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TCr PHONG TRflO CONG NHfiN THfiN HON Gfil DEN sa Rfi Ddl CHINH DflNG VO SflN
TREN KHU MO D^U N^M 1930
GS DINH XUAN LAM
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hu md tiian Hdn Gai (Quang Ninh) mdi bit d u dugc dieu tra va tiiam dd tii nhiing nam d u tiie ky XDC, nhung da cd siic hap dan ldn ddi vdi tu ban phuang Tay dang tren dudng banh trudng the lire ma rdng chiem ddng d t dai, ddc chiem tiij trudng va nguyen lieu Hau het cac nuac tu ban nhu Anh, Ph^, Dire... deu ra siic ddm ngd, mudn ddc chiem vimg dat "vang den", dac biet la tii ban Phap thdng qua boat ddng ngam eiia cac giao sT va nha budn cang ndn ndng mudn sdm thau tdm mdn Igi ldn. Trong chuyen dua quan tir Sai Gdn ra danh chiem Bac Ky lan thii hai (1882), chi huy Phap la Henri Riviere sau khi chiem thanh Ha Ndi (25-4-1882) da khdng dua quan danh chiem cac tinh vimg ddng bang nhu Francis Gamier tiing lam mudi nam ve truac (1873) ma lap tlie dua quan ra chiem ddng Hdn Gai (thang 3-1883) vi Riviere biet rd trieu dinh nha Thanh (ding sau la tii ban Anh) dang xiic tien viec tiiuong tiiuyet vdi triiu dinh Hul dl dugc tiiue* Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ndi
dai han vimg md Hdn Gai. Ngay sau khi chiem ddng Hdn Gai, Riviere cho tau chien den chiem ludn Quang Yen, va nhu vay da "phdng tay tren" tu ban Anh dang dm kp tham vgng ldn ddi vdi toan vimg. Rdi sau do lai cho quan tir Ha Ndi xudng danh chiem cac tinh ddng bang, cudi cimg la tiianh Nam Djnh (27-3-1883), di lai con dudng 10 nam trudfc Ganier da di.
Ngay sau khi chiem ddng Hdn Gai, khdng che ea mat bien Bac Ky va bao dam chu quyen ciia thuc dan Phap tren vimg md, nhanh ehdng bien khu md thanh "Vuong quoc" ddc chiem cua bgn tu ban ddc quyen Phap, ngay trong khi phong trao yeu nuac ehdng Phap cua nhan dan ta dang phat tiien ram rd trong ca nuac. Hang loat cdng ty tu ban Phap khai thac md nhanh ehdng duge thanh lap tren ca sa cac nhugng dja ma toan quyen Ddng Duong d t nhugng cho ehiing. Cdng ty tiian ciia Phap df BIC Ky (Societe francaise des Charbonnages du Tonkin - SFCT) bao gdm nhiing nha tu ban kich xii ciia nuac Phap la cdng ty md Idn nhit Ddng Duong, tiianh lap sdm nhit, chilm nhiing nhugng dja beo bd nhit a khu vuc nay. San
lugng tiian hing nam oia cdng ty nay chilm tu 70 den 85% san lugng tiian toan xii E)dng Duong.
Sir ra ddi va boat ddng ngay cang md rdng cua khu md than Hdn Gai ddi hdi mdt ddi ngQ cdng nhan ngay cang ddng dao. Sd lugng cdng nhan tiian Hdn Gai thudng xuyen chilm tir 65 den 70% sd lugng cdng nhan md Viet Nam, ngoai ra ciing cd mdt sd cdng nhan ngudi Hoa Rd rang la qua trinh hinh tiianh ting Idp cdng nhan md Hdn Gai trong gan 20 nam cudi tiie ky XDC gan lien vdi qua trinh xam lugc, tiiam dd va budc d u khai tiiac than df vimg nay. Ciing rd rang la trong hoan canh mdt nudfc ndng nghiep, ciing nhu cdng nhan nuac ta ndi chung, cdng nhan than Quang Ninh dai bd phan xuat than tir ndng dan. Trudfc khi thuc dan Phap xam lugc nudc ta, hg la dan cay, mdt sd it la thg thu cdng bj ban cimg hda va pha san do su chen ep va bdc lot rao riet cua tu ban Phap. Cdng nhan vung md than Hdn Gai ciing nhu tang ldp cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung, ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi da bj day dga cue nhgc "nhu nhung con siic vat phai dieu khien bang roi vgt"'.
