^ IMIO lilEN KIEN n i U ' C KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE
OUY TRINH KY THUAT TRONG TRAM DEN
Dac diem hinh thai
Cay go Urn, cat) 25-3()m. dutVng kinh Itri 9()cm. Than thang. phan canh cat). Vd mau nau nhat khi dco ra cd mii man den. rt)an than CO miii ihtrm hac. (id nhc, mem, mau
\am trang.
La kep Idng chim 1 lan Ic, khdng cd hi kcm. Lii chel hinh Ihudn trai xt)an, dai 6-
12cm. rdng 3-6cm, phien ciing, gidn, mat Ircn bdng. mat dut'ri ,sam htrn, diiu va dudi la hai lech. Gan ben 8-10 dudi. Cudng hi chcl dai 0.5cm.
Hoa lu chiim hinh vien thuy, thucrng dai hon hi. hoan loan nhan. Hoa mau trang vang nhat, cudng la bac dang vay, cudng hoa dai 1.5-2cm.
Qua hach hinh trting dai, dai 3,5-4,5cm, rdng 2-2.5cm, nhan 3 d khdng deu. Khi chin mau tim den.
Hinh dang la cay con thay ddi nhieu, tu la xe thuy len la don, cudi ciing mdi sinh la kep nhu cay trudng thanh.
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Phan bo dja ly sinh thai
Phan bd trong rimg nguyen sinh va thir sinh d hau het cac linh mien Bac, nhieu nhat d Quang Binh, Nghe An, VTnh Phiic, Bac Thai... d do cao tir 500m trcr xudng.
Thudng mgc rai rac trong riing, hdn giao vdi cac loai: Lim xanh, xoan dao, lim xet, ngat, cdng sira, bira, gdi, vcn vcn... nhimg cung cd khi mgc thanh loai hinh tram chiem uu the rd ret, hoac tram -i- vcn vcn hay tram -i- lim xanh.
Cay ua sang mgc nhanh, tra ddt set pha, tang dat day, do am trung binh, mgc nhieu d nhiing noi do ddc thdp, ca biet cd the
sdng dugc ca tren dai 60i. k h a nang lai sinh hat manh dudi tan rimg cd tan che 0,3-0,4.
Ra hoa thang 4-5 Qua chin thang 10-12.
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Gia trj kinh te
Gd diing \c \ an, lam nha. ddng diing cu thdng thudng. Nhua cay tram den therm ngat, de chay dung de che bien son, vecni, .\a phdng, diui tham \ a lam huong. Qua cay tnim den an ngt)n nhat trong cac loai tram, dung dc: kho ca, kho thjt, dd xdi, co the mudi dc an dan (thudng ngam trong nuac mam), lam d mai khd de giai ddc, chong ho, ia chay. Qua diing de an. Ngoai ra cdn dung qua tram den de chira mat cd mdng.
Hat ep dau va lam nhan banh.
Sau 6 nam, neu trdng tren dat tdt se cho thu hoach. Cay thanh thuc cd thi dat 200-
Ban tin
Khoa hoc va Phat then So Xuan 01-2012
PHO BIEN KIEN THUC KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE
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300kg qua/cay va cho thu hoach trong thdi gian khoang 50 nam.
Thu hai hat gidng
Vao cudi thang 10, 11 khi vd qua chuyin sang mau tim den, ngudi ta diing cau licm thu hai qua (khdng nen thu nhat nhiing qua rung dudi gdc cay). Qua thu hai vl loai bd tap chat rdi dem ngam trong nude ndng 70- 80°C trong 2-3 gid, sau dd vdt ra d l ngudi, diing dao khia ddi vd qua tach idy hat. Phan thit vd qua cd the an hoac che bien lam thue pham lau dai. Hat dem phoi khd trong ram,
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thoang gio de chuan bi gieo.
