Biii Thi Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 163(03/2): 3 3 - 3 7
C H I N H S A C K D O I N G O A I C U A N U ^ d C N G A D U d l THCtt T O N G T H O N G E N X I N : X A P H l T O N G T A Y v A G A N T R U N G Q U O C ( 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 )
Bui Thi ^™ Thu' Trudng DQI hgc Khoa hoc - DH Thdi Nguyen T O M T A T
Thdng 12 nam 1991, Nha nude Lien bang Cpng hoa Xd hpi chii nghia X6 Vilt tan ra sau 74 nSm ton tgi day an tugng trong lich sii nhdn logi va Nha nude Lien bang Nga dupc hinh thdnh thita hudng dia vi phdp IJ ciia Lien X6. Trong thdi ki dau d m quyen Tong thing Enxin-Tong thing ddu tien cua chii thi Cpng hoa LiSn bang dd thyc hiSn nhieu chinh sach khoi phyc va phdt frien nude Nga ve mpi m|it. Trong chinh sdch dli ngogi, Nga tiep tyc chinh sach nghieng v l phircmg Tdy vi tin rang phuang Tay se giiip dd Nga khoi phyc va phdt triln Icinh t l d l lay lgi vj the ciia minh; nhimg mpi k l hogch diu bi pha sdn. Do do, nude Nga da phai thay dli chinh sdch doi ngo?i ciia minh tii "lang quSn" den xich lgi gan hem vdi Trang Quoc. Bdi vilt tdp trung nghien ciiu nhSng nhan to tac d$ng tdi chinh sdch doi ngoai cua LiSn bang Nga.
Tir khoa: Nga, Trung Quoc. phuang Tdy. chinh sdch doi ngogi Thang 3 n a m 1985, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gdocbachdp trd thanh T d n g bi t h u Dang cdng san Lien Xd va bat ddu cdng cude eai t l . Tuy nhien, edng eupc eai td da that bgi dan den sy tan ra ciia N h a n u d e LiSn bang Xd v i l t vdo thdng 12 ndm 1991. Thang 10 n a m 1991, dng Enxin d u g c bdu lam T d n g thdng. Dgc d i l m ndi bat ciia chinh sdch ddi ngoai eua n u d e Nga trong n a m 1991-1992 la dat h p n g tdm vao vipe xdy d u n g cdc m d i quan h§ vdi cdc n u d e p h u o n g Tdy ( d u g c hieu la nhiing n u d e theo tu ban c h u nghia), thye hipn d u d n g l l i ngoai giao than p h u a n g Tay, dgt p h u a n g Tdy ISn vi tri hang ddu, tim m p i each de p h u o n g T a y thay rdng N g a la n g u d i cua minh.
Nu'dc Nga nhilu l i n "ISng quen" Trung QuIc Sau khi Lien X d tan m, n u d e N g a h d thdnh qude gia dpc Igp va la n u d e ldng gieng ldn nhdt ciia Trung Q u d e . Trung Qude dd sdm cong nhan va dat quan h? ngogi giao vdi nude Nga, N h u n g n u d e Nga e h u a thiic d l y mgnh mS mdi quan hp vdi n u d e X H C N ldn nhat d khu vuc chau A la Trung Qude. Quan h^ Nga- Trung h o n g e h i l n luge ngogi giao ciia chinh quyin Tdng t h i n g Enxin chi c h i l m dia vi thu y i u trong mpt thdi gian khd dai. Phdi "chu nghia ehdu A u " ddng d i u la Ngoai tmdng Nga Kerenlencd ed vai trd quan h g n g h o n g viec hoach dinh ehhih sdch ddi ngoai cua Nga.