De cap den tinh hinh khai thac than cua md Ke Bao (Cai Bau) nam 1894, mdt tai lieu da thii nhan nhiing thii doan bdc lot va each ddi xii tan te cua bgn chu md ddi vdi ngudi thg md, nhu tra luong khdng deu, dudi cdng nhan khdng cd ly do da Iam cho mdt sd ngudi bd viec, va bgn chu md vdi sir ddng Ida cua nha cam quyen Phap da bat til nhan ra thay the; nhung rdi chinh cac tii nhan nay ciing khdng chju dugc canh bdc lot, ha hiep tan bao cua bgn chu nen hg ciing bd trdn.
D I ddi phd lai, bgn chu md da tien hanh viec dudi bit cdng khai tren toan dao, tham chi ban
gilt da man nhiing tii nhan bd ti-dn. Tinh hinh do cho thay ting Idp cdng nhan md than Quang Ninh vira mdi ra ddi da bj ap biic va bdc lot tan nhan, ddi vdi nam cimg nhu nir, ngudi Viet ciing nhu ngudi Hoa, miic do ngay cang gay git, cang khdc Uet. Vdi thue te cugc sdng bj ap biic, bdc lot cua ngudi dan mat nuac bj cha dap, ngudi thg md Quang Ninh ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi da xac djnh dugc ddi tugng d u tranh, nhan rd dugc ban chat ke thii ciia minh mdt each cu the, ten tu ban cua ham md ciing chinh la ten chu thuc dan, ke ap biic day dga ngudi thg md ddng tiidi ciing la ke thii cudp nudc, day xeo len toan dan tdc. Tir thuc te cua hoan canh giai cap va dan tgc nhu vay, ngudi cdng nhan than Quang Ninh - cung nhu cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung - da cd dieu kien sdm nhan thiie ehan ly "lgi ich giai cap va lgi ich dan tdc la hoan toan nhat trf'.
Dac diem chu yeu cua chinh saeh khai thac cua tu ban Phap d khu md Quang Ninh la ddc quyen va ra siic vo vet tai nguyen bang each bdc lot tan te ngudi cdng nhan md nhim thu dugc Igi nhuan ngay cang ldn. Dac diem dd bao tnim sudt ca thdi ky thdng trj cua chiing tren khu vuc nay, va dd chinh la gdc re tao nen mau tiiuan ddi khang ti"ong xa hdi khu md, la nguyen nhan ca ban cua mgi cugc diu tranh ciia ngudi thg md.