Tieu chudn hat gidng: Qua dai 3-4cm, dudng kinh l,8-2cm, thdng thudng 1kg hat cd 220-250 hat va ty le nay mam cao nhat la 60%.
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Bao quan hat gidng: Neu chua gieo ngay can trdn hat vdi cat am theo ty le I hat -H 2 eat, rdi vun thanh ddng cao 30-40cm, de noi khd rao, thdng thoang, phun am thudng xuyen.
Tao cay con Thoi vu gieo
- Thang 10-11 de tao cay trdng vu thu nam sau.
- Thang 2-3 de tao cay trdng vu xuan nam sau.
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Xir ly hat gidng
Ngam hat gidng trong nude am tii 30- 40°C trong 8 gid vdt ra, riia sach, cd 2 each ii cho hat nay mam:
- Cho hat vao cac tiii vai, sgi bdng dung 1-2 kg, d l noi dm, kin gid, hang ngay rua chua 2 idn (sang va tdi). Sau 20 ngay, hat nut nanh. Ta chgn hat da niit nanh tra vao bdu ddt, cdn lai tiip tuc chgn cho den khi het hat nay mam.
- Rai dIu hat tren Idp ddt cat pha (cat non) rdi idp day 2-3cm. Sau dd phii mdt Idp cay rang rang (da khii nam benh) rdi tudi am hang ngay. Sau 15-20 ngay hat nay mdm, ta chgn dan hat da nay mam tra vao bau, cdn lai tiep tuc tudi am.
Kinh nghiem nhan dan, sau khi ngam nude, gieo tren nen cat am hoac dat cat pha, idp dai bang chieu day cda hat, tu ludng bdng ram ra da khii trung, tudi am hang n^ay. Sau 10-15 ngay hat nay mam cd the cay vao bau.
Uom cay
- Khi cay mam vuon len khdi mat dat 4- 6cm, la mdm tir vang nhat chuyen sang mau xanh luc nhat, cd the cay vao bau. Luc nay ..cay mam da cd re cgc dai 5-6cm.
Dudng kinh bdu 9cm dai 18-20cm thung day. Rudt bdu tdt nhat la dat mim riing hay ddt mau thit nhe, trdn them 5-10%
phan chudng hoai va 1-2% supe lan.
Xep bau tren ludng. Bau each bau 5- 6cm, xip dugc 44 bau/m^. Mdt ludng lOm^
xep dugc 440 bau. Vudn ucrm nen dat d chan ddi nai quang trdng, gan nude, tranh hudng gid bac va ddng bac.
- Cay cay vao budi sang hay chieu mat.
Cay mam dugc bao quan am. Diing bay nhpn chgc mdt Id d giira bau, cho loan bd re cay vao Id chgc dam bao re cgc thang, vii-a kin cd re. Sau dd dung bay ep chat dat.
cdy xong phai cam rang che bdng va tudi dm. Nhiing ngay tiep theo tudi hang ngay 4-6 lit/m^ Sau mot tuan cay con ben re.
Cham sdc cdy uom trong vwon qua 4 giai doan sinh truong sau
Giai doan I: Tu luc cay cd 1 la mam den luc cay cd la don (25-30 ngay) cay sinh trudng cham, can che bdng, tudi am, chii y phdng benh thdi cd re.
So Xuan 01-2012 Ban tin Khoa hoc va Phat then
^ PHO ItlEN KIEN I HUG KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE
Gidi doan 2: Tir liic cd hi dirn dcMi cd hi kep ddang 3 hi chcl (70-80 ngay). C\iy sinh trucrng nhanh. duy Iri lut'ri am. Tia Ihua bcrt rang tV ludng \a tuy ihco thai tiet ma dCy mdi phan hoac tld bd lt)an bd rang tr cudi giai doan. Tutri ihiic NPK hda lt)ang vcri nude li le L ; tdi 4-6 lii/m- sau khi tutri thiic lai rua 1 lan bang iiiiov la 4 lit/m^
Dinh ky 10 ngay mtri lan.
