PHAN TICH CAC NGUYEN NHAN GAY RA"LAM LAI"
TRONG GIAI DOAN THIET KE CAC CONG TRINH XDDD&CNdVIETNAM
ABSTRACT
Management issues, quality of construction is now in place an extremely urgent. To solve this problem, the subjects engaged in the development process focused
on aspects of supervision of con- struction works. But essentially the
operation of quality management work in the construction phase can be compared to new infections and treatment should not be highly effective. Clearly, "prevention is bet- ter than the word disease, quality of construction works need to be concerned since its formation in new ideas.
TS Luang Dure Long Chu nhiem Bo mon thi cong va
Quan lyXD Khoa Ky thuat XD Trudng dai hoc Bach Khoa TP HCM
Dien thoai: 0838647345 Didong:0937877958 Email: luongduclong@hcmut.
edu.vn KSXD Nguyen Hihi Anh Didong:0909992336 Email: nguyenhuuanh2001(a) yahoo.com
I.Gidri thieu
Van de quan ly chat luang cong trinh hien nay dang duoc dat ra mgt each vo cung cap bach. De giai quyet van de nay, cac chu the tham gia trong qua trinh xay d u n g tap trung nhieu vao khi'a canh giam sat thi cong xay dUng cong trinh. NhUng thuc chat cac hoat dpng quan ly chat lugng cong trinh trong giai doan thi cong CO the vi n h u nhiem benh roi mdi chUa benh nen khong the dem lai hieu qua cao.
Ro rang,"ph6ng benh hon chQ benh", chat lugng cong trinh xay dUng can phai dugc quan tam ngay tU khi no moi hinh thanh trong y tudng. [a]
Theo danh gia cua Tong Hoi Xay dUng Viet Nam ty le lang phi that thoat trong giai doan lap d u a n dau tu, khao sat va thiet ke la rat I6n, chiem 70% tong so that thoat lang phi. Danh gia cua Hiep hpi Tu van xay dung Viet Nam (VECAS) cung chi ra rang co den 70 - 80% sai sot xuat phat tU khau chuan bi d u a n , khao sat thiet ke [b]. Vi vay van de dat ra la lam the nao de quan ly tot chat lugng cong trinh xay dUng trong giai doan lap d u an dau tu, khao sat va thiet ke. Oa co rat nhieu hoi thao, hoi nghi khoa hgc ban ve van de nay va cung co nhieu giai phap dugc dUa ra, nhung day la mgt van de rgng nen cac giai phap hau het deu mang tinh bao quat, chua di vao cu the.
Bai bao tap trung di sau vao van de quan ly chat lugng cong trinh d giai doan thiet ke. IVlpt trong nhUng yeu to anh hudng Idn tdi chat lugng cong trinh d giai doan thiet ke la "lam lai". Do do, muc dich cua bai bao la tim ra nhung nguyen nhan chinh gay ra"lam lai", dUa ra giai phap de giam thieu "lam lai", tU do nang cao chat lugng xay dUng cong trinh dgiai doan thiet ke ndi rieng va toan bp d u an noi chung.
2. Tong quan
2.1. Oinh nghia "Idm Igi"
Theo Love 2002b, "lam lai" cd nhieu dinh nghia khac nhau, nd cd the la "do lech chat lugng" (Burati va cdng sU, 1992),
"sU khdng phu hgp" (Abdul - Rahman, 1995), "khiem khuyet" (Josephson va Hammarlund, 1999), "sU giam chat lugng"
Luong DUc Long Nguyen HUu Anh
(Barber, 2000). Love va cpng sU (2000) dinh nghia "lam lai" nhu la mgt sU no luc khdng can thiet de thuc hien lai mdt qua trinh hoac mdt hoat ddng nao dd da dugc thuc hien khdng chinh xac lan dau tien.
Tugng t u t h e o Bon-Gang Hwang va cdng su (2009), "lam lai" dugc dinh nghia la mdt hoat dgng dugc thuc hien nhieu hon mdt lan hoac la hoat ddng loai bd di phan viec da dugc lam trudc dd n h u mot phan cua d u a n . Vdi y nghia dien ta sUphu hgp,"lam lai" cd 2 dinh nghia chinh (Love, 2002b).
