Quan trj nhan tai: Quan niem, hien trang va hiring nghien cuU
D 6 X O A N TRCfCfMG' Tom t^t
Trong nen kinh lelri ihUc, gid tri cua cdc tdi sdn hffu hinh ngdy cdng mdl Uu thi'so vdi cdc tdi sdn yd hinh, nhu: thuang hiiu, bang sdng chi'vd bi quyet thuang mgi. Nhffng tdi sdn vd hinh diu do nhdn tdi tgo ra. Y thffc dugc dieu ndy, cdc id chffc, doanh nghiip ngdy cdng quan tdm di'n nguon lffc cdt yeu ndy vd dang dich chuyen lU qudn tri nhdn lUc theo kiiu iruyin ihd'ng sang qudn tri nhdn tdi. Trong bdi vii't ndy, tdc gid tap trung trao ddi ve quan niim nhdn tdi vd qudn tri nhdn ldi, chia se ve hien trgng qudn tri nhdn ldi tren the gidi vd d Vi^l Nam, tdm tdt tinh hinh nghiin cUu ve qudn tri nhdn ldi d Viet Nam vd ggi y mgt sd hudng nghien cffu.
Tii khoa: nhdn tdi, qudn tri nhdn ldi, ki't qud hogt ddng cua doanh nghiep Summary
In the knowledge-based economy, the value of tangible assets is decreased and replaced by intangible ones such as trademarks, patents and trade secrets. Intangible assets are all created by talent. Aware of the importance of talent, organizations and businesses are increasingly paying attention lo this crucial resource and shifting traditional human resource management lo talent management. In this article, the author discusses the concepts of talent and talent management, presents the currenl situation of talent management in the world and in Vietnam, summarizes the research situation on talent management in Vietnam and suggests some research directions for further studies.
Keywords: talent, talent management, performance of enterprises
GlCfl THIEU qUAN NIEM VE NHAN TAI VA QUAN TRI NHAN TAI
Qudn tri nhdn tai bao gdm cdc chinh
sdch vd quy ttinh de xdc dinh ai la nhan Cd nhieu quan niem khac nhau vd nhan tdi hay tai va ttdn ed s6 dd, thu hut, chieu mg, ngtfdi tdi. Theo nghTa chung nha't, ngtfdi tai thtfdng sii" dung vd phdt ttidn va giff ehdn nhan dtfdc nhin nhdn Id ngtfdi lam dtfde nhtfng viec, ma it tdi. Cdc doanh nghidp trdn the gidi dd ngtfdi lam dtfde. Tai nang cd the dtfdi dang ndm nang, xdy dtfng dtfde trie't 1^, gid tri vd quy nhtfng ngtfdi tai thtfdng Id nhiJng ngtfdi tao dtfdc nhihig ttinh quan tri nhan tai, gdp phan vdo thanh tich cao, kd't qua ldn, dtfdc xa hdi cdng nhdn.
kha nang canh tranh va ke't qua boat Ngtfdi tdi ihtfdng Id ngtfdi cd tri tue hodc ndng Itfe the ddng ciia doanh nghiep. Trong khi dd, chat vtfdt trdi, hodc cd td ehat dde bldi ndo do, chang cde doanh nghiep Vidt Nam mdi chi ban nhtf stf kien tri. Ngtfdi tdi la nhtfng ngtfdi cd kha bat diu qud trinh ehuyen doi ttf quan nang lam dtfdc vide ldn hodc viec khd. Cung cd khi tri nhdn Itfc truyen th^ng sang quan tri ngtfdi tai dtfde ddng nhd't vdi nhffng ngtfdi cd trinh do nhan tdi. dao tao cao. Da ed thdi ky, nhieu dia phtfdng d ntfdc ta Mdc dii da cd nhffng doanh nghiep ttien khai chu trtfdng thu hiit nhdn tdi bdng each dtfa ra Idn da vd dang diu tti manh me cho vide cdc chinh sdch tfu dai nhtfng ngtfdi cd trinh dd tid'n sy, chidu md, phat trien va giff chan nhdn gido stf ve cdc dia phtfdng.
