TRI^T HOC, S 6 4 (251), T H A N G 4-2012
QUAN D I E M ' T i y / f i ? r
TUT NGUYEN TRAI DEN LE
T H A N HTONG
NG6 VAN HI/6NG '•'
"Van tri" la ndi dung quan trgng trong tii tt/dng triit hgc • chinh tri. cua Nho gido Trung Qudc da cd dnh hudng khdng nho din dudng I6i tri nddc bang vdn hoa d Viit Nam. Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid dd phdn tich, so sdnh dildm sdng td quan niim c&a hai nhd tit tudng kiit xudt thi/i Le Sa Id Nguyin Trdi vd Li Thdnh Tdng ve "vdn tri" trin nin tdng tie tudng Nho gido.
^wpfl trfldc tdi n a y , k h i ndi d i n "'vdn tri", ngfldi t a thfldng h i e u mdt each u fldc le, cho r i n g khfii n i e m n a y lfi sfl bieu hien ciia "dfle tri". Dieu dd ehi diing d mdt sd' phfldng (hen n h a t dinh ma phan Idn lfi t u y thudc vfio hofin e a n h lich sfl eu t h i . Cho ndn, d l lfim ro ndi ham eua 'Van tri", dong thdi xem xet nd v6i tfl each mdt p h a m t r u t r i e t hpc ehinh tri cua Nho giao t h i can cd nhiing ly giai thoa dfing. O Viet N a m , khfii nidm nfiy dflde x u i t hien g i n nhfl l i n d i u tien vfi vdi t i n sufi't khfi Idn vfio thdi Le Sd, k h i da't nflde vfla thofit k h d i cudc chien tranh tfin khoe, m d t cupc chieh khdng chi hen q u a n d e n sfl t o n vong eua mdt dfin tpe tflng la m d t quoc gia ddc Ifip, mfi con CO y n g h i a q u a n t r p n g ddi vdi viec khdi phuc, bao t o n vfi p h a t t r i e n vfin hda tiep theo. Vdi y n g h i a dd, e h u n g tdi muon lfim s a n g td q u a n n i e m cua Nguyen T r a i va Le T h a n h Tdng ve
"Vdn tri" dflde x e m nhfl mdt trong nhflng x u hfldng t r i nflde ehu dao, dflde bfin tdi k h a sdm t r o n g lieh sxt eua hpe t h u y e t Nho gifio. T r o n g chien t r a n h , bat ke lfi ndi chien h a y chien t r a n h ve qudc t h i it a i bfin d i n "vfin tri", nhifng khi d a t nflde h d a b i n h , viec giao hda e i n dflde d i y m a n h t h i ehii trfldng vfin tri lai dflde q u a n t a m n h i l u hdn. Khfii n i e m dflng d a u t r o n g ndi d u n g giao due e u a Khong Txt la 'Van" (Vfin, Hanh, T r u n g , Tin cdn gpi la tfl giao). Vfiy, n g h i a cua 'Van" mfi Khdhg Tii mud'n ndi tdi la gi?
Hpc gia T r i n Trpng Kim khi ndi ve tfl tfldng gifio due e u a Khong Ttt da cho r i n g , "each day ngfldi cua Khong Txi trfldc h i t diirig Thi Thii mfi day, r l i lay hieu d l m a dao dfin ngfldi t a , I i y n h a n n g h i a mfi giang du, Ifi'y le nhae mfi k h i e n ngfldi t a x e m xet, sau ciing mdi dfldng lea t r i nflde bfing vfin h d a (vfin tri) I i y vfin Ifi'y dflc l a m cho ndn ngfldi"(l).
tren nen t a n g tfl tfldng N h o gifio. , . i. Dudng ldi vdn tri trong hoc {*) Thac si, TruSng Dai h^c M6 - Dia chfCt H& Noi.
^ ^ • (1) TrSn Trong Kim. Nho giao. Nxb VSn hoa - thuyet Nho gido Thflng tin, 2608, tr.l26.