Dinh nghia dau tien la "lam lai" la qua trinh ma theo dd mgt cdng viec dugc thuc hien de phU hgp vdi yeu cau ban dau de hoan thanh hoac sUa chUa. Dinh nghia thU hai cho r^ng "lam lai" la lam mdt cdng viec them it nhat mgt lan do khdng phu hgp vdi yeu cau.
2.2. Cdc nghien citu tntdc ddy ve "Idm Igi"
Love va Jim Smith (2003) da cd mgt nghien cUu khao sat tren 161 d u an xay dung de thao luan cac nguyen nhan va chi phi cua "lam lai", tU dd de xuat mdt khudn mau benchmarking ve"lam lai" trong chu ky mgt vdng ddi cua d u an.
Cruddle (1991) xac dinh chi phi that thoat trong xay dung bang each dieu tra sd lugng sU khdng phU hgp xay ra tren cdng trudng va thay r j n g chi phi cho sU khdng phu hgp khoang 10 - 20% chi phi cua d u an. Hon nUa, nghien cUu cdn chi ra cd 46%
tong do lech chi phi dugc hinh thanh trong thiet ke, so vdi 22% trong thi cdng.
Theo Josephson va cac dong nghiep (2002), nghien cUu cua Building Research Establishment (BRE, 1981) d Anh cho thay rang sai sdt trong cac d u an xay dung cd xuat xU50% tU thiet ke va 40% tUthi cdng.
Burati va cdng sU (1992) thu thap dU lieu tU 9 d u an cdng nghiep. Muc tieu cua nghien cUu la xac dinh nguyen nhan va mUc do cua van de chat lugng trong ca hai giai doan thiet ke va thi cdng. Theo Burati (1992) do lech chat lugng cd the len tdi 12.4% chi phi cua dU an. Trong dd 79% cua do lech chi phi dugc gay ra trong giai doan thiet ke, so vdi 17% trong thi cdng.
TU nhung nghien cUu trudc day cd the
12.201 OiNVniflST 5 3
Bang 1 . Thanh phan doi t u g n g tham gia va ty le phan hoi
Dgn vi
Chu dau t u Tu van thiet ke Tong cdng
So lugng bang cau hdi gCri di
So lugng phan hoi nhan
duoc
Ty le phan hoi ( 6687 153
39 62 101
59.09 71.26 66.01
Thanh phan (%) 38.61 61.39 100
Bang 2. Sap hang cac nguyen nhan trong nhdm nguyen nhan tUngUdi quan ly thiet ke, cdng tyTVTK Cac nguyen nhan
Khdng cd hoac ap dung quy trinh thiet ke khdng phu hgp Cac tieu chi thiet ke khdng rd rang
Trao doi thdng tin vdi nhan vien thiet ke khdng rdr ang Khong nam rd cac yeu cau cua Chu dau tU, khach hang Khdng sir dung cac tieu chuan thiet ke hien hanh hoac sir dung khdng phu hgp vdi cdng nghe thi cdng hien tai
Thieu nhan lUc de hoan thanh mdt khdi lugng cdng viec trong thdi gian yeu cau
Thdng tin trao doi vdi Chu dau t u , khach hang kem
Viec dieu hanh, phdi hgp cac nha thau phu thiet ke khdng hieu qua
Chung Mean
4.09 4.14 3.77 4.20 3.57
Hang 3 2 4 1 7
Chu Mean
4.18 4.24 3.88 4.55 3.79
dau t u Hang
3 2 5 1 7
TUvan Mean
4.02 4.06 3.69 3.96 3.42
thiet ke Hang 2 1 4 3 8
3.65
3.77 3.52
3.82
3.97 3.64
3.54
3.62 3.44
BJng 3. Sap hang cac nguyen nhan trong nhdm nguyen nhan tU ddi ngu thiet ke (KTS/KS/ME.