Gidi daiin 3: Tir liic co la kep d dang 3 chc\ den liic cd hi ht)an chinh 5-7 hi chcl (30-45) nga\ Duy tri lut'ri am v;i bdn tutri thuc 15 ngay 1 idn, lutri 4-6 lit/m- NPK hda tl Ic l,57r
Giai doan 4: Tir liic cd la that ht)an chinh den khi xuat vudn can duy tri tucri am, thijc phan, phdng chcrng sau benh.
Trudc khi xuat vudn 1 thang khdng ludi thiJc phan de ham cay.
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Tieu chuan cdy trong: Cao tdi thieu 60- 70cm, dudng kinh cd re 6-8mm, khdng cong queo, cut nggn, tudi cay 7-8 thang.
Trong cay
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Phuang thirc trong: Trdng tram den lay qua theo phuong thuc ndng lam ket hcrp.
Hai ba nam dau xen cay ndng nghiep: lac, lua, dd, san... Nhung nam sau xen cay cd djnh dam nhu cdt khi, dau thieu.
Lam ddt: Phat het thuc bi, thu gd rdi
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ddt. Cudc hd theo dudng ddng muc, vj tri hd so le nhau. Kich thude 40 x 40 x 4()cm hoac 50 X 50 x 50cm. Mdi hd bdn Idt l-2kg phan chudng hoai cd trdn them 0,05-0,1kg NPK.
Mat do trong: 400-500 cay/ha vdi cu li cay each cay 4-5cm, hang each hang 5m.
Thai vii: Vu Xuan thang 2-3. Vu Thu thang 7-8.
- Ky thudt Irdng: Vao dung vu, chgn IhtVi lict ram mai, birng cay de trdng riing.
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Dung cudc dao hd dc dat bau vua thap han micng hd 1 -1,5cm. Sau dd rach vd bau, nit nhc ddng thdi lap dat kin quanh bau, chu y khdng lam vcr bau. Dung dat mun quanh hd lap bau thanh hinh mui rua cd dudng kinh 0,6-0,8m; diim bao dat lai nhd khdng sdi da.
Cham sdc hao ve
Cham sdc cay trdng ba nam lien.
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Nam thir nhat: Phai don 2 lan -i- vun xdi gdc 2 lan, xtri vun gdc vdi dudng kinh 0,7- (),8m, Ira dam cho du mat do, khdng de Irau, bd, dc an la, dc, mdi can cay.
Nam thu 2: Van phat 2 lan -i- xdi vun gdc 2 lan, bdn thiic 0,1 kg NPK/cay. tra dam cho dii mat do, phdng tranh gia sue an la, re, mdi can cay.
Nam thu 3: Phat dgn 2 lan vao vu Xuan va cudi Thu. Md rdng dudng kinh xdi, day cd len 1-1,2m, phdng chdng gia siic an la.
Den nam thir 5, can tia bd nhiing canh non sau benh, xtVi vun gdc \ a bdn thuc them mdi cay 6-8 kg phan chudng -i- l-2kg NPK dc tao dieu kien tdt cho cay phat trien, ra hoa ket qua. Neu dat tdt, den nam thu 6 cay sc cd qua \ a cho thu hoach dugc 50 nam lien tuc, kic dd cay cd chieu cao 25m.
Bao ve va nuoi dumig rung
Can dac biet chdng gia sue va ngudi pha hai rimg. Qua 3 nam rimg tram da cao 4- 5m. Khi rCmg 6-7 tudi tien hanh chat cay xfiu, cong queo sau benh. Bdn them phan:
mot cay bdn 6-8kg phan chudng -i- 2% NPK hoac 1-1,5kg NPK. Bdn theo 3 hdc each
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deu quanh gdc cay.
Theo lam nghiep VN
Ban tin
Khoa hoc va Phat then So Xuan 01-2012