NGO VAN H U S N G
Khdng M muon ddng Thi Thu de gfiy cam h i ^ g cho ngudi hoc, dilng ll nh^c de ti§'t ch§' tinh cam, Ifim cho vi^c gi6o due c6 hi$u qua hdn. Tuy nhiSn, "hung u thi, Ifip u le, thtoh u nh^c" (hung thinh nhd v4n thd, gfty dting nhcl cl ll vk hokn th&nh vi$c gfiy dUng ^y 6 nh^c) (Luftn NgiJ, Thai Ba, 9) Ik sU nghi$p mudn dcJi, khong ngucng nghi, dUdc the hi^n qua du6ng 16i "vfin tri".
Trong tii diln tieng Vi?t, thufit ngQ vdn tri ciing 6hi dUdc d l cfip den m6t each vfin tfit rfing, "(xfi hoi) dting phap lufit vfi vfin h6a de thong tri; dot Ifip v6i v6 tri"(2). Cac nhfi nghidn cttu sau nfiy mac nhign sii dung "vfin tri thay t h i bdi cac thufit ngii tUdng dong nhu "dCfc tri",
"nhan tri" hay "le tri". 'Vfin tri" dUde Nho giao de cfip den gom nhutng noi dung ehu ylu sau:
Thd nhdt, noi dung xuyen suot trong dudng ldl vfin tri cua Nho gifio lfi dao nhfin nghia, tiic la diing dao dCtc, le nghia mfi rfing buoc con ngUdi. Theo Nho giao, lfim chinh tri cit d dao nhan, Ifi'y nhfin mfi s^a dao, Ifi'y dao mfi stta minh, l^y hieu de, le nhae lfim cd ban cho sU giao hda de gfiy thfinh dao nhfin.
Thti hai, bien phfip d l tri nUdc theo dudng ldl vfin tri lfi phai thUc hi^n chinh danh dinh phfin. Nho gifio cho r&ng, viec chinh tri tot hay dd lfi d ngUdi elm quyln. Neu ngUdi elm quyln mfi chinh danh thi vide ^ ciing thfinh ngay ehinh ca. ThUc hidn chinh danh lfi
nguyen tfie d l c6 dUdc mdt xa hdi thinh tri theo md hinh mfi Khd'ng t i mong muln, r&ng "m^t nUde thinh tri Ifi nUdc qufin - quan, t h i n - thin, phu - phu, ttl
• tii" (Lufin nga, Nhan Uyen XII), bdi le,
•'minh ngay ehinh thi khdng sai khiln ngudi ta eiing lfim, minh khdng ngay ehinh tuy c6 sai khiln cung khdng ai theo" (Lufin ngii, Tii Ld, XIII).
Thd ba, trong dudng ldl "vfin tri" chu trUdng d l cao viec tdn qufin quyln vfi vai tro cua ngUdi eai tri, ding thdi, de cao vi$e tu thfin, sila diic Ifim gudng cho dan cila nhQng ngUdi eai tri. Ngudi cai tri mfi bilt Ifim nhiing dilu nhfin nghia, dao diic thi tU thien ha se theo v l minh
"vi nhu sao bfic d i u diing mdt cho mfi cac sao khac diu chiu vl"(Luan ngii, Vi ehinh). DUdc nhU vfiy thi "efii diic cua bfic quan til nhu gid, efii diic cila ke tieu nhfin nhu co, gid thdi tren thi cd phai ludt xudng mfi theo" (Lufin ngii, Nhan Uyen, XII).
Thd tu, dudng ldi "vfin tri" chu trudng diing dao diic de gifio hda hdn la diing hinh phat, vdi muc dieh lfi Ifim cho dan gifiu, da't nudc thai binh, thinh tri dfii Ifiu. Mudn vfiy, phai diy manh gifio due vfi phat trien vfin hda, truyin ba dao thanh hiln dl dfin bilt vfi thiic hfinh ll, nghia n h ^ giiip eho xa hdi dn dinh nhU xa hpi theft vua Nghieu, vua ThuSh.
