdng tir mot thii doan nao de dat dugc mue tieu ndi tren.
Mgi lyc lugng quan sy, mat vu, hanh chinh, kinh te, gian diep, thdng tin tuyen truyen, chien tranh tam ly... deu dugc tan dung nham phuc vu cho bien phap chien luge co ban "td cdng - diet cdng", danh pha each mang mien Nam vd ciing tan khdc. My Diem khdng chi khiing bd, dan ap lyc lugng each mang, nhifng ngudi khang chien cu, ma mgi ngudi dan bi chiing vu cho cai tdi
"than cdng san" deu bj sat hai. Nhan dan mien
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Nam sdng nghet thd dudi ehe do phat xit Ngd Dinh Diem. Cach mang mien Nam bj day vao thdi ky thoai trao vdi nhifng khd khan, nguy ngap, tudng chirng khdng gugng day ndi^
Trudc am muu djch pha hoai Hiep dinh Gioneva va chdng pha each mang, tir nam 1955, Bd Chinh tri. Ban Bi thu va Ban Chap hanh Trung uong da nhieu lan hgp va quyet dinh bien phap tirng budc chi dao cudc dau tranh nham bao ve lyc lugng each mang, ban ehe tdn that do chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem gay nen''. Nhifng khd khan va tdn that cua ta keo dai trong bdn nam, nhat la trong hai nam 1957-1958, la do "ta cd sai lam trong chi dao chien luge, cham chi dao chuyen hudng dau tranh, chi nhan manh dau tranh chinh tri khi djch da diing bao lyc phan each mang thang tay giet hai can bd, nhan dan"'*.
Tuy nhien, do hanh ddng khiing bd, dan ap ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem va do nhu cau chdng djch bat bd can bd, eudp bde tai san va sat hai quan chiing nhan dan, cho nen van de vii trang ty ve da dugc dat ra d mdt sd dia phuang.
Tir le te ban dau, dan dan d nhieu thdn xa cd co quan lanh dao ciia khu va cua tinh ddng deu td ehirc cac ddi ty ve vii trang, dudi danh nghTa cac
"ddi dan canh chdng eudp". Rieng d cac viing can cir khang chien cii va mdt sd viing rimg niii, cac can bd, bd ddi cu tranh dich truy liing da ty ddng td chu'c nhau lai, vira san xuat ty tiic, vira chdng djch de ty ve.
Dieu dang ndi la do cdn bj tu tudng ddu tranh chinh tri dan thudn chi phdi cho nen sd Idn vu khi chdn giau d cac dja phuong tir nhifng ngay tap ket (rieng Nam Bd cd khoang mdt van khiu Sling) cham dugc sir dung nen bj hu hdng
va that lac. Dd ciing la mdt nguyen nhan khien trong nhieu trudng hgp, eac ddi ty ve chua phat huy dugc het tac dung dang cd ciia nhung don vj vu trang. Cdn cac cudc dau tranh ciia quan ehiing nhan dan van chi la nhifng cudc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan, dau tranh ddi rudng dat ciia ndng dan va ciia giao dan di cu, ddi dan sinh dan chii, ddi hiep thuong, chdng trung cau dan y v.v.. ciia thanh nien, tri thirc d cac thanh phd.
Ciing vdi chii truong xay dyng nhifng don vj vii trang dau tien, van de can cir dja cung dugc dat ra lam noi dirng chan eiia cac co quan lanh dao, trudc het la d cac viing can cir cii, nhu chien khu D, chien khu Ddng Thap, can cir U Minh d Nam Bd va cac viing rimg niii phia Tay cac tinh ddng bang Trung Bg va nhat la Tay Nguyen. Vdi nhifng kinh nghiem thdi ky tien khdi nghTa va khang chien chdng Phap, viec xay dyng can cir dia dugc trien khai kha hoan chinh, khdng chi ve giao due chinh trj ma ca tang gia san xuat nham dap irng mdt phan yeu cau cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan, cung cap cho can bd va lyc lugng vii trang. Day chinh la nhung co sd manh nha ciia hau phuong tai ehd trong khang chien chdng My, ciru nudc sau nay. Chinh vdi nhifng don vi vii trang budc dau dugc td chirc ciing vdi can cir dja sdm hinh thanh ma nhieu dja phuang d mien Nam cd dieu kien thuan Igi de chinh thu:c chuyen hudng khi cd ehii truong ciia Dang ket hgp dau tranh chinh trj vdi dau tranh vu trang.