tdi, nhtfng da sd' cac doanh nghiep nhd Trong doanh nghiep, ngtfdi tai thtfdng dtfdc quan vd vtfa chtfa cd nhieu ddi mdi trong each niem theo hai cdch: Cd nhffng doanh nghidp coi ngtfdi thtfe quan tti nhan Itfc. Hidn trang nay tdi la nhu^g ngtfdi lam viec td't. cd kd't qua edng vide can dtfdc khae phtic ttong ttfdng lai, nd'u sud't sac; ttong khi dd. mgt sd doanh nghiep lai xdc doanh nghiep Vidt Nam mud'n phat ttien dinh ngtfdi tdi la dgi ngu nhan itfc cd't ldi, cd vai ttd vd vtfdn minh ra "bien ldn". quan ttgng dd'i vdi stf thanh bai cua doanh nghiep.
"Trtfdng D^i hpc Kinh te, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Moi
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 17/6/2020. Ngdy phdn bifn • 15/8/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng: 20/8/2020
Economy ,ind Forecasi Review
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Hien nay, dtfdng nhtf chtf^ cd mdt khai niem thd'ng nhat ve quan tti nhdn tai. khi co il nhat 3 each hieu khac nhau: (1) Quan tti nhan tai chi la ten ggi mdi cua quan tri ngudn nhan Itfc (blnh mdi, rtfdu cu): 12) Ngu y ve lap ke hoach ke can; (3j Ndi chung ve quan ly nhiftig ogtfdi tai. Dieu dd cho thay. khdng cd each hidu thong nhat ve thudt ngff "quan tri nhan tdi" cung nhtf muc dich vd pham vi cua qudn tri ohan tai,
Khai nidm quan tri nhan tai cua CoUings va Mellahi (2009) la mot trong nhiJhg khdi nidm dtfdc silf dung pbo bien nhat: "Quan tri nhan tai la cac boat dODg va quv tnnh de xac dinh mdt cdch cd he tbraig cac vi tri quan trmg.
cd ddng gdp nhieu vao kha nang canh ttanh coa c«ig i>.
phat trien mgt dgi hau bi (talent piool) nhiftig ngUdi cd tiem nang phat trien vd thanh tich cao tron° coag \iec.
sdn sang dam nhidm cac \ i tti quan trgng va xdy dtfng mdt mo hinh quan tri nhan Itfc thuc day viec ihay the cac vi tri quan trpng bdng cdc uhg vien cd nang ItfC va dam bao cac uhg vidn nay ludn cam kdt v ^ td chtft".
Theo khai niem nay. quan tri nhan tai bdt dau b^ng vide xdc dinh cdc v i tri quan ttgng cua cdng iv. Khi do CO stf phan bidt cac vi tri quan trgng vd cdc vj tri quan ttgng dtfa tren chie'n Itfdc ciia cdng ty. Tiep theo la viec tuyen chpn va phat tnen mpt ddi ngu tfng vien sdn sang dam nhidm cac vi tri quan trpog.
Nh$n thi}c va mtfc do a p dong quan t r i n h a n tai tai cac doanh nghifp t ^ Vidt Nam chnCa dong deu. C a c doanh n ^ i l f p ntfdc ngoai co k^
t h ^ c h i a se h$ Ih^ng quan 1^ toT cong ty m e . n$n di trtfdc cac doanh n ^ i i d p t r o n g noDdc v^ qoan t r i nh^n t a i Vi th^*, h^ chiem t l ^ t h t f < ( ^ ^ l o n g htfn t r o n g vi€c t h a hdt nhfin tai so vdi doaiUi i ^ h i $ p t r o n g ntfdc.
Vong ddi nhan tai bao gdm tit: thu hiit. chidu mp, dinh htfdng. phat trien. quan ly. giff chan va hdi phuc nhan tai (ScMemann. 2014 >. Dac biet md hinh vd'n con ngtfdi (People Equity theory) dtfdc su' dung ldm cdng cu phan tich danh gia hidu qua stf dung ohan tai. Theo md hinh na\ vo'n nhdn Itfc la stf ke't hdp giffa 3 > eu td:
Ddng htfdng i .Alignment): Kha nang tCapabiUtyV. Gan bd (Engagement). Nhan lai chi dtfdc stf dung tdi tfu ne-u dat mtfc cao d ca 3 ye'u td: khi cac > eu to' dat mtfc tha'p se ddn de'n cac trang thai khong toi tfu khdc nhau cua nhan tai. \'i du nhan tai cd kha ndng. nhtftig khdng co muc tidu phu hdp va khdng gan bd vdi doanh nghidp.
ihi dd la dnh trang ldng phi nhan tai; NTidn tai cd muc tieu phu hdp. cd kha nang, nhtfng khdng gan bd. thi dd Id diih trang nhdn tai long leo.