(2) Nguyin NhU t (chu bien). Dai tit diin ti^
Vilt Nib Dsi hijc QuSc gia, Tp. HS Chi Minh, 2010, tr.l746
68
QUAN DIEM "VAN TRI" Tt/NGUY^^N TRAI DEN LE THANH TONG Cac ndi dung cd ban neu tren eua
&\ibag ldl 'Vfin tri dfi ed anh hudng Idn d^ tfl tudng cua eae nhfi Nho, dfie bidt la nhiing nhfi Nho quan phUdng. Dfldi dfiy, chiing tdi mudn trinh bfiy sfl tiep thu vfi Viet hda tfl tfldng 'Vfin tri" d hai nhfi Nho Nguyin Trfii vfi Le Thanh Tdng.
2. Chu tntang "thai loan dung vd, thdi binh diing van** d Nguyen Trdi
Trong lieh sii tfl tudng Viet Nam, Nguyen Trai (1380 1442) khdng chi noi bfit vdi tu cfieh lfi nhfi tu tfldng kiet xuit, mfi cdn lfi bfic khai qud'c cdng thin cua trieu dai Ld Sd. Tfl tfldng cua dng ve dfldng Id'i tri nflde Iiy an dan lam muc dich, Iiy nhan nghia lfim phfldng phap, lay nhfin van de on dinh vfi phat trien dfi't nflde. Khi dat nUdc dflde hda binh dde Ifip, Nguyen Trai ehuyen hidng chu trpng tfl vd cdng sang van tri, vdi mong mudn dfi't nflde dflde hudng nln thai binh thinh tri lau dai.
Muc dich dd dUdc t h i hien qua cam nghi cua dng ve md'i quan he gifla vd c6i^ va van tri nhfin khi xem duyet thuy trfin:
"Bien Bfic nam fi'y da gilt ea kinh, Y&n dn mfi edn phai lo luydn qufin sfl...
Long thanh mud'n eho dfin nghi ngdi, Rd't cudc phai xay dflng thai binh bang vfin tri"(3)
Tfl sau chien thfing giae Minh, tfl tudng nhit quan cua Nguyin Trai la sti dung vfin tri de khdi phuc va xfiy dflng (Jit nflde. Vd'n la mdt nha Nho, quan
nidm cua Nguyin Trai ve md hinh xa hdi ly tfldng khdng phai efii gi khae xa hdi thdi vua Nghidu, vua Thufi'n. Trflde thfle t l dfi't nflde vfla dflde giai phdng, lai dflde phin khich bdi nhiing chiln thfing oanh lidt, Nguyen Trai mud'n xay dflng mot nen thai binh mudn thud, mpt nen thinh tri dfii Ifiu, nflde ed van hien, theo tinh t h i n vua dfin hda mue.
Hi Vidt nhfi't gia. 6ng eho rfing:
'Vua Nghieu Thufin, dan Nghigu Thuin, Dfldng fi'y ta da phi thxta. nguyln"(4).
Khdng chi diing lai d vide dl ra muc dich dflng van tri de xfiy dflng mpt xa hdi thai binh, thinh tri, Nguyin Trai cdn coi van tri lfi phfldng phap thich hdp nhfi't de xay dflng dflde mdt xa hoi khien eho "thdn cung, xdm vfing khdng cdn mot tilng hdn gifin, oan sau". Ong khfing dinh: "Ddi loan thi dung vd, thdi binh thi diing van. Ngfiy nay dinh ra le, nhae, chinh la phai thdi lfim. Song efiy khdng cd gd'c thi khdng t h i dflng vflng;
khdng ed van thi khong the Iflu hanh..."(5).
Nguyen Trai eho rfing, dung vfin tri lfi bien phfip phu hdp nhat dd thfle hien viec xay dflng md hinh xa hdi ly tfldng ndi tren. Chii trfldng dd dflde dng dfla ra vi nhflng ly do ed ban sau:
(3) Nguyin Trai. Todn tap. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1976, tr.288-289.
(4) Nguyin Trai. Todn tap. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi.
Ha Noi, 1969, tr.420.
(5) Ngo Si Li§n. Bai Viit si? ky todn thii, t.2, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hfli, Hk N6i, 1998, tr.336.