Trudc thai do ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cdng khai khudc tir de nghj hiep thuong ciia Chinh phii ta, Hgi nghj Bd Chinh trj trong cac ngay 8 va 9 - 6 - 1956 nhan djnh: Do chinh
KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
sach pha hoai Hiep dinh Gionevo va hanh ddng dan ap, khiing bd ciia My-Diem, thdi gian qua, CO sd each mang ciia ta d mien Nam bj tdn thit tuong ddi nang; ngay 20 - 7 - 1956 se chua cd Tdng tuyen cir nhu Hiep dinh quy djnh; cudc dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta cdn phai trai qua nhieu khd khan. Sau khi nhan xet khuylt dilm chinh ciia Dang bd mien Nam trong thdi gian qua la khdng nam viing phuong cham "kheo cdng tac, kheo ehe giau lyc lugng"..., Nghi quyet Bd Chinh trj lan nay cd mdt diem mdi khi ndi ve hinh thirc dau tranh, dd la : "Hinh thirc dau tranh ciia ta trong toan qudc hien nay la dau tranh chinh tri, khdng phai dau tranh vu trang.
Ndi nhu the khdng cd nghTa la tuyet ddi khdng diing vu trang ty ve trong nhung hoan canh nhat djnh hoac khdng tan dung nhung lyc lugng vii trang ciia cac giao phai ehdng Diem ma chiing ta duy tri va phat trien dugc. Can ciing cd cac lyc lugng vu trang va ban vii trang hien cd va xay dyng can cir lam ehd dya, ddng thdi xay dyng CO sd quan chiing viing manh lam dieu kien can ban de duy tri va phat trien lyc lugng vii trang.
Td chirc ty ve trong quan chiing nham bao ve cac cudc dau tranh ciia quan chiing va giai thoat can bd khi can thiet"'.
Cung trong djp nay, d mien Nam, tir thang cudi nam 1955 din thang 8 - 1956, ddng chi Le Duin bit diu soan thao D I ciroiig Dudng loi cdch mang miin Nam. Sau khi nhae lai ba nhiem vu ma Trung uong da de ra cho toan Dang, toan dan. toan quan khi, Hiep dinh Gionevo dugc ky kit, ban D I cuong phan tich myc dich, vi tri va ddi tugng ciia each mang mien Nam. ngu\cn vgng hoa binh thdng nhat va
ddc lap dan tdc ciia nhan dan ca nudc, hinh thirc dau tranh va dy kien kha nang phat trien ciia phong trao each mang mien Nam. Phan tich tinh hinh the gidi sau Dai hdi XX ciia Dang Cdng san Lien Xd, ban De cuong ket luan: Neu tren the gidi hien nay tit ca cac cudc xung dot deu cd the giai quyet bang phuang phap thuong lugng hoa binh dugc, thi viec thdng nhat nudc Viet Nam ta bang phuong phap hoa binh (ciing) cd the thye hien dugc^. Ve dudng Idi, phuong cham, phuong phap dau tranh, De cuong \iet:
Phong trao each mang tranh dau theo dudng Idi hoa binh, nghTa la phong trao ay lay lyc lugng chinh trj cua nhan dan lam can ban, khdng phai lay lyc lugng vu trang cua nhan dan de dau tranh vdi chinh quyen hien huu de dat myc dich each mang ciia minh\
Sau khi phan tich nguyen nhan liic nay phong trao each mang chua phat trien la do can bd chua nam vung dudng loi chinh trj ciia Dang, chua nam vifng phuong phap dau tranh chinh trj, chua di diing dudng Idi quan chiing, ban De cuong khang djnh nguyen vgng hoa binh da la nguyen vgng ehung ciia nhan dan the gidi va trong nudc, ke ca nhan dan mien Nam, thi dudng Idi tranh dau ciia chiing ta cung khdng the ra ngoai dudng Idi hoa binh dugc *.