Qua nghien ctftf cho thd\. viec tuyen dung nhffng nstfdi sioi. nhuSg quan ly khdng td't se dan den nhieu vd'n de^ To chtfc cd thd bo tien tra ltfdng cao cho nhan tdi. nhtfng thtfdng khdng tan dung dtfdc ndng Itfc cua hp. Nhan tai canV^u hdp \di nhffng myc tidu va chie'n Itfdc ciia td chtfc. To chtfc can tao dieu kidn va dim bao cac dieu kien de nhan tai phat huy dtfdc kha oang
va tan dung, siir dung dtfdc ahffhg gia tri khac bieL ma ohan tai mang lai. Cac td chtfc can can nhac kh; thtfc hien cac jhuc<ne trinh quan tri nhan tai bai bdn vi ldn kera. nen stf dung cdc giai phap ddb gian. thiet ditfc de bd trd nhffng agil^ c6 tfaanh tich cdng \\ec tiung binh nang cao thanh lich khi cd cd bpL
QUAN TR! NHAN TAI TRBM THE GKI Doanh nghiep ngay cang nhan ra tam quan ttpng cua nhan tai. nen ngay cang quan tam deo veu to nay. Tu> ohiea phai den nam 2001. khi Cdng t>~ ttf vaii McKensey cdog bdban bao cao ndi tieing Cudc chien ohan tai (The War for Talent), nhdn tai mi^ ihtft stf trd thanh chu de tnii^
tam. Bao cao oay dtfa treo ket qua ngfaiee ctfu ve hien ttfcmg cac doanh nghiep phii canh ttanh. tham chi gianh giat. de co dtfdc can bp quan l> gioi. do nhu cau ve ddi ttfOig nay tang nhanh. nhiftig ngudo cung lai hflu han. Tbeo Mcflinsev. thi day la mpt van de ~nhieu doanh n ^ e p ^ trai qua, nhiftig chtfa dtidc gpi £cii danb~.
Nhan tai quan ty Itioo quao ttpng. ohiibg ngav nav no da trd oen van de scnig cdo.
Cdc doanh nghidp ngay cang thay kho khao bdn troog viec thu hiit va giff chan can bp quan Iv gioi. McKin>e> cung dd dodn. cupc chien ohan tai •^ cdn 6efi dien trong it nha't la hai thap k>' nffa. ThiJt te cho thay. nhan dinh oay cbo den oay la hoan toan dung. Cudc chien ohan tai khdng giam di v e mtfC dp dc UeL Ve phara vi. cudc chien kb«ig chi dtftag lai d nhan tai quan ly. md cdn md rMig la cac nhom nhan tai Idiac.
Quan tri nhan tai la mpt troog nhtflDS chii de trung tam nting quan in doaiA nghiep irong mpt vai thap k> gan day.
Cdc doanh nghidp da dtfa ra nhieu sdng kie'n va cdch Iam de cd dtfdc dpi ngu nhan tai dap tfbg veu cau thtfc tien. Ben caufa viec dm cdch thu hiit va chieu mp nhan lai cac doanh nghidp cung day manh dao tao. phdt trien nhan tai bdng nhieu cicb khac nhau. Trong qua trinb dd cdc doanfa nghiep da dtfa ra ohieu each lam hay.
ohieu md hinh toil ve quan ui nhan tai.
Cdc doanh nghiep d Thuv S\ si^duag chidn Itfdc nhdn tai de nang cao ket qua boat ddng cuj to chtfc iLangenegser va cdng -\i. -011;. Cu the, bp tap tnmg vao 4 chidn ltft(c: (1 > Hd trd chien luac doanb nghidp: (2) Hoach dinh ke can: (3t Thu hut va giff chan va (4| Phat men nhan tai.