Cac nguyen nhan Dpi ngu thiet ke thieu nang lUc, kinh nghiem thiet ke
SUdung khdng thanh thao Ung dung cua cac phan mem thiet ke Thieu sU phoi hgp giUa cac bg phan cua to ddi thiet ke
Thdng tin lien lac giUa cac bd phan thiet ke khdng rd rang, thieu t h d n g nha't
Khdng nam rd yeu cau cua ngUdi quan ly thiet ke Thiet ke khdng phu hgp vdi yeu cau cua COT, khach hang Khdng am hieu, van dung dung cac tieu chuan thiet ke hien hanh Ban ve sd sai, khd hieu, khdng dung tieu chuan ky thuat Khdng kiem tra ban ve trUdc khi xuat hd sd
Thiet ke sai yeu cau ve ky thuat
Giai phap thiet ke khdng phu hgp vdi phUdng phap thi cdng pho bien hien nay
Thiet ke cd sd khdng hgp ly hoac khdng phu hgp vdi tieu chuan
Chi Mean
4.46 3.58 3.88 3.88 3.85 4.21 3.84 3.88 3.62 4.05 3.77
ung Hang
1 12 4 5 7 2 8 6 10
3 9
Chu Mean
4.42 3.82 4.03 3.94 4.15 4.45 3.94 4.15 3.82 4.3 4.06
dau t u Hang
2 12 7 8 5 1 9 4 11
3 6
TUvan Mean
4.48 3.42 3.77 3.83 3.65 4.04 3.77 3.69 3.48 3.87 3.56
thiet ke Hang
1 12 5 4 8 2 6 7 10
3 9
3.62 11 3.91 10 3.42
thay rang tac ddng cua "lam lai" den chat lUdng cdng trinh la rat Idn, dac biet trong giai doan thiet ke. Vi vay viec tim ra nguyen nhan dan tdi "lam lai"trong giai doan thiet k e d e phdng tranh cung n h u g i a m nhe van de nay la het sUc can thiet.
3. Phuong phap nghien cufu Thdng qua viec phdng van cac chuyen gia nhieu kinh nghiem trong linh vUc xay dung va dua tren cac nghien cUu trudc day, mgt bang cau hdi duoc thiet ke de thu thap thdng tin ve cac nguyen nhan dan tdi "lam lai" trong giai
doan thiet ke. Oe phu hgp vdi dieu kien xay dung d Viet Nam, bang cau hdi so bd dugc thU nghiem bang each mdi mgt vai ca nhan cd kinh nghiem tra ldi n h j m tu chinh va hoan thien trudc khi dua ra bang cau hdi chinh thUc.
Cudi cung, bang cau hdi hoan thanh dugc gCri den cac ca nhan lam viec d cac cdng ty t u van xay dung, cac ban quan ly d u an, ban dieu hanh, chu dau tu... Mgt vai phugng tien dugc sUdung de gCri va thu nhan cac bang cau hdi khao sat nhu gui true tiep, gUi qua email, qua dudng buu dien... Tuy nhien, viec gUi true tiep
dugc Uu tien de khuyen khich so lUdng ngUdi tham gia.
De dien ta tam quan trgng ciia cac nguyen nhan gay ra "lam lai" trong giai doan thiet ke, bang cau hdi sCrdung thang do Likert 5 mUe do de hdi cac doi tUOng t h a m gia khao sat, tU"anh hudng rat it"(1) den "anh hudng rat nhieu" (5). DUa tren nhUng d u lieu t h u thap dugc tU ket qu^
khao sat bang bang cau hdi, sCrdung phan mem t h d n g ke chuyen d u n g SPSS de tong hgp va phan tich ket qua khao sat, cung
54SWniTn8!IV 12.2010
-^
B i n g 4 . Sap hang cae nguyen nhan trong nhdm nguyen nhan tif COT
Cae nguyen nhan Chung Chu dau t u Tuvan thiet ke
CDT thay ddi chu truong dau tU
CDT hoac T u v a n cua COT thieu kinh nghiem, hieu biet ve quy trinh va quy chuan thiet ke
COT dua ra yeu eau ve ky thuat khdng hgp I
Trao doi t h d n g tin vdi tU van thiet ke khdng r r ang, kem hieu qua COT yeu cau thay doi thiet ke
CDT yeu eau lam t h e m mgt chi tiet hay hang mue nao d d Yeu cau eua CDT khdng r r ang
COT dua ra quyet dinh khdng dung thdi diem hoae cham tre
Mean Hang Mean Hang Mean Hang
4.51 3.56 3.48 3.68 4.49 3.51 3.85 3.77
1 6 8 5 2 7 3 4
4.39 3.52 3.55 3.88 4.42 3.52 4.09 3.82
2 8 7 4 1 9 3 5