Cudi ciing, ddng chi Le Duan neu len nhung bai hgc lich sir cua Cach mang thang Tam de van dung vao nhiem vu ehung cua each mang mien Nam'^. Tir kinh nghiem ciia Cach mang thang Tam, trong ket luan ban De cuong, ddng chi Le Duan viet: Kinh nghiem 15 nam van ddng chinh trj ciia Dang, tir nam 1930 den 1945 cho chiing ta thay rang vdi lyc lugng chinh trj
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chiing ta cd the thye hien mue tieu each mang ciia ta... Chiing ta khdng cdn nghi ngd gi niia, dudng Idi cdng tac dau tranh chinh tri hien nay nhat djnh cd the dem lai ket qua, ed the dat dugc mue dich each mang cua ta'°.
Vao thdi diem dat nudc dang trong tinh the dudng gidi phong mdi di mot nica, da dien ra mdt sy trimg hgp ky dieu giifa hai mien Nam Bac, mdt sy triing hgp ndi len nguyen vgng ndng bdng giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc ciia toan Dang, toan dan. Trong liic d mien Nam, ddng chi Le Duan tap trung tinh lyc nghien ciiu soan thao De cuang cdch mang mien Nam thi giifa nam 1957, tai Ha Ndi, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh va Bd Chinh trj chi dao viec nghien ciru va bien soan dy thao Nghj quyet Hdi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong lan thir 15. Yeu cau dau tien dat trong qua trinh dy thao Nghj quyet 15 la quan triet tu tudng eiia Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, dd la: /. Nhdn ddn ta cdn phdi tiep tuc chong My: 2. Tranh thii mpi thdi ca de hod binh thong nhdt nudc nhd.
Phuang thire dau tranh la ndi dung quan trgng dugc trao ddi nhieu lan va da di den thdng nhat. Cy the la: tren co sd nhan dinh rang mac dii Dang ta ludn ludn tranh thii mgi CO hdi hoa binh nhung thye te tinh hinh nudc sdi lira bdng do My - Diem gay nen d mien Nam liic nay, rat nhieu kha nang huge Idng ta phai phat huy sire manh ciia toan dan tien hanh mdt cudc chien tranh each mang lau dai va gian khd, diing hinh thirc vu trang, dau tranh quan sy kit hgp vdi dau tranh chinh trj va diu tranh ngoai giao, de giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc.
Ban dy thao nghi quyet dugc viet di viet lai nhieu lan, mdi lan deu giii len Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va cac ddng chi Uy vien Trung uong de xin y kiln. Mdi lan Bac Hd deu nhan manh y tudng doan ket toan dan, kien quyet dau tranh giii viing hoa binh, chi dau tranh vii trang khi tinh the bat huge.
Khoang cudi nam 1958, ban dy thao cudi ciing da hoan thanh. Sau nay, qua nghien ciru hai van kien (Nghi quyet 15 va De cuong each mang mien Nam) cd the thay su thdng nhdt chii yeu the hien trong sy triing hgp ve y tudng tren hai van de co ban, dd la: 1) quyet tam dau tranh chdng ehe do My-Diem, giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc; 2) y tudng tap hgp cac tang Idp xa hdi, tao nen sire manh ciia toan dan de dua each mang den thang lgi.
Dau nam 1959, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong hgp Hdi nghj lan thir 15 nham xae djnh con dudng tien len cua each mang mien Nam. Hgi nghj da ban va ket luan ve mue tieu va phuang phap each mang d mien Nam, mdi quan he giua hai chien luge each mang d hai mien Nam Bac nham giai phdng mien Nam, bao ve mien Bac, thdng nhat nudc nha... Hdi nghi hpp thanh hai dgt: dgt 1 (md rdng), tir ngay 12 den ngay 22-1-1959. Dgt 2, tir ngay 10 din ngay
15-7-1959 chi gdm cac ddng chi Uy vien Trung uong dy. Nghj quyet 15 dugc thdng qua trong dgt 2 nay.