NGO VAN HU&NG
Thti nhdt, dfiy lfi giai doan dfi't nflde dflde hda binh, thd'ng nhfi't sau nhflng nfim chiln tranh tfin phfi khd'c li^t lam eho sflc dfin m^t mdi, cin nghi ngdi. '\^
vfiy, "Ldng thfinh mud'n eho dfin nghi ngdi/ Rd't eude phai xfiy dflng thfii binh bfing vfin tri" vfi "Ddi thfii binh thiSn txi chinh chuong vfin chfldng/ Mflng thiy vfing dflde phfin bi^t vdi sanh gaeh"(6).
Trong nhflng dip mflng cdng, duyet binh bieu dfldng lflc Ifldng sau chiln tranh, Nguyen Trfii cung nhilu lin nhfic lai chuydn "riia giap treo eung hdi thai binh"(7). Nguyen Trai dfi ngim ;y tuyen bd' ring, ehu trfldng dfla vfio 'Vd bi" dfi khdng edn phu hdp vfi dfi den luc phai trdng cay vao "van tri" de xay dflng da't nflde thai binh.
Thit hai, sau chien thfing gific Minh, trieu dinh nhfi Le dflde thfinh Ifip vdi chu yeu eae cdng t h i n lfi vd tfldng da
"nfim gai, nem mat" trong chiln tranh, nen rat it ngfldi hieu ve cdng vide quan ly nha nflde. Trong khi dd, nhfi nflde mdi ra ddi lai phai giai quylt nhieu vin de mdi dat ra, nhfl td ehfle bo may cai tri d trung fldng vfi dia phfldng, on dinh nhan dan va tien hanh ngoai giao vdi qufin Minh,... nhfim dam bao m$t nln thai hmh. Vl the, khdng t h i chi BVL dung dfldng ldl "vd bi" ma cin phai quan tfim den "vfin tri".
Trong dfldng ldi 'Vfin tri" cua Nguyin Trfii, pham trfl nhfin nghia dfl^ xem lfi trung tfim. Do khong chi la pham trfl
ciia triet hoc chinh tri - dao dflc, mfi cdn lfi dfldng Idi, chinh sfich eflu nflde vfi gifl nflde: "Quyln mflu vdh d l trfl gian ac/
Nhfin nghia thi gifl gin cho the nflde dflde ydn"(8). Vdi chu trfldng "Dem dai nghia d l thing hung tfin, Iiy ehi nhan de thay cfldng bao", trong dfldng loi eai tri cua minh, Nguyin Trai da thiy dflde sflc manh cua nhfin nghia, cho rfing "ke nhan gia Iiy ylu che manh, ke nghia gia Ifi'y it dich nhieu"(9).
Khae vdi Nho gifio sd ky coi nhan nghia la pham tru mang tinh triifu tfldng, vdi muc dich tdi t h f l n g la bao v$
quyln l0i ciia t i n g ldp quy t ^ phong kien, bfit ngfldi ta phuc tuing vd dieu kien cac ehufin mflc dao dflc thi d Nguyen Trai, nhan nghia gfin larfle tilp vdi an dfin, de "trfl doc, trfl gian, trfl bao ngflde", de cam hda ke thfl vfi eao hdn nfla, nhfin nghia dflde xem nhfl mot ehuin mfle trong flng XLt, Ifi phfldng phap lufin eho moi suy nghi ciing nhfl hanh ddng ciia con ngfldi. Trong Thit trd ldi Phitang Chinh, NguySn Trai khing dinh: "dao lfim tfldng Iiy nhfin nghia lfim gdc, tri dung giup them" cdn
"phfim mflu vi$c Idn phai Iiy nhan nghia lam gdc, nen cdng to phai Iiy nhfin nghia Ifim diu. Duy nhan nghia
(6) Nguyin Trii. Sdd., 1969, tr.309.
(7) NguySn Trai. Sdd. 1969, tr.292.
(8) Nguyin Trii. Sdd.. 1969, tr.290.
(9) T^ng t§p vfin hgc Vi|t Nam. ThU trd m PhiOng Chinh, t.4. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, 2000, tr.46.
70
QUAN DI^M "VAN TRI" TirNGUYJN TRAI D^N Lfe THANH T 6 N G c6 du thi edng vide mdi thanh dflde"(10).