* Tel: 0976198586, Email: [email protected]
Net ddc trung c o bdn ve tu tudng eiia chinh sach doi ngoai n u d e Nga la nghieng ve than p h u o n g Tay. Phai "chu nghTa ehau A u " cho rdng, mye tieu trudc mdt trong ehinh sdch ngogi giao Nga la h a n h thii vipn trg kinh te cua M J , Tay Au, Nhgt Bdn, tranh thii sy ung hg eiia phuong Tay; cdn mye tieu Idu ddi Id lam eho n u d e N g a hdi nhap xa hpi p h u a n g Tay, quay v l vdi chdu Au, h d thanh mOt thanh vien cua the gidi van minh p h u a n g Tdy, nhdt t h i hda vdi p h u a n g T a y v l chinh tri va kinh t l . Bdi phdt b i l u cua Ngoai trudng Nga dang h e n bdo D g c ldp ngay 01/04/1992 da khdng dinh: "Lien bang Nga cdn gia nhap cdu Igc bg nhiing quoc gia dan chit phdt trien nhdt; nu&c Nga doi v&i cdc nir&c ldng giing- My, Nhgt vd Tdy Au khong he co su phdn ki vd xung dgt Igri ich ndo md khong the khac phuc dugc. Vi vay, hodn todn co the kien Igp quan hi him hao v&l cdc nu&c do, tuang lai con CO the thiit Igp lien minh bgn be " [2; tr.7]
Trong boi canh do, p h u o n g T a y da Igp mgt k l hogch giup dd n u d e Nga khoi phyc kinh tS ( g i l n g n h u kS hoach Macsan nam 1947 ma M J ldp ra d l giup dd cdc nude Tdy Au sau chien tranh the gidi thii hai). Ke hoach neu rd m i i nam cung cdp cho n u d e Nga 20-30 ty U S D h o n g vdng 10 ndm, chudn bi giiip nude N g a 200 ty U S D d l hodn thanh b u d c qua dp tir nen kinh tS k l hoach sang kinh tS thi 33
Bill Thi Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 163(03/2): 33-37 trudng. D I cd dugc nhimg dilu ki^n do nude
Nga phdi chdp nhgn nhiing dilu kipn eo ban eiia cgng ddng chau Au, Ngan hang thi gidi;
tiSu bieu nhu: thye hdnh gid ed tu do, thay dli ddng Rdp, kinh tl tu huu...
Chinh phu cua Enxin hong khi hoach dinh phuong chdm chien luge qua dd sang kinh tl thi trudng da ddn do vl vi§c nhdn khoan vien trg Idn eua phuong Tay lam nhdn to co bdn.
Enxin da nhilu I^n mgo hilm vugt qua luong gid ddi khdng ve chinh tri dS cho Thu tudng Gaida thyc hiSn nhi^m vy cua Chinh phu vi chiSn luge cdi each kinh tS ciia dng Gaida dugc gidi ngan hang phuang Tdy ung hg. Ban than dng Gaida da thi hi^n rd thdi dp ddi vdi Trung Qude; ong td ra khdm phyc trude nhihig thdnh tyu ma Trung Qude dat duge nhung dng ciing phdt bilu trudc Quoc hpi ngay 06/10/1992: "Nu&c Nga khong phdi Id Trung Quoc, chung ta Idiong the van diing kinh nghiim thdnh cong cda Trung Quoc.
Trung Quoc khong phdi Id nhd nu&c liin bang; co nghia Id muon di theo con du&ng cita Trung Quoc thi phdi che dinh mgt chiin luge chinh tri kieu khac; kieu chien luge ay hodn todn khac v&i chien luge da dugc xdc dinh khi nu&c Nga dd Itfa chgn phuang phdp chdng trf suy thoai (Liiu phdp sdc)-mgt bu&c Id t&i dich" [2; h.8]. Quyet djnh do cua dng Gaida dugc Chinh phu LiSn bang Nga iing hd va di theo.
Do do, thdng 10 nam 1992 khi noi tdi cdi each ngoai giao cua nude Nga, Enxin khang dinh lai mdt lin niia: "nu&c Nga khong co stf lifa chgn ndo khac ngodi vi$c phdi kiin Igp quan h0 bgn be idu ddi, thdm chi Id quan h^ lien minh hihi nghi v&i cdc qude gia ddn chit phdt triin phucmg Ddng vd phucmg Tdy" [2; h.8].
Trong cdc quoc gia dan chd do. Ting thing Nga Enxin khdng hi d% c$p din Trung Qude.