4.58 3.58 3.44 3.54 4.54 3.5 3.69 3.73
1 5 8 6 2 7 4 3
Bang 5. SSp hang cac nguyen nhan trong nhdm nguyen nhan tU nha thau phu thiet ke Chung
Mean Hang
Chu dau t u Mean Hang
Tuvan thiet ke Mean Hang Thieu sU phdi hgp giUa nha thau phu va nha thau ehinh
Nha thau phu lien tuc thay doi phuong an thiet ke
Thdng tin lien lac giufa nha thau phu vdi nha thau ehinh khdng rd rang, khdng kip thdi
Nang lUe chuyen m d n eua nha thau phu kem Nha thau phu dam nhan nhieu dUan cung mgt luc
3.75 3.62 3.73 4.07 3.32
3.85 3.82
4.18 3.42
3.69 3.48 3.63 4 3.25
nhu kiem dinh do tin cay cua thang do ludng. TCr dd sap hang cac nguyen nhan va chgn Igc cac nguyen nhan cd mUc dd tae ddng manh nhat den viee "lam lai". Viec phan tich cdn xem xet cd hay khdng sU khac nhau giUa quan diem eua cac nhdm ddi tugng khac nhau vao viec xep hang cae nguyen nhan t h d n g qua he sd tUdng quan hang Spearman (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient).
4. Cac dac diem cua do! tUqing tham gia nghien ciifu
Nghien cUu tap trung vao hai nhdm doi tugng chinh la Chu dau tU (CDT) va Tu van thiet ke (TVTK), hai chu the tham gia true tiep vao qua trinh thiet ke eua mdt dU an xay dung. Ty le phan hdi tU cac nhdm ddi tugng dugc the hien trong Bang 1, vdi ty le phan hdi trung binh la 66.01 %. Hdn mdt nCra (53.5%) ddi tugng tham gia la cae Ky sU/Kien true su/Ky sU ME, tiep theo la Dai dien CDT/
Tu van CDT (18.8%), Phd/Trudng phdng ky thuat (12.9%), Chu tri thiet ke (8.9%) va eudi ciJng la ChCi nhiem d u an/Giam ddc d u an (5.9%). Ty le doi tugng tham gia xet theo sd nam lam viec trong nganh Xay dung nhu sau: dudi 5 nam (54.4%), tU 5 den 10 nam (32,7%), va tren 10 nam (12.9%). Nghien cUu gidi han trong cac cdng trinh dan dung va cdng nghiep, theo dd ty le xay ra "lam lai"
d cdng trinh dan dung la 73.3% va d cdng trinh cdng nghiep la 26.7%.
5. Phan tich s i p hang va danh gia cac nguyen nhan
Odi tugng tham gia dUdc hdi ve mUc
do anh hudng cua cac nguyen nhan gay ra "lam lai" trong giai doan thiet ke cac edng trinh dan dung va cdng nghiep. Cac nguyen nhan dugc chia lam 5 nhdm chinh, d d la: (1) nhdm nguyen nhan tU ngudi quan ly thiet ke, cdng ty TVTK; (2) nhdm nguyen nhan tU ddi ngu thiet ke; (3) nhdm nguyen nhan tU COT; va(4) nhdm nguyen nhan tUnha thau phuthiet ke. d m o i nhdm cac nguyen nhan duge phan tich sap hang bdi tat ca cac ddi tugng va tUng nhdm ddi tugng khac nhau, cac nguyen nhan chinh ed mUe do anh hudng Idn dugc thao luan va danh gia.
S.I. Nhdm nguyen nhdn tif ngitdi qudn ly thiet ke, Cdng ty TVTK
Bang 2 eho thay sU sap hang cac nguyen nhan gay ra "lam lai" trong nhdm nguyen nhan tU ngUdi quan ly thiet ke, edng ty TVTK. Ba nguyen nhan: khdng nam rd yeu cau cua COT, khach hang; cac tieu chi thiet ke khdng rd rang; va khdng cd hoac ap dung quy trinh thiet ke khdng phU hgp duge sSp hang cao nhat (mean>4) trong tat ca eac nhdm ddi tugng. Phan tieh t u g n g quan sSp hang dugc thuc hien de xem xet sU t h d n g nhat giUa hai nhdm ddi tugng la COT va Tu van thiet ke. Kiem tra cho thay rang he sd tuong quan sap hang Spearman giua hai nhdm ddi tUdng nay la 0.881 va sUtUdngquan nay dang k e d m U c 1%. Vi vay cd the thay rang sU thdng nhat giUa hai nhdm ddi tugng vdi su s j p hang cac nguyen nhan nay rat chat che.