6ng cflng cho rfing, dd "qu6c thfii dfin an" tfi't phai truyin ba vfin hda, md xoag giao due, mfi noi dung cfin ban eua sU nghidp nfiy lfi phfit tri§n va truyin ba dao thfinh hiln Nho giao. Theo Nguyin Trai, edng viec gifio due nhfin tai, pho biln vfin hda tuy khdng ed hieu qua nhanh nhfl lfim chinh tri, nhflng lai la viec r i t efin ban cua thdi binh: "Trdi bo mit van tfl thi bilt la cd mdnh/ Nflde ma ed dao thi ciing xiu h i vi ngheo"(ll). Cho nen, khi dflde giao cUdng vi dflng dau Hfin Lfim vien, dng da cung vdi so' Nho t h i n it di chu trUdng md trfldng hoc d cac dia phfldng, dat quy che thi eii, sflu t i m sfich vd, bien soan Quoc sit, Dia dU chi... lam cho hoat dpng vfin hda khdi sfic, md ra mot thSi ky thinh tri ve vfin hda trong lich sii dan toe. Dd eung lfi mot con dfldng thfle hidn ly tfldng xay dflng xa hdi thai binh bfing viec ehuyen tfim vao giao due, vfin hda de diu dfit ldp hfiu sinh.
Trong tu tfldng chinh tri - xa hdi eua Nguyin Trfii, ehu trfldng xay dflng mot xa hgi 'Vua Nghieu Thufi'n, dan Nghieu Thuan" chi dflde thfle hien nlu cd mot bo may vua, quan ed trach nhiem, lo cho hanh phue eiia nhan dan, bilt ling nghe nguyen vong eua dan, "khdng Ifi'y dilu mud'n ciia mdt ngfldi mfi efldng ep mudn ngan ngfldi khong mudn, phai theo". Ong yeu eiu: "pham ngfldi ed chflc vu coi quan tri dfin deu phai theo
ph6p cdng bing, lfim viec ein mfin, thd vua thi h i t trung, ddi vdi dan thi hit hda, doi bd thdi tham d, sfla t§ Ifldi bilng. Bd dang rieng tay phai dflt, thfii dd cd' pham phai chfla, coi vide eua qud'c gia lfim cdng vi?c cua minh, Iiy dilu lo ciia sinh dfin lam dieu lo thilt ky"(12).
NgUdi lfim tfldng khdng chi vi cdng danh, tflde Idc mfi phai "vi dan riia sach vet tanh hdi". \^ vay, trfich nhiem cua tfldng lfi "noi binh eflu dfin trfldc lo trfl bao", nghia lfi, dao dflc cua ngfldi quan txi trong sfl mdnh an dan phai cd nhdn di thfin dfin, cd tri de phfin biet ke lfim hai dan vfi khi cin thi phai ed ddng di kien quylt triing tri ke bao ngflde.
Nhfl vfiy, trong tfl tfldng cua Nguylo Trfii, dfldng loi van tri cd ndi dung cd't ldi lfi nhfin nghia, mdt pham tru trilt hoc xa hdi dUdc k l thfla va tiep bien bdi nhu ciu thdi dai va cho thdi dai. Tfl tfldng nhfin nghia lfi mdt ddng lflc manh me, thuc diy sfl phat trien cua xa hdi lue bay gid, dong thdi, nd cdn anh hfldng khdng nhd din dfldng ldl cai tri eua giai cip cim quyln thdi Le Sd, bdi nhan nghia d Nguyin Trfii khdng ehi la phfldng phap ddi, nhfin xv( the mfi edn la dfldng ldi eflu nflde, dflng nflde theo tinh t h i n "van tri" dl tfl dd, da't nflde ta da dat dflde thai binh, thinh tri dfldi thdi vua Ld Thanh Tdng.
(10) Tong t a p van hoc Vigt Nam. Sdd., tr.46.
(11) Nguyin Trai. Sdd., 1969, tr.347.
(12) Nguyen Trai. Sdd, 1969, tr.l99.