Nghj quyet khang djnh nhiem vu co ban cua each mang mien Nam la giai phdng mien Nam khdi ach thdng trj cua de qude va phong kien;
trudc mat la danh dd tap doan thdng trj Ngd
KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
Dinh Diem, thanh lap mdt chinh quyln lien hiep dan tdc dan chii d miln Nam... Con dudng phat trien co ban ciia each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam la khdi nghTa gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan. Dd la con dudng iiy sire manh ciia quan chiing, dya vao lye lugng chinh trj ciia quan chiing la chu ylu, kit hgp vdi lyc lugng vii trang de danh do quyen thdng trj ciia de qudc va phong kien, dyng len chinh quyen each mang cua nhan dan... Mac dii khdng loai trir kha nang hoa binh phat triln cua each mang d mien Nam, nhung Nghj quyet khang djnh: "Vi My - Diem quyet tam bam iiy mien Nam, chiing khdng the ty nguyen tir bd chinh quyen, tir bd hanh ddng bao lyc nham tieu diet each mang d mien Nam va xam luge mien Bac, cho nen Dang ta van phai chuan bj tich cyc ve mgi mat theo phuang hudng can ban la khdi nghTa danh dd ehe do My-Diem.
Mat khac, tren co sd nhan dinh rang de qudc My la de qudc hieu chien nhat, cho nen trong dieu kien nao dd, cuge khdi nghTa cua nhan dan mien Nam ciing cd kha nang chuyen thanh cudc dau tranh vu trang trudng ky. Trong tinh hinh dd, cudc dau tranh se chuyen sang mdt cue dien mdi: dd la chien tranh trudng ky giu'a ta va djch, va thang Igi cudi eiing nhat djnh ve ta. Trong khi lanh dao. Dang ta phai thay trudc kha nang ay de chuan bj chu dao va chii ddng ddi phd trong mgi tinh the"".
Nhu vay la Hdi nghj Trung uong lan thir 15 dy kiln ba kha nang phat trien ciia each mang mien Nam:
- Thye hien thdng nhat nudc nha tren co sd ddc lap va dan chii bdng con dudng hod binh:
- Kha nang phat trien theo phuong hudng can ban la khdi nghia gidnh chinh quyen vl tay nhan dan.
- Cudc khdi nghTa ciia nhan dan miln Nam ciing cd kha nang chuyen thdnh cuoc ddu tranh vii trang, dd la cupe chien tranh trudng ky giifa ta va djch.
Vdi Nghj quyet 15 va tilp dd la Nghi quylt Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lan thii 111 (thang 9 nam 1960), dudng loi khang chien cua Dang da dugc hoan chinh.
Giiia hai ky hgp ciia Hdi nghj Trung uong 15, ciing chinh la khoang thdi gian tinh hinh dau tranh ciia nhan dan mien Nam dan dan cd sy chuyen bien ve chat. Birc xiic trudc sy cha xat ngay cang khdc liet cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, nhan dan nhieu dja phuong da ndi day gianh quyen lam chii dudi nhieu hinh thirc va quy md khac nhau'\ Chinh trong phong trao khdi nghTa nay da nay sinh them nhieu don vi vu trang ciia quan ehiing, trong dd dang ke la don vj vu trang dau tien ciia Quang Ngai dugc thanh lap tir thang 3 - 1959.
Ciing trong khoang thdi gian tren, ciing vdi chi thj cua Bd Chinh trj ve xay dyng can cir dja each mang d Tay Nguyen, Quan uy Trung uong quyet djnh day manh hon nifa xay dyng quan ddi, san sang chien dau. Su doan 338 - bd ddi mien Nam tap ket - ciing mdt sd trung doan bd binh khin truang trien khai chuong trinh huin luyen, chuan bj nhan nhiem vu vao Nam chiln diu. Tilp dd, thang 5 - 1959, Bd Chinh trj quyet djnh nghien ciru viec md con dudng van chuyen chien luac, cu the la td chirc mdt doan giao thdng dae biet, bat dau tirng budc
TAP CHi LICH SU' D A N G - SO 4/2009 31
"soi dudng" dua can bd, tiep te vu khi va hang hda can thiet chi vien mien Nam. Nhiing quyet dinh cu the va trye tiep tren day ciia Tdng hanh dinh, tir xay dyng can cir dja Tay Nguyen, huan luyen quan ddi san sang vao Nam chien dau den md dudng chien luge ehi vien mien Nam..., tat ca cho thay, mac dii liic nay Nghj quyet 15 cdn chua dugc chinh thiic thdng qua trong dgt 2 ciia Hdi nghj Trung uong, nhung tu tudng quan sy Hd Chi Minh ve ndm vidig chii dpng, phdi thdy trudc, chudn bi trudc da dugc khang dinh tren hoat ddng thye te, the hien ro quyet tam ciia Dang giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc.