Tu ban Phap d y manh khai tiiac tren qi^
md ldn tir d u the ky XX da lam cho co cau kinh tl Viet Nam cd nhiing bien chuyen quan trgng. Phuang thiic bdc lot mdi tiieo Idi tu ban chu nghia da dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam, bat d u xam nhap cac khu kinh te ndng, cdng, thuong nghiep. Ddng tiidi, phuong thiic bdc cii
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theo ldi phong kiln co tinyin ciing dugc tiiuc dan Phap cd tinh duy tii dl muu Igi. Sir ket hgp giiia hai phuong thiic bdc lot dd da din tdi sir hinh tiianh phuang tiiiic bdc lot tiiudc dja bao dam sieu Igi nhuan tdi cao cho tiiuc dan Phap va phong kiln tay sai. Trong bdi canh do, xa hdi Viet Nam tir diu till ky XX ciing bit diu tiiay ddi kha nhanh. Nhan dan lao ddng bj ban cimg hda, xa hdi phan hda ngay cang sau sac, ndng tiidn va tiianh tiij deu cd nhung bien chuyen rd ret Nhiing bien ddi ve CO cau xa hdi tat yeu cd anh hudng den hinh tiiiic ciing nhu tinh chit eugc dau tranh each mang cua nhan dan ta dang dien ra
Trong bdi canh ljch sir dd, phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi chung, cua tang Idp cdng nhan md than Quang Ninh ndi rieng, ciing tren da phat trien. d khu md Quang Ninh, sau mdt thdi gian dai tham dd va budc d u khai thac (1883-1897), din tiidi ky nay tu ban Phap da cd CO sd va dieu kien de tien hanh khai tiiac manh hon, tren quy md Idn hon. Bieu hien d u tien CLia viec md rdng khai thac la cdng ty tiian va md cQ deu tang them vdn d u tu. Cdng ty tiian ciia Phap df Bac Ky - sd vdn nam 1896 la 3 trieu phorang vdi 12.000 cd phan tiii chi mdt nam sau (1897), khi budc vao tiidi ky khai tiiac tiiudc dja lan tiiur nhat, sd vdn da tang len 4 trieu pharang va sd cd phan ciing tang len 16.000, tang hon 4.000'. Cung trong tiidi ky nay, cdng nhan md da dung len d u tranh vdi nhieu hinh tiiiie, nhu bd trdn tap tiie, cdng khai bd viec, d u tranh bao lire phdi hgp vdi cac phong trao yeu nuac, dua don td cao, cir dai bieu di khilu td, mit tinh truac van phdng chii md, dac biet la phat ddng dinh cdng va bai cdng la nhiing hinh tiiiic d u
ti-anh mdi chua tiing cd trong ljch sir Viet Nam, danh dau mdt lire lugng xa hdi mdi da ra ddi, tiy cdn dang a trinh do "tu phat" chua ti-df tiianh mgt lire lugng chinh tii ddc 1^, chua nhan tiiiic dugc minh cd trien vgng va sir mang ljch sir rieng. Sau day la mdt sd cugc d u tranh tieu bieu:
- Nam 1906, cdng nhan mdi tuyen vao lam viee a md Ha Tu d u tranh khdng di lam, ddi chii phai tii tiln di dudng, cdng nhan cii da giiip tiln va gao cho tiig mdi d u ti:anh den tiiang Igi.
- Nam 1914, cdng nhan ting Deo Nai (md elm Pha) phan ddi chii phat tiiieu tien cdng, tiiieu gao, ban tiiuc phim gia dit, hg da ddng tinh tron 58 xe than lan dit da de bieu Id su phan khang.
- Nam 1916, cdng nhan dipd xe hda Ha Tu da tap tning lai danh bgn linh khd xanh, vi bgn nay tiiudng y tiie lam can (cudp giat hang hda, choc gheo phu nii, ham hiep vg con thg). Cimg nam dd, chj em phu nir nha may sang Ke Bao (Cai Bau) (Ml cdng, ddi tang tien luong, giam gidf lam.
- Nam 1918, cdng nhan md than Ha Tu tap trung truac van phdng ddi chu tiia mdt cdng nhan bj bat vd ly. Cimg nam dd, 700 cdng nhan lan Phuc, lan Nghe (Ha Tu) cimg vdi tiig lai tau hda keo den ddt nha ten bang ta Sam tiiudng hdng hach, danh dap cdng nhan.
- Nam 1919, mgt tdp nii cdng nhan nha may Sang Hdn Gai nghi viec mdt ngay de phan ddi ddc cdng ngudi Phap va ten cai coi phan xudng tiiudng chgc gheo va lam nhuc hg. Ciing nam nay, 500 cdng nhan md Cam Pha da lan cdng, phan ddi chu phat thieu gao.