Trung Qude-nudc lang gilng ldn nhat eiia nude Nga da bi Tdng thing va Ngogi hudng Nga nhilu lln "quen ldng". Thgm chi, khi nhdc tdi ban be ehii yeu d chau A nhu Han Quoe, Nh|t Bdn, Dai Loan, dng Enxin ciing 34
khdng he ndi tdi Trung Quoe. Nhung thyc tiSn ngogi giao va tinh hinh thyc te eai each kinh te ciing vdi eupe dau tranh chinh tri hong nude bu0c Tdng thdng Enxin khong thi khong sua ddi va diSu chinh phuang cham ngoai giao vdi Trung Quoc.
Ket thiic "tuan trdng mat" giira nude Nga va phirgng Tdy
Nude Nga da timg dm 3p hy vpng lien minh chdt che vdi phuong Tay, mong ehd cdc nude phucmg Tay ed the vugt qua nhgn thiic ehung ve "gia hi ty do ddn chii" md viSn trg cho Nga. Nhung khoan vipn trg dy van cdn chua cd dugc nhan td co bdn ve phuong phdp chira tn suy thodi ciia Chinh phu Nga (Lieu phdp soe) Id hdng ehd vdo khodn vay ldn d phuong Tay ehu yen la vien hg nhan dgo: thudc men, thyc phdm; con phan ldn khodn vay dd hua hpn thi chua cd dugc thyc thi. Trudc do 7 nude phuong Tay hiia giiip Nga 24 tJ USD, song hen thyc te ehi quyet dinh dng trudc 1 ty USD. Gia su 24 ty USD dugc giao cho nude Nga, ngodi nghia vy ha ng thi nude Nga con 12 ty USD. Vdi nude Nga rpng ldn mSnh mdng thi so tien ndy qua it huong ho vdi 1 ty USD.
v l mat ngoai giao nude Nga da timg theo dudi moi quan hp vdi phuang Tdy, nhung phuang Tay ehua bao gid coi Nga la ngudi ban binh ddng. Ngay cd Nhdt Bdn trudc kia ludn ton kinh Lien Xd cung dua ra nhimg yeu sach Cling rdn ddi hoi Nga phai giai quyet nhanh chong van de lanh thd 4 ddo phia Bae.
Dilu dd, Iam cho chinh quyen ciia T5ng thdng Enxin phai ra soat lai ehinh sach than phuang Tay cua minh. Quan chiic ciia Chinh phli My cd nhiing nhan xet vS Enxin Igi khac nhau. Ting thing Bus khdm phue ddng khi va quylt tam cua Enxin diing hen xe tdng diln thuylt, nhung Iai khdng hai long khi dng ldng nhyc Godcbachip mpt cdch thd bao.
Nam 1992, Tdng thing Enxin nhilu Ian di tham phuang Tay duge ddn tiep rdt nhiSt tinh va hiru nghi, nhung ong vdn cam thay phuang Tdy dli vdi nude Nga la thieu tin cay.
Phuang Tdy khdng muln nhin thdy mpt LiSn
Bdi Thi Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 163(03/2): 33 - 37 Xd cdng sdn hiing cudng va cung khdng
mudn nhin thdy mdt nude Nga gidu mgnh.
Trong cae nude phuong TSy chi cd Chinh phii Biic vien hg mpt khodn ldn cho nude Nga vi trudc dd LiSn Xd giiip hg thyc hipn cdng cugc thdng nhat ddt nude. Vi vgy, chinh quyin Enxin cung ddn thay ddi chinh sdch thdn phuang Tay, dd phuang Tdy vdn la nhan to hgng yeu ve ngogi giao nhung cung dSn tao ra mOt cy Iy nhat dinh.
Cudi nam 1992 ddu ndm 1993, bat chdp vipc MJ phan doi da ky Hiep dinh ban kj thudt phdng vp tinh nhan tgo eho An Dp; Nga phS phdn MJ nem bom xudng khu vyc dan thudng d Thd do Batda cua Mc. Chinh phii Nga cuang quylt niu MJ su dyng qudn ddi hln cdng Irde thi nude Nga se sii: dyng quyen phii quySt tgi Hdi dong bao an Lien Hgp QuIc.