Nguyen nhan khdng nam rd cac yeu
cau cua COT, khach hang 6ugc danh gia cao nhat. Cd the vi COT la ngUdi ra de bai, TVTK la ngudi thUc hien, vay thi viec khdng hieu rd de bai, lam lac de dan tdi "lam lai"
la dieu de dang nhan thay. Tiep den la hai nguyen nhan:cac tieu chi thiet ke khdng rd rang va khdng cd hoac ap dung quy trinh thiet ke khdng phU hgp. Do dd, mdt cdng ty TVTK mudn han che van de "lam lai" nhSm nang cao chat lugng thiet ke thi nhat thiet phai xay dUng cho rieng minh mdt bd cac tieu chi thiet ke ap dung cho tat ca cac bd mdn tU kien true, ket cau den dien nude;
ddng thdi phai xay dung dUge mdt quy trinh thiet ke phu hgp, khdng bi trung lap gian doan ma phai xuyen sudt qua tat ca cac khau cung n h u t a t ca cae budc cua qua trinh thiet ke mdt d u a n xay dung.
5.2. Nhdm nguyen nhdn tit dgi ngu thiet ke (KTS/KS/ME...)
Phan tich tUdng quan sap hang trong nhdm nguyen nhan tU Ddi ngu thiet ke cho ket qua he sd tuong quan sap hang Spearman giua hai nhdm ddi tugng COT va TVTK la 0.790 vdi mUc dang ke la 1%.
He sd nay cho thay sU thdng nhat giQa hai nhdm ddi tugng ddi vdi viec sap hang cac nguyen nhan trong Bang 3 la kha eao.
Ba nguyen nhan tU dgi ngu thiet ke anh hudng manh nhat den viee "lam lai" la: ddi ngu thiet ke thieu nang luc, kinh nghiem thiet ke; thiet ke khdng phu hgp vdi yeu cau cua COT khach hang; va thiet ke sai yeu cau ve ky thuat.
d nhdm nguyen nhan tU ddi ngu thiet
12.201 OfSVilillSfV 5 5
ke nay, van de ve nang lUc va kinh nghiem dUdc dat len hang dau, day la van de khdng mdi va khdng chi la van de cua nganh xay dung ndi rieng ma cdn la van de cua tat ca cac nganh nghe trong ddi song xa hdi. Vi vay, de cd the giai quyet dUdc van de nay, cac Cdng ty TVTK can cd mgt chinh sach tuyen dung phu hgp de cd the lUa chgn cho minh dpi ngu ky sU, kien true sUed trinh do, nang lUc. Ben canh dd cac cdng ty can chu trgng vao chien luge dao tao ngudn nhan lUc, tao dieu kien hgc tap va lam viec tot cho dpi ngu thiet ke nham nang cao nang lUe chuyen mdn. Ngoai ra, trong ndi bd cdng ty can phai cd bien phap nang cao tinh than lam viec theo nhdm, tang cudng sU phdi hgp giUa cae bd phan thiet ke, tao mdi trudng lam viec hieu qua dua tren cd sd hgc hdi trao doi kinh nghiem lan nhau.
Tuy nhien van de ve nang lUc chuyen mdn va kinh nghiem cua ddi ngu ky sU, kien true sU d eac edng ty TVTK can phai dugc giai quyet tU gdc re. Trude het can phai chu trpng cdng tac dao tao cd he thong va bai ban tU cac trUdng dai hgc. NgUdi ky sU khi ra trudng can phai dugc dao tao nghiep vu chuyen sau hgn nUa de cd day du kien thUe eua mdt ky s u t u van. Ben canh dd, viec hgp tae vdi t u van nude ngoai cd kinh nghiem la mdt bien phap hay can duac day manh de t u van trong nudc cd the hgc hdi va t u hoan thien minh.