Ngay 19 - 5 - 1959 Dodn van tdi qudn su 559 dugc thanh lap, do ddng chi Vd Bam phu trach.
Lyc lugng dau tien la Tieu doan 301 (van tai dudng bd, xay dyng can cir xuat phat d Khe Hd, Tay VTnh Linh) va Tieu doan 603 (van tai dudng bien, liic dau lap can cir d sdng Gianh).
Trong khi Doan 559 chuan bj lyc lugng va phuong tien san sang tien vao Nam thi Su doan bd binh 325 md dudng tir thj xa Ddng Hdi (Quang Binh) den Khe Hd. Tir day, Tieu doan 301 vugt sdng Ben Hai vao dudng 9. theo dudng giao lien bi mat ciia huyen Hudng Hoa va Tinh uy Thira Thien, vira md dudng vira dat tram tien dan ve hudng Nam theo trien phia Ddng eiia day Trudng Son. Trong hoat ddng lue nay. can bd chien sT Doan 559 dugc lenh tuan thu nghiem ngat nguyen tac bi mat. Hang hoa tren dudng chi vien vao Nam deu do eac nudc tu ban san xuat. Vii khi deu la chien lgi pham thu dugc trong khang chien chdng Phap, do My san xuat. Khdng nhifng can bd chien sT Doan
559 han ehe tiep xiic vdi dan, tranh dung do vdi dich, ma trong mgi hanh ddng deu theo mdt khau hieu mang tinh menh lenh: "di khdng dau, nau khdng khdi, ndi khdng tieng".
Cudi thang 8 - 1959, nira tan hang dau tien dugc chuyen bang giii thd da den tram sd 9 d Pa Lin (Tay Thira Thien), chuan bj chuyen vao Lien khu 5. Bdn thang sau, tram Pa Lin da nhan 1.667 khau siing bg binh, gan 800 dao gam, gan 200 kildgam thude nd va mdt sd dyng cu quan sy (dng nhdm, dja ban, ban dd quan sy...). Ngoai ra tren dudng 559 luc nay cdn cd khoang 1.200 sung bd binh cac loai do gan 550 can bd chien sT (tu mien Nam tap ket ra Bac trudc day) mang theo trong cudc hanh quan trd ve Nam chien dau. Phdi hgp vdi Doan 559 dang treo deo lgi sudi tien dan vao Nam, Lien khu 5 ciing hinh thanh mdt hanh lang dudng nhanh, van chuyen tir Pa Lin vao cac can cir d Tay Nguyen va mien Tay cac tinh Nam Trung Bg. Cung trong khoang thdi gian nay, mot sd ddi vu trang cua Nam Bd ciing lan lugt xuat phat, cat rirng bang qua nhiing dia ban chua cd dau chan ngudi d Bii Dang, Bii Gia Map (Phudc Long), So Nia (Quang Dire)...tien ra cyc Nam Trung Bd va Nam Tay Nguyen de budc dau ndi lien hanh lang chien luge giua hai mien Nam Bac.
Trong khi dd, tir can cir xuat phat d sdng Gianh, theo tin hieu dan dudng bi mat ciia mot td dien dai dat tren deo Hai Van, Tieu doan 603 diing thuyen gd ciing bat dau nhifng chuyen di thi nghiem dau tien cua Dudng 759 - dudng van chuyen chien luge Bac Nam tren bien, dugc chinh thirc thanh lap thang 7 - 1959. Thuyin cai
KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
dang thanh thuyen danh ca ciia dan, khoang thuyen chia thanh hai day, day dudi chira vu khi.