Ngdy 13 thang 2 nam 1993, Thii tudng mdi nhdm chiic Checndmudin khang dinh:
phuang Tdy chdng may nude quan tdm tdi sy hung manh va thing nhit cda nude Nga. B§
trudng an ninh Bavannicop chi trich co quan bi mat Tay Au lap ra td chiic chong Chinh phii pha hogi nude Nga bdng thu dogn trao ddi, budn ban vii khi va hdng dgc hgi. Tat cd nhung dilu do da chung td quan hS "tuan hang mat" giiia Nga vd phuang Tay dang di dSn giai dogn kSt thuc. Nhiing thay dli chinh sdch dli vdi phuang Tay tat nhiSn sS din den thay dli trong quan h$ Nga-Trung.
Nhdn t l thii hai dnh hudng tdi quan hp Nga- Trung la tinh hinh kinh tl eiia nude Nga.
Ngay 02/01/1992 Chmh phu Nga bdt ddu thyc thi kl hogch "Lieu phdp sdc": tha nli ty do gia ea, chuyin tir sd hdu nha nude sang sd hiru tu nhdn, xda bd sy dieu tiet kinh te cua nhd nude. Nhung kl hogch dd khdng lam eho tinh hinh kinh t l chuyin biln tieh eye ma cdn Iam kinh tl ngdy m^t suy thoai. Sau 3 ndm san xudt gidm di m^t niia, mdc sdng cua tdng ldp nhdn dan giam 1/3 (miic luang hung binh cua cdng nhdn viSn chdc Id 257 Riip/thdng, thdp hon MJ 25 ldn). Tmh hgng Igm phdt tang din miie chdng mgt nam 1992 Id 1355%.
Nam 1992 gia tieu dung va dieh vy tang 26 lln[I;tr.l44].
Chinh sach tu nhdn hda nSn kinh tl eiia Chinh phd Enxin-Gaida khdng thdnh da dan dSn tinh trang tu nhdn hda I gt thiiu kiem sodt cua nha nude. Ddi sing ciia nhdn dan gap rdt nhilu kho khan. Su iing hd ciia nhan dan dSi vdi chinh quyen Enxin gidm siit nghiSm trpng.
KS hoaeh Lieu phdp sdc bdt nguon tir MJ, bi^n phdp ndy da thanh cdng d Bolivia (1958) va Ba Lan (1989). Nhung Lien bang Nga la mOt nude rdng ldn, dieu kipn khac xa so vdi Bdlivia vd Ba Lan nSn LiSu phap sdc da khdng dgt ket qua d Nga. Thang 12 nam 1992 Chinh phu Nga da chuyen sang chinh sdch uu tien san xuat va tang eudng bdo hg ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng. Chinh trong boi eanh nay, mdt sd ngudi lanh dgo nude Nga chu truong danh gia lai cac nude phuong Ddng, kS cd nhiing thdnh cdng trong cai each kinh tl cua Trung Qude.
Quan hp Trung-Nga phat trien on d|nh Thdng 3 ndm 1992, Ngoai trudng Nga Karalencd nhan ldi mdi eiia Ngogi trudng Tiin Ky Tham sang tham Trung Qude. Ddy la ldn dau tien Ngoai trudng Nga sang thdm Trung Quoc. Hai ben thao luan van de quan h$ hai nude vd hao ddi y kien vl nhiing van de qude te hpng dgi ma ddi bSn cimg quan tdm. Phia Tnmg Quoc noi ro, Trung-Nga la hai nude lang gieng ldn. Chinh phu Trung Quoc xua nay van ehii huang quan hp quoe gia khSng nen chiu anh hudng khac nhau ve hinh thdi y thuc chi phdi. Ngoai trudng Nga ciing neu rd: tinh hinh nude Nga c6 thay dli rat ldn, song phat trien quan hS hgp tac hiiu nghi vdi Tnmg Qude khdng he thay ddi.
Nude Nga coi hpng quan he vdi Trung QuIc, tdn hpng qua khir, chu hgng tuang lai. Chinh sdch bat di bat dich eua nude Nga Id: vira phat triln quan he tdt dep vdi phuong Tay vua giii gin quan hS lang giSng vdi phuang DQng, ddc bipt la Trung Quie.