N G 6 VAN HUONG
3. Chii trUOng sit d u n g "van t r i " d Le T h a n h Tong
Trong lich sii chS' d6 phong ki6i Vi^t Nam, Le Thanh T6ng (1442 - 1497) Ik mot vj vua noi tieng b3i trong trifi'u d^i tri vi ciia minh, 6ng da dUa Dai Viet trd thinh m6t quoc gia thinh tri ca v$ kinh tS', giao due l&n v&n h6a. Le Thanh T5ng da thuc hi^n nhi't quan ducing loi vSn tri tren tinh t h i n d6c ton Nho giio ket hcjp vdi mot ca tinh ci n h i n c6 ph^n tU cao cua 6ng. DuSng loi vin tri 3 L4 Thanh T6ng cQng l i m5t bUdc phit trien so vdi vin tri cua Nguyin Trai. Ni'u nhu Nguyin Trii mdi chi dimg lai d vi^c nSu chu trUdng v i n tri de thiet lip xa hdi thinh tri dai liu, thi Ld Thanh Tdng, d miic do n h i t dinh, chii trUdng iy da dUdc hien thUc hoa thanh mdt dUdng 161, chinh sach cai tri. Mit khac, so vdi Nguyin Trai, IA Thinh Tong co dii cd s5 d^ hi§n thuc dUdng ldl v i n tri bdi ong c6 quyln lUc ket hdp vdi he thdng quan lieu hoan chinh, mdt quin ddi manh, mdt phap luat nghiem va mot hd tU tudng ll giao phong kiln chit che.
Mic du la ngudi sung Nho, c6 cdng dUa Nho giao len dinh cao ciia sU doc ton, song tu tudng ciia Le Thinh Tdng d i vUdt ra khdi quan diem chinh thd'ng ciia hpc thuyet niy. Theo dng, "Chd ndi ring sinh ra khdng gip thdi Nghidu Thui'n (NghiSu Thu&i hUu ngdn sinh bat phiing)(13), ma ong da xic n h i n ring, x i hdi thdi dng tri vi cd th^ xem l i xa hoi td't d^p sanh ngang vdi thdi
Nghieu Thui'n.
Xui't phat t a quan diem dd, U Thinh Tong da dUa ra dudng 161 tri nUdc bing v i n hda, bing dao ddc nhin v i n trong bdi canh d i l nUdc hda binh, d6c l^p, cd chu quyln v i thdng nhit.
6 n g k h ^ g dinh:
"Quin tudng hung manh chliu sao Bic Cue - hudng v l phia n h i vua,
Khdi Ilia bao hi?u chiln tranh d i t i t lim ngoii bien Ddng
Mudn thud trdi Nam, niii sdng vSn nhu cu,
Chinh luc n i y l i liic cSn ISy vdn dl tri nUdc, v i hay tam xep viec i)o"(14).
6 diy chiing ta thliy, cd sU tUdng dong gifla Le Thanh Tdng v i Nguyen Trii trong chii tnidng thdi loan dung vo, thdi binh chuong vin. Theo Le Thanh Tdng, diing v i n tri tiong thdi binh l i the hien dao diic ciia dS^g quin vUdng thay trdi tri thidn ha, ban bd' cdng dflc cho ca nudc: "Ngiy nay chinh la liic tam xep viec vd, siia sang v i ^ vin/ Khip dit nudc c ^ phai ban bd'diic am''(15).
Nd'u Nho giio coi ba dilu he trpng cua v i ^ chinh tri l i lim cho dan nhilu, lim cho d i n giiu v i day cho dan bid't Id nghia (thfl, phii, giao), thi d Le Thanh Tdng, le nghia ctUig quan trpng nhu cdm ao. 6 n g da nhiii manh hai chde
(13) Thd vdn chU Hdn cua IA Thdnh Tdng. Nxb Khoi h9C xa hSi, Hi N^, 1994, tr. 255.
(14) Tfing t4p van h9c Vi#t Nam. Sdd., tr.474.
(15) Tha cha Hdn cua U Thdnh Tdng. Sdd., tr.313-314.
QUAN DIEM "VAN TRI" TtTNGUViN TRAI DEN LE THANH TONG nang ehu yeu cua nhfi nflde lfi "le nghia
d^ sxia td't ldng dfin, ndng trang de cd du cdm ao. Hai dilu dd lfi vide lfim cin kip cua chinh sfl, lfi ehfle trach ciia cac quan nudi gifl dan"(16). Dilu nfiy eung giong nhfl quan niem ciia Nguyen Trai .ve mdi quan he gifla i m no vfi ll nghia.