Mgi thir dd diing sinh hoat mang theo tren thuyen deu khdng cd nhan mac.
Den cudi nam 1959, nhit la khi Nghj quylt 15 dugc truyen dat so bd (chua cd van ban) va mac dii chi mdi dugc tin Trung uong cho phep dau tranh vu trang, cac dang bg nhilu dja phuang, nhu nhung manh dit dai han gap mua rao, da kjp thdi phat ddng khdi nghTa (Tra Bdng - Quang Ngai, Long My - Cin Tho, Md Cay - Ben Tre, Ben Cat - Tay Ninh v.v)... Dae biet sau dd la cudc ddng khdi rdng khap ciia Bin Tre, nhieu viing d Tay Nguyen va ndi bat la tran Tua Hai - Tay Ninh (1-1960). Tua Hai la tran danh Idn dau tien d mien Ddng Nam Bd, cd tac dung cd vu rat Idn ddi vdi phong trao khdi nghTa dang lan rdng tren toan mien.
Cudi nam 1960 va dau nam 1961 da dien ra hai sy kien Idn danh dau budc trudng thanh cua sy nghiep each mang va chien tranh each mang giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc. Dd la sy ra ddi ciia Mat Iran Ddn tpc gidi phong mien Nam Viet Nam, vira lam chirc nang tap hgp cac tang Idp nhan dan mien Nam, vira lam chirc nang cua chinh quyen each mang. Tiep den la sy thdng nhat cac don vj vu trang toan mien Nam, dudi ten ehung la Luc luang vii trang gidi phong mien Nam Viet Nam.
Thye te tren day cho thay, trai qua 5 nam (1955-1959), each mang mien Nam da phai trai qua nhifng nam thang thir thach nghiem trgng nhit, tir thoai trao va thu ddng giif gin lyc lugng, da chuyen sang mdt giai doan mdi, trong the tien cdng chien luge.
Nghj quyet 15 va cac quylt djnh tilp theo ciia Bd Chinh trj, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong va Quan uy Trung uong trong giai doan each mang nay da khang djnh dudng Idi each mang giai phdng mien Nam va chi ra phuong phap each mang bao lyc, ddng thdi thi hien nghe thuat chi dao khdi dau cudc chien tranh each mang d mien Nam. Bat dau bang cac cudc khdi nghTa timg phan do nhan dan chii ddng va true tiep tien hanh, vdi sy hau thuan ciia lyc lugng vu trang mien Nam va vdi sy chi vien budc dau nhung kjp thdi ciia hau phuang mien Bac, cudc chien tranh giai phdng mien Nam da thye sy dugc khdi ddng mdt each ddc dao, kheo leo, phii hgp vdi y nguyen cua nhan dan hai mien, phii hgp vdi thdi co chien luge.
Ngudn gde sau xa va nguyen nhan true tiep ciia tat ca nhifng sy kien dien ra tren day chinh la hanh ddng can thiep va xam luge ciia de qudc My va hanh ddng phat xit tan bao ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem trong sudt mot thdi gian dai. Cach mang hoa binh phat trien khdng cdn la mot kha nang thye te. Bao lyc each mang da trd thanh phuang phap duy nhat de giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc.