Tir ngay 03 din ngay 05/5/1992, Phd Thil tudng Nga Saoxin sang tham Trung Qude 35
Bui Thi Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 163(03/2): 33-37 Phd Thu tudng DiSn Ky Van cua Trung QuIc
chi ro: quan hS hai nyde binh In, sy hao ddi qua lgi song phuang hSn mgi liiih vyc, mpi cap bge dang dugc md rgng; quan hp hgp tac trong linh vye mau dieh kinh tl giiia hai nude cd CO sd tdt dpp. Phd Thu tudng Nga Saoxin ndi rd: Chinh phu Nga va Ting thing Enxin hSt sure quan tam tdng eudng quan he vdi Trung Qude, phdt hiin quan he mgu dieh kinh te vdi Trung QuIc Id mdt hudng uu tiSn hong ehinh sdch kinh te ddi ngoai eiia nude Nga.
Phd Thu tudng Saoxin cdn noi ehuyin tham cua dng la budc chudn bi cho Tdng thdng Enxin sang thdm Trung Qude trong thdi gian sdp tdi.
Ve quan hp mgu dich kinh te hai nude, ddi ben nhat tri cho rang: kinh tl hai nude cd tinh bd trg cho nhau, quan h^ phdt trien mau dich CO tiem lyc to ldn. Doi ben cd thS vdn dyng phuong thufc hgp tdc da dgng, phdt hiin hgp tdc kinh tl hSn ca sd bmh ddng ddi ben ciing ed lgi. Nam 1992 quan h? mdu dich Trung- Nga phdt triln tuang doi mgnh me. Theo thing ke cua nganh Hdi quan, tdng kim ngach mdu dieh song phucmg hong mpt ndm dgt tdi 4 ty 6273 USD. Trong dd Trung QuIc xuat khau la 2 ty 938 USD, nhgp khdu la 2 tJ 433.536 USD. Con sd nay da vugt qua miic mgu dich Trung-Xd 1991 la 3 tJ 904.71 USD [2; tr.l7]. Quan hS trao dli hen cdc Imh vye qudn sy, khoa hge ki thugt, van hda gido dye, thi dye thi thao vd y t l dang dugc phat hiin tich cue.
Nhu vay, khi khdng thiit Igp quan hp vdi phugng Tdy nude Nga phdi coi hgng quan hS ngogi giao vdi Trung Qude. Chinh sach ddi ngogi ma trudc day dugc nhdn mgnh la uu tien phat triln quan hS bgn be th§m ehi la quan he ddng minh cua Nga dli vdi phugng Tdy cung ehua bao gid dgt dugc nhu thi. Vi vay, hong nam 1992 hong gidi lanh dao Nga lan ddu tiSn xudt hipn quan dilm eiia phai
"chu nghTa A-Au". Quan dilm eiia phai ndy cho rang ehinh saeh ngoai giao nga theo phuang Tay bat ddu tu thdi ki Godcbachdp va
dugc Bd ngogi giao Nga ke thiia la khong eo edned. Do lavi:
- Nude Nga phdi qua nhiSu ndm mdi co the trd thdnh ngudi bgn binh dang eiia eac nude phuong Tay phdt hien, md trudc ddy nude Nga chi cd the la mdt ngudi bgn "thdp hen"
cua phuong Tay.
- Nude Nga la qude gia ldn d A-Au, neu tat ed theo kilu phuong Tdy thi khdng phu hgp vdi tinh hinh nude Nga.
- Phuong Tdy co that long mong muon nude Nga trd thdnh mdt nude phat tnSn hay khSng cGng ddng nghi ngd [2; tr.l8].
Do do, phdi chu nghia A-Au dung ddu la co vdn ngogi giao Xdankevich eiia dng Enxin va Dgi sii Nga tgi MJ eho rdng, nude Nga cd nhiSn phai duy tri quan hS hiiu hao va bgn be vdi phuang Tdy, song quylt khdng thS coi nhp phuong Ddng, A-Au diu phdi coi trpng, edn giii gin quan hS tdt dpp vdi Thd NhT Ki, Hy Lgp, An D3 va Trung Qude.