Thdi dai cua Le Thanh Tdng khdng chi la thdi dai hda binh fi'm no eiia ngfldi dan mfi dd cdn lfi thdi k^ thinh tri vl giao due va pho bid'n van hda Nho giao. Le Thanh Tdng da thilt lap dflde he thd'ng trfldng hoe khdng chi d cap trung fldng, mfi ca cip lang xa vfi dfla 24 dieu giao h u i h eua Nho giao vfio ddi s6ng nhan dfin. Vdi tfl cfieh mdt thidn tli, dng xfic dinh nhidm vu ehinh tri cua minh la thay trdi gifio dfldng dfin kinh trdi, nudi day dan, gifl gin dfi't nflde, ciu hien, dilu hda moi vide sang sud't theo quy lufit tfl nhien. Ong ciing nhfin thiy rfing, nen gifio hda cua thfinh nhan ddi xfla cd't de thiet lap cuoc sd'ng i m no cho moi nhfi, khdng phfin bidt bfi't ky vung, mien nfio, dfin toe nfio. Cho ndn d l thfle hien dao Idn ay, theo Ld Thanh Tdng, can phai: "Nudi dfldng, lam td't van dflc la viec ein thid't thfldng ngfiy/ Khfip bd'n coi he't lo [moi ngfldi] vui canh thfii binh thinh tri"(17).
Le Thanh Tdng da ehu trfldng vfi hi§n thfle hda viee xfiy dflng bd may quan l^i thdng qua thi cut vfi tiln cxt. Chinh sach
"nham hiln" thdng qua khoa eii la sfl tien bd cua Le Thanh Tdng so vdi cac trieu dai phong kiln trfldc dd. Khfic vdi
nhfi Trin, Le Thanh Tdng khdng coi trong nguydn tfie "than thfin", ma thay vfio dd lfi viec tuyIn dung quan l^i theo nguydn tfie "trong hiln, dai si" vdi tinh thin "dung ngfldi qufin txi, bo ke tieu nhfin, ngfiy dgm ehfim chfim khdng ldi"(18). 6ng d l cao bl tdi xufi't thfin tfl nhfi Nho, tuyen ehon quan lai Ifi nhflng ngfldi cd trinh do Nho hoc, dung vdi tinh thin tdn Nho vfi vfin dung Nho hpc vao dfldng Idi vfin tri.
Vl vfin d l vi tri, vai trd va traeh nhiem cua ngfldi cim quyln ddi vdi dan, Le Thanh Tdng cung ehi ro: "dao Idn de vfldng lfi thfldng ydu dan chung kinh trdi xanh..., traeh nhiSm ciia eae quan lfi yeu nudi dan chung"(19), ddng thdi, dng cdn giai thich "nudi dfin chung lfi phai lay fin lfim diu". Bdi vi eai ngheo, long tham la ke thu cua con ngfldi, dac biet ddi vdi nhiing ngfldi ed chflc, cd quyen efing phai than trong.
Tuy nhien, ehu trUdng van tri d Le Thfinh Tdng khdng phai Ifi tuydt ddi.
Ndi cfich khfic, ben eanh vi|e xfiy dflng mot xa hoi thai binh bing vfin tri, dng vfin ehu trfldng eung eo an ninh quoc phdng bing viec tfing efldng vd bi. Bdi theo dng, 'Thfim cd nhfi nflde t i t ed vo bi. Nay phai theo dung trfin dl eiia nhfi nflde dfi ban..., sxia sang ddi ngu eho nghidm ehinh, day cho biet ph6p di (16) Ng6 Si Lien. Bai Viit su! ky todn thii, t.2.
Sdd., tr.497.
(17) ThachSHdncuaLi Thdnh Tdng. Sdi, tr.203-204.
(18) Tha cha Hdn cua Li Thdnh Tdng. Sdd., tr.399.
(19) Thf/ cha Hdn cda Li Thdnh Tdng. Sdd., tr.457.