5.3. Nhdm nguyen nhdn tif Chu ddu tit (COT)
He sd tUdng quan sap hang Spearman d nhdm nguyen nhan tU CDT la 0.762 cho thay sU thdng nhat giUa hai nhdm ddi tugng COT va TVTK ddi vdi sU sap hang theo Bang 4 la kha cao. Cac nguyen nhan anh hudng manh nhat trong nhdm nay la:
CDT thay ddi chu trUdng dau tU, CDT yeu cau thay doi thiet ke. Hai nguyen nhan nay khdng chi anh hudng manh nhat trong nhdm nay ma cdn la hai nguyen nhan anh hudng manh nhat trong tat ca cac nhdm (mean lan lugt la 4.51 va 4.49). Vi vay cd the thay dugc vai trd cua COT trong viec han che tae ddng cua "lam lai" la rat Idn.
MUc dp anh hudng cua eac hoat ddng xay dung den chat lugng cdng trinh xay dung giam dan theo thdi gian tinh tU khi mdi thanh y tudng d u an den khi edng trinh xay dUng hoan thanh [a], nen viec CDT thay doi chu truong dau t u hay thay doi thiet ke se gay anh hudng to Idn den chat lugng cdng trinh xay dung. Do dd, y tudng ban dau va tiep theo dd la eac budc ban dau n h u lap d u an dau tu, thiet ke cd sd... can dugc chu y dac biet.
De cd dugc hieu qua ve mat y tudng va chat lugng n h u mong mudn, COT can cd co che khuyen khich thi tuyen, thao luan ve y tudng dau t u ban dau, tang dinh mUc chi phi cho cdng tac lap d u an, khao sat, thiet ke. Ngoai ra, CDT can phai ap dung quy che dau thau hien hanh de cd the lUa chgn dugc
nhQng ddn vi tU van gidi trong hoac ngoai nUdc. Khuyen khieh CDT sQ dung cac tU van phan bien, cac chuyen gia dau nganh cd nhieu kinh nghiem de tich cUc tham gia phan bien, tham tra, tham dinh dU an, thiet ke ed sd va eac budc thiet ke tiep theo.
5.4. Nhdm nguyen nhdn tit nhd thau phu thiet ke
TUdng t u nhU cac nhdm nguyen nhan tren, phan tich dau tien la phan tich t u o n g quan sap hang. Mgt each trUc quan cQng ed the thay rang sU t h o n g nhat giQa hai nhdm ddi t u g n g CDT va TVTK ddi vdi sU sap hang cac nguyen nhan theo Bang 5 la rat chat che (he sd Spearman bang 0.9). 6 nhdm nguyen nhan nay, van de ve nang luc mdt lain nQa dugc dat len hang dau, tiep den la sU phdi hgp va t h d n g tin lien lac giQa nha thau chinh va nha thau phu.
d cae cdng ty TVTK hien nay, viec nha thau thiet ke chinh nhugng lai cac gdi thau nhd cho mdt hoac mdt vai nha thau thiet ke phu la rat pho bien vi nha thau chinh khdng du nhan lUc cung n h u chuyen mdn de dam nhan het tat ea cac khau cua qua trinh thiet ke. Tuy nhien viec lUa chgn nha thau phu nay thudng ehi theo chu quan eua nha thau chinh ma khdng thdng qua quy trinh dau thau nao.Vi vay viec lua chgn phai nha thau phu thieu nang luc la dieu rat de xay ra. Ben canh dd, do nha thau phu khdng cd rang budc true tiep vdi COT ve mat phap ly ma chi ky hgp ddng vdi nha thau chinh nen dan tdi viec thieu trach nhiem gay sai sdt cham tre tien do va lam anh hudng tdi chat lugng thiet ke cdng trinh.
Ngoai ra, su phdi hgp va thdng tin lien lac giQa nha thau phu vdi nha thau chinh khdng hieu qua cung gay ra rat nhieu thieu sdt, khiem khuyet trong khau thiet ke. Oac thU cua cdng viec thiet ke cdng trinh xay dung la tat ca eac khau thiet ke tQ quy hoach, kien true, ket eau, dien nudc, phdng chay ehUa chay... deu lien he mat thiet vdi nhau. Khi cd mdt khau do mdt nha thau phu dam nhan ed xay ra thay doi hoae dieu chinh ma khdng cap nhat kip thdi thi tat ea cac khau khac deu bi anh hudng. Oe giai quyet van de nay, vai trd cua nha thau chinh la rat quan trgng, nha thau chinh can phai cd bien phap dieu hanh, phdi hgp cac nha thau phu mdt each hieu qua nhu la cap nhat xQ ly thdng tin lien tuc thdng qua email, van ban, td ehUc hpp dinh ky, kiem tra ra soat va luu trQ lai tat ca cac thay ddi, theo ddi sat sao tien dp... nham de eho tat ca cac khau thiet ke dugc thdng nhat, van hanh xuyen sudt, t U d d giam thieu dugc viec "lam lai".