Ngdy 17 thdng 12 nam 1992, Tdng thing Nga Enxin bdt ddu cd cude hanh hinh sang tham Trung QuIc. Bdi phat bieu cua TSng thong Enxin khi dgt chdn ISn ddt Tnmg QuIc khong chi Id ngdn tir ngogi giao, ma cdn tao nSn dieu nhgc du ducmg cho cudc hdnh trinh ddu tien den thdm Trung Qude eua Tdng thdng Nga:
"Hai nu&c Nga Trung can ma ra mgt ky nguyen m&i cho quan h? chiing ta. Hai ddn tgc vT dgi co chung du&ng bien giai 4.000km da timg h& himg quan hg suot may chvc ndm truong. thgm chi con thiiu su hgp tdc. Diiu do thgt khong binh thu&ng" [2; h. 22].
Ket Iu|n
Nhu vay, ed thi thdy chinh sach dli ngogi ciia nude Nga dudi thdi Tdng thong Enxin liic ddu la hudng vl MJ va phuang Tay, khong phan dli viSc NATO md rpng sang hudng Ddng, nhanh chong ki vdi My Hiep udc edt giam vii khi tiin cdng chien luge giai dogn II, ling hp vipc cdm vgn hae. Ve sau tir cuoi nam 1992 ehuyin sang thyc hien ngogi giao da phuang, vira hudng sang Tay vira hudng sang 36
Bid Thi Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 163(03/2): 3 3 - 3 7 D d n g vdi viec thira n h a n net dgc trung ndi bdt
cua " B a n sdc l u d n g t h i " A u - A ciia N g a . 6 p h u o n g D d n g n u d e N g a ciing da coi trong quan hS ngogi giao vdi Trung Q u I c han.
Vipc thay ddi chinh saeh ddi ngogi cua nude N g a khdng ed nghTa la p h u nhdn hoac coi nhe quan h e eiia N g a vdi cae n u d e Au, M y ma nham khde phyc vipc tuypt ddi hda each nhin nhan mdi quan he vdi p h u o n g Tdy h o n g khi chua chii trpng diing m d c mdi quan he vdi chau A va cdc n u d e C $ n g ddng cac qude gia dge lap (SNG) ndi chung. Su thay d l i nay cd the coi la b u d c dieu chinh mang tinh chdt
chien luge h o n g chinh sdch ddi ngogi eiia Nga ke tii khi b u d c len vu dai quoc tS trong t u each mpt chu thS dpc l|ip.
T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O 1. Dd Thanh Binh (chii bien, 2008), Ljch sic the gidi hiin dgi (quyen I), Nxb Dai hoc Su pham.
2. Ly Ki^n (2002), Ngpn lira chiin tranh Lgnh (quyen III), Nxb Thanh Nien.
3. Hd MJ Phuong (2003), Quan hi Nga My sau chiin tranh Lgnh. Nxb CTQGHN.
4. Trdn Nam Tiin (chii bign, 2004), Quan hi quSc te thdi ki hien dgi (1945-2000), Nxb GD.
S U M M A R Y
F O R E I G N P O L I C Y O F R U S S I A U N D E R P R E S I D E N T E N X I N : F A R W E S T A N D N E A R C H I N A (1992-1993)
Bui Thi Kim Thu*
University of Sciences - TNU In December 1991, the State Federal Socialist Republic of Soviet ended afier 74 years of existence which was impressive in the history of the Russian Federation State. Its types and form were inherited to become the legal status of the Soviet Union. In the early-ruling of President Enxin - the fust President of the Federal Republic, the people have made many recovery policies and development of Russia. In foreign policy, Russia continued the policy in favor ofthe West because the West believed that Russia will help restore and develop the economy to regain its position; but all plans were bankrupt. Therefore, Russia had to change its foreign policy from "forgetting" to closer to China. This article was focused on factors that affect the foreign policy of the Russian Federation.
Key words: Russia, China, the West, foreign policy
Ngdy nh^n bdi: 29/9/2016; Ngdy phdn bifn: 24/10/2016; Ngdy duy$t ddng: 31/3/2017 ' Tel: 0976198586. Email: [email protected]