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NGO VAN HUbNG
dflng, dfim dfinh, biet ro tilng chidng trd'ng hieu Idnh, khien qufin linh tfip quen eung tdn, khdng quSn vo bi"(20).
Quan dilm dd cua dng mdt mat, nhfim bao dam an ninh qud'e gia, mat khdc, dl cd dii sflc m$nh dep loan trong nflde. Ong cho rfing: "D^p loan ehing gi bang dung vd, quan manh lfi du d Ifldng fin"(21). Day khdng phai sfl thieu nha't quan hay mfiu thufin trong tfl tfldng, ma la sfl phat triln tfl tfldng mdt each linh boat eiia Le Thanh Tdng xuit phat tfl thfle tien, phan finh nhu eiu ciia thdi dai.
Ddi vdi nhflng ke Ifim loan, Le Thanh Tdng chii trfldng nhan nghia gfin vdi quyln mflu theo tinh than cua Nguyin Trai vl nguyen t i c tri nflde an dfin:
"Quyln mflu la de trfl gian, nhfin nghia duy tri qud'c the an". Tuy nhien, d Le Thfinh Tdng, viec dung quyln mflu de dfinh ke cd toi, eflu dfin la hdp vdi le tfl nhien: "Theo le tfl nhien, lam thien thi dflde phuc, gieo fie thi gfip hoa/ Bac de vfldng xuit quan la de danh ke cd tdi, ma eflu dan"(22). Dd la "Vang menh trdi, hdp vdi dfle, the tinh bac dai nhfin"
(Phung thidn hdp dfle dai nhan tinh - ldi que Can)(23), ding thdi, eung lfi sfl t h i hidn dao dflc nhan, nghia ciia mdt dng vua anh minh, biet quy trong sinh mang eiia ngfldi dan:
"Dfle nhan cua de vfldng the hien d viee tru khii bao tan,
Chfl dau dam theo loai vua hieu ehien coi thfldng mang dan...
Ddi qufin chinh nghia dflde Idng dan se thing, flng vdi que "sfl"
Lu gific dien cuong thi hoang sd nhfl bi lt(a bun, flr^ vdi que "eih'"'(24).
Tfl tfldng trilt hoc - ehinh tri cua L§
Thinh Tdng cdn ket hdp vfin tri vdi vo hi. Dd lfi tfl tfldng phfl hdp vdi xu t h i cua vi^e xay dflng mot nhfi nflde phong kiln vflng manh, Ifi'y mfiu hinh xfi hoi Nghieu Thufi'n lfim ehuin.
Nhfl vfiy, Nguyen Trai vfi Le Thanh Tdng la hai dai bieu dai di^n cho hai cue didn chinh tri - xa hoi khac nhau trong cung mot trilu dai khai qudc Le Sd. "Van tri" trong tfl tfldng Nguyin Trai khdng chi la dfldng ldi tri nflde dflc tri ket hdp vdi phap tri, ma cdn la dfldng ldi phat trien vfin hda tinh than ciia dan tdc nhfim ciiu nflde thoat khdi sfl t i n thfi't nfing ne ca v l vfit chit vfi vfin hda tinh t h i n sau thdi gian dai do hd ciia nhfi Minh. Tiep tuc chu trfldng
"van tri" mfi Nguyin Trai d l xuit, vdi sfl nhay bdn thdi the, Le Thanh Tdng da nhfin thiy "ed the" cua qu6c gia, xa tie cd vfi'n de vfi vi thi, dng da chu . trfldng k i t h<}p 'Vfin tri" vdi "vo hi". Dd cung lfi ylu td' gdp p h i n khing dinh sfl anh minh, cd traeh nhiem vdi dat nflde vfi nhfin dan ciia vi vua nfiy. Q
(20) Bgi Viet su! ky todn thii. Nxb VHn h6a - Thong tin, Hk Ndi, 2004, tr.242.
(21) Coi Vietsdky todn thU. Sdd., tr.315.
(22) Dgi Viit sUky todn thU. Sdd., tr.483-484.
(23) Bgi Viet si ky todn thii. Sdd., tr.68-69.
(24) T^ng tap van hoc ViSt Nam. Sdd., tr.477.