- Nam 1922, mgt sd edng nhan Id md Mao Khe vay danh ten giam tiij Tuan thudng ngay an quyt tien edng.
Nhan djnh danh gia cac cude d u tranh cua tiig md Quang Ninh, tuy khdng Idn vl quy md, dien ra trong mdt pham vi hep, trong mdt tiidi gian ngan vdi nhung yeu saeh thiit thuc, nhung da la hinh thiic d u ti-anh mdi kha phd biin, chiing td ngudi thg md Quang Ninh da cdng khai true dien diing len ehdng lai bgn chu.
Tir cac cugc dau tranh tren ndi bat len hai dac diem CO ban trong phong trao cdng nhan khu md Quang Ninh thai ky nay. Dd la tinh than doan ket, gan bd, giiip ddf nhau trong d u tranh giira nhung ngudi thg md, xuat hien rat sdm, ngay trong cugc dau tranh d u tien tinh than dd da bdc Id rd ret. Dd la cac hinh thiic d u tranh cua ngudi cdng nhan hien dai nhu lan cdng, bai cdng da sdm xuat hien trong phong trao cdng nhan md Quang Ninh, thdng qua dd ngudi thg md Quang Ninh bat d u nhan rd hon lire lugng ban tiian minh, giai cap minh, ngay ca luc lugng CLia bgn chu, tren co sa dd hudng hg tdi mdt cude dau tranh chung Idn ban, manh me ban, de tren da dd phong trao cdng nhan khu md nhanh ehdng chuyen bien ve chat. Bieu hien cua sir chuyen bien ay la cac cugc d u tranh cua ngudi thg md Quang Ninh dudi hinh thiic bai cdng din tra thanh phd bien. Tieu bieu cho phong trao d u tranh cua thg md Quang Ninh thdi ky 1925-1926 la cude bai cdng cua thg md Mao Khe nam 1925, trong cude d u tranh nay thg md da cd yeu saeh cu the nhu ddi tang luong tiig dan dng tir 0d20 len 0d30; tiig dan ba tir Odi 5 len 0d25 tiln Ddng Duong thdi dd.
Phong trao cdng nhan khu md than Hdn Gai hda nhjp vdi phong trao cdng nhan ca nuac dang tren da phat trien nhanh len trinh do "tu
giae", dugc danh dau bang cude bai cdng ciia cdng nhan ddng tau Ba Son (Sai Gdn) vao tiiang 8-1925. Cugc bai cdng Ba Son cham diit thang lgi da danh d u budc tien mdi cua phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam, danh d u giai cap cdng nhan nuac ta da budc d u di vao d u tranh "tii giae" de tren da dd vao khoang 1928-1929 thi phong trao da phat trien tdi miic "tii giae", va den ngay 3-2-1930, vdi su tiianh lap chinh dang vd san thi hoan thanh qua trinh chuyen bien tii
"tu phat" len "tu giac"^ Tir sau dd, phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam - trong dd cd phong trao cdng nhan than Hdn Gai, din trd thanh cai gdc cua phong trao each mang dan tdc dan chu, va phong trao cdng nhan da bat d u ldi keo dugc mdt sd cude d u tranh ciia nhieu ting ldp nhan dan khac. Sir tang nhanh ngay cang ddng dao va tap trung sd lugng cdng nhan md Quang Ninh, cimg vdi sir phat trien ngay cang sau rdng phong trao d u tranh cua cdng nhan md Quang Ninh da tao nen nhung dieu kien co ban, tao nen
"mieng d t tdt" de gieo hat gidng chii nghTa Mac - Lenin vao dja phuong nay.
Trong bdi canh dd, sau khi cac dang vien Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien day manh truyen ba tu tudng Mac - Lenin vao khu md Quang Ninh tir nam 1926, cho tdi cudi nam 1929 d u nam 1930, cac chi bd d u tien d khu md Hdn Gai mdi cd dieu kien ra ddi. Trong khoang tiidi gian tir tiiang 7 den tiiang 12-1929, bdn chi bd cdng san d u tien d khu md Quang Ninh ra ddi. Trudc tien la chi bd Cam Pha - Cira Ong, rdi din ba chi bd khu vuc Hdn Gai: chi bd Udng Bi - Vang Danh, chi bd Mao Khe.