1. "Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thir sau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (Khoa II), ngay 15- 7 - 1954", Van kien qudn su ciia Ddng, QDND, H, 1977, T 3 , tr. 637
2. Trong 4 nam (1955-1958) ca mien Nam l6n that 9 phan 10 so can bo, dang vien. Rieng a Nam Bq, khoang 70.000 can bo, dang vien bj djch sat hai, gan
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900.000 can bg, nhan dan bj bat, bj tii day (gan 200.000 bi tra tan thanh tan tat). Chi con khoang 5.000 so vai 60.000 dang vien khi hoa binh lap lai. 0 Trung Bo (tir Trj Thien vao den cue Nam) khoang 40% tinh uy vien, 60% huyen uy vien, 70% chi uy vien xa bj bat, bi giet; co tinh chi con 2 - 3 chi bg, 12 huyen dong bang khong con ca sa dang. Rieng Trj - Thien tir 23.400 dang vien vao miia he nam 1954, chi con 160 dang vien
3. Cac nghj quyet Hgi nghi Trung uong lan 7 (3- 1955), lin 8 (8-1955), lin 10 (11-1956), lin 13 (12- 1957), Hgi nghi Bg Chinh trj (6-1956 va 8-1956), Chi thj ciia Ban Bi thu (12-1955 va 3-1956) v.v...deu chi ra nhifng thieu sot trong viec chuyen huang ve tu tuang, to chirc va phuo'ng thirc dau tranh, yeu cau quan triet duang loi, chinh sach, phuang cham, sach luge ciia Dang trong cuoc dau tranh a mien Nam va yeu cau nam virng phuang cham bao ton co sa, giir gin luc lugng, triet de Igi dung mgi kha nang hgp phap, nira hgp phap de vira ehe giau dugc luc lugng vira tap hgp dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan rong rai dau tranh chong djch v.v..., song cho den cuoi nam 1958 Trung uong Dang van chua de ra dugc nhirng bien phap cu the, thich dang de doi pho co hieu qua vai djch, giam boi ton that ciia quan ehung.
4. Ket luan ciia Bg Chinh tri, ngay 23-4-1994 ve Tong ket cuoc khdng chien chong My, ciiru nuac. Dan theo Chien tranh cdch mang Viet Nam - thang lai vd hdi hoc - Ban chi dao Tong ket chien tranh, true thuoc Bg Chinh tri, CTQG, H, 2000, tr.l46
5. Nhiing su kien lich sic Ddng, NXB Thong tin ly luan, H, 1985, Till, tr. 58
6,7,8,10. Xem: Dudng loi cdch mang mien Nam ciia dong chi Le Duan, luu tai Vien Lich sir Dang, ban danhmay,tr.l4, 15, 17, 19,38,39
9. NhCrng kinh nghiem do la: 1. Khong co luc luang ben trong, khong ndm duac thdi ca ben ngodi: 2. Phdi CO mot Ddng cdch mang theo chu nghia Mdc-Lenin lanh dao: 3. Phdi xdy dung khoi lien minh cong nong sdu rong vung chdc: 4. Xdy dimg, cung co, phdt trien Mat trdn ddn toe va 5. Phdi biet khai thdc nhiing mdu thudn trong noi bo djch.
11. Hai dong chi dugc Bg Chinh trj chi dinh giup dong chi Vo Nguyen Giap trong viec nay la Tran Quang Huy (khi do la Chanh van phong Trung uang Dang, Pho ban thuang true Ban Tuyen giao Trung uang) va Hoang Tung (Tong Bien tap bao Nhdn Ddn, Pho ban Ban Tuyen giao Trung uang). Sir kien nay truac day da dugc dong chi Tran Quang Huy viet tren Tap chi Ljch sic qudn su, mai day lai dugc dong chi Hoang Tiing ke lai cho nha nghien ciiu Nhat Hoa Khanh ghi va dang tren Dien ddn vdn nghe Viet Nam (4-2007), Nguai Hd Noi (Xuan 2007) va Tien Phong (so 117 - 121). Mot dieu dong chi Hoang Tiing nhan manh khi ke vai Nhat Hoa Khanh la: khi nhan nhiem vu chuan bj ban Du thao Nghj quyet 15, ca ba dong chi Vo Nguyen Giap, Hoang Tiing va Tran Quang Huy deu khong biet rang tir cuoi nam 1956, dong chi Le Duan da nghien ciru va bien soan De cuang cdch mang mien Nam va dau nam 1957, ban De cucmg da dugc hgi nghi Xir uy (ma rong) thao luan tai Phnom Penh.
12. Xem: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap. CTQG, H, 2001,T.20,tr. 82, 83, 85
13. Ngay tir dau nam 1959 da dien ra cac cuoc noi day ciia nhan dan Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan), VTnh Thanh (Binh Djnh) va cuge noi day ciia nhan dan Ta Booc - Kon Tum... Tren thuc te, mien Nam da bat dau qua trinh khai nghia timg phdn tir dau nam 1959.
14. Tdi lieu Ldu ndm goc, Viet Nam thong tan xa phat hanh, thang 8 - 1971. T. 1, tr.72.