6. Ket luan
"Lam lai" la mdt yeu td lam suy giam chat lugng cac cdng trinh dan dung va edng nghiep, dac biet la lam giam chat lugng thiet ke. De lam giam nhe tac ddng cua "lam lai" trong giai doan thiet ke, bai bao dua ra nhieu nguyen nhan dan tdi "lam lai"de giup cac chu the tham gia vao qua trinh thiet ke
cd mdt cai nhin dung dan va cu the ve van de nay, tii do ed the dua ra dUde giai phap de han che "lam lai", nang cao chat lugng thiet ke cdng trinh. Cac nguyen nhan dUdc phan chia theo cac nhdm: (1) nhdm nguyen nhan tQ ngUdi quan ly thiet ke, edng ty Tu van thiet ke; (2) nhdm nguyen nhan tQdgi ngu thiet ke; (3) nhdm nguyen nhan tQChCi dau tU; va (4) nhom nguyen nhan tQ nha thau phu thiet ke.
Trong moi nhdm, cac nguyen nhan chinh dugc neu ra va thao luan de tim ra hudng giai phap thich hgp. Hau het cac nguyen nhan deu xoay quanh cac chCi the true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh thiet ke edng trinh xay dung, vi vay cac hudng giai phap neu ra deu nham vao cac chu the dd.
Noi trdi hdn het la cae nguyen ve y tudng dau t u ban dau, cac nguyen nhan ve nang luc cua eac ben, nguyen nhan ve quy trinh, tieu ehi thiet ke, va eac nguyen nhan ve su phdi hgp cung n h u trao doi thdng tin lien lac giQa cae ben. De cd the giam thieu dugc
"lam lai" va nang cao chat lugng thiet ke, cac Cdng ty TVTK va cae chu the tham gia vao hoat ddng thiet ke can phai hieu rd cac nguyen nhan ehinh ndi tren, tQ dd tim ra cho minh nhQng hudng giai phap phu hgp vdi dieu kien cua cdng ty eung nhu phu hgp vdi tQng trQdng hgp cu the. Ket qua cua bai bao khdng chi ap dung cho cac cdng trinh dan dung va cdng nghiep ma edn cd the suy rgng cho cac loai cdng trinh khac. •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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2. Love, R E. D., and Li, H. (2000). "Quantifying the causes and costs ofrework in construction." Constr Manage.
Econom., 18(4), 479-490.
3. Love, R E. D. (2002b). "Influence of project type and procurement method on rework costs in building construrtion projects."!. Constr.Eng. Manage., 128(1), 18-29.
4. Josephson, R-E., Larsson, B.,and Li, H. (2002)."lllustrative benchmarking rework and rework costs in Swedish construction industry."]. Manage. Eng., 18(2), 76-83.
5. Cnuddle, M. (1991). "Lack of quality in construction Economic losses." Rroc, European Symposium on Management, Quality and Economics in Housing and OtherBuilding Sectors, 508-515.
6. Love, R E. D. and Smith, J. (2003). "Benchmarking, Benchaction, anh Benchlearning: Rework Mitigation in Projea"10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2003)19:4(147).
7. Burati, J. L, Farrington, J. J., and Ledbetter, W. B. (1992).
"Causes ofquality deviations in design and construction."
J. Constr. Eng. Manage.,118(1), 34-49.
8. Hoang Trpng, Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc (2008)."Phan tich da lieu nghien cijfu vdi SPSS", Nha xuat ban Hong fiiic Nguon tap chi xay dung va bao dien xii:
a.http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/showthread.
php?t=3043
b. Bao Xay dung so 58 ngay 21/07/2005, bai "Tim nguyen nhan suy giam chat luong cong trinh".