(Xem tiep trang 69)
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hoan thien co che lanh dao eua Dang, thuc hien che do mdt ngudi chi huy gan vdi thuc hien ehe do ehinh uy, chinh tri vien trong Quan ddi nhan dan Viet Nam.
- Xay dung Quan ddi nhan dan lay xay dung ve ehinh tri, cham lo xay dimg va phat huy nhan td con ngudi lam ca sa de nang cao chat lugng tdng hgp va sire manh chien dau.
- Tap trung xay dimg ddi ngii can bd chu tri, lanh dao, chi huy va ca quan cac cap cd pham chat va nang lire toan dien, tinh chu ddng sang tao trong td chiic, chi dao, chi huy, dieu hanh, hoan thanh tdt cbiic traeh nhiem vu dugc giao.
65 nam xay dung, chien d u cua Quan ddi nhan dan Viet Nam la qua trinh d y hy sinh gian khd, nhung ciing la qua trinh Quan ddi trudng tiianh nhanh ehdng ve mgi mat va gianh nhung chien tiiang ve vang. Sir trudng tiianh, Idn manh ciia Quan ddi la tit yeu, bdi Quan ddi ta dugc xay dung, phat trien tren co sd nhung nhan td khach quan, chu quan ma it cd quan ddi nao cd dugc. Quan trgng hang d u la Quan ddi dugc dat dudi sir lanh dao tuyet ddi, true tiep ve mgi mat cua Dang. Ngay nay, cdng cude xay dung chu nghTa xa hdi va bao ve Td qude xa hdi chu nghTa ddi hdi Quan ddi ta tiep tuc phat huy tmyen tiidng "Nhiem vu nao cung hoan thanh, khd khan nao cung vugt qua, ke tiiii nao ciing danh tiiang"^
nhu Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh khen nggi.
1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2001, T.2, tr.2
2. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T. 12, tr. 24
3.//d"C/s'A&2/7ro»7 47,CrQG,ii 1996,T1 l,lr.350.
Ttr PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN...
(Tiep theo trang 65)
Sir ra ddi cua cac chi bd cdng san d u tien, rdi sau dd la su ra ddi eua cac dang uy md va su thanh lap Dac uy khu md Quang Ninh, noi ma bgn thuc dan chu md cho la "vuong qude"
ddc tri cua chiing, la mdt bang chiing bimg hdn cua su trudng thanh va giae ngd cua cdng nhan than Hdn Gai dudi anh sang tu tudng Mac - Lenin, vii khi tinh than vd djch cua giai cap vd san. Phong trao cdng nhan khu md Hdn Gai tir day da cd mdt td chiic each mang lanh dao, td chiic each mang dd la Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong, san pham tat yeu cua sir ket hgp bien chimg cua chu nghia Mac - Lenm, phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao dan tdc.
Tir khi chinh dang vd san ra ddi da cham diit tinh trang khimg hoang lanh dao trong phong trao each mang Viet Nam. Dudi la cd ciia Dang, phong trao each mang Viet Nam - trong dd cd phong trao cdng nhan khu md tiian Hdn Gai, da budc vao mdt giai doan phat trien mdi, vugt qua mudn trimg gian khd tra ngai de di tdi tiiang lgi ngay nay.
1. Nguyin Ai Quoc: Ddy "Cdng ly" ciia thuc ddn Phdp d Ddng Duang, ST, H, 1967
2. Annuaire economique de Tlndochine (1925- 1926) (Thdng ke kinh te hing nam ciia xir Ddng Duong (1925-1926)
3. Budc ngoat vi dgi ciia lich sic cdch mgng F/e7Vam,ST,H, 1956.