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sdlieu khdo sdt 138 cdng ty eho tha'y cdc chien Itfdc giff chdn vd phdt trien nhdn tdi cd tdc dgng dd'n cac kd't qua qudn tri nhdn Itfc, nhtf: stf hdi long vdi cdng vide, dgng Itfe lam vide, cam ket vdi td chtfc vd stf tin ttfdng vdo lanh dao. Bdn canh dd, quan tri nhdn tdi dtfa ttdn chid'n Itfdc doanh nghidp cd tdc ddng dang kd dd'n cde ke't qud cua doanh nghidp, nhtf: mtfc dd hd'p ddn cua cdng ty, dat dtfdc muc tidu doanh nghidp, stf hai long eiia khdeh hang vd ca ldi nhudn.
Nhidu doanh nghidp My xay dtfng triet ly vd cde gia tri ve nhan tai va quan tri nhan tai. Ttf tridt ly Vdn nhan Itfc (Human capital theory), cdc doanh nghiep nhan thtfc vd cdc ban chd' ciia quan niem ndy ttong bd'i canh mdi trtfdng canh tranh cao, ttf do chuyen sang triet ly Gid tri nhan tdi. Quan tri gid tri nhan tdi bao gdm 4 giai doan: Tao gid tri;
Nhdn bid't gid trj; Tan dung gid tri; Bdo vd gid tri. Khung khd nay dtfdc ke' thffa Iff nhidu ly thuyd't khdng thuge quan tri nhdn Itfe, nhtf: thuyd't vd kid'n tao gid tri, quan diem vd nang Itfc dtfa tren ngudn Itfe, ndng Itfc ddng va quan tri tri thtfc loan eau. Khung khd ly thuyd't nay giup djnh htfdng cho cdc doanh nghidp khi thid't kd' cdc chtfdng trinh hodc eau true qudn tri nhdn tdi de ddm bao tinh hidu qud (Sparrow va Makram, 2015).
Vdi nhieu doanh nghiep hdng dau thd' gidi, eoi ttgng nhdn tai da ttd thanh mdt phan cua van hda to chtfc. Dtfa tren cdc nguyen ly ve quan tri nhdn Itfe chidn Itfdc va phdt trien td chtfc, nghidn ctfu ndy kiem djnh mdt md hinh ve thu hiit vd gii?
chan nhan tai tap trung vdo cdc bid'n sd dtfdc nghien cffu rd't it la van hda doanh nghiep va thai do cua ngtfdi Iao ddng.
Phan tich dtidc dtfa ttdn sd lieu thu thap ttf 566 ngtfdi lao dpng cua 2 edng ty logistics ldn ciia My (Kontoghiorghes, 2016) cho thd'y, vdn hda thdnh tieh cao cd tdc ddng ddng kd dd'n kha ndng thu hut va giff chan nhan tdi. Tdc ddng nay dtfdc dieu tid't bdi stf hdi long vd stf cam ket vdi to chtfc.
Ket qud nghien euli ciing chi ra rang, thu hut vd giff chan nhan tdi ciing thtfdng di ciing vdi vdn hda thay ddi, vdn hda chsft Itfdng vd van hda cdng nghe va khi ed stf khuyen khich ddi mdi, thdng tin md, quan tri tri thtfc hidu qua va cdc gid tri cd't ldi la tdn ttpng vd chinh trtfc. Nghidn ciJu ndy khang dinh, cdc doanh nghidp cd chid'n Itfdc phii hdp vd van hda thdnh tich eao cd tdc dgng tieh ctfc ddng ke dd'n thu hut vd
giff chan nhdn tai vd cung la cdc didu kien nen tang cho stf hai Idng vd cam ket cua ngtfdi lao ddng.
QUAN TR! NHAN TAI Cf VIET NAM
Vidt Nam da va dang hdi nhap rat nhanh vdi nen kinh td' thd' gidi. Khdng nam ngoai xu thd' chung edc doanh nghidp Vidt Nam dd nam bdt vd dp dung cdc chie'n Itfde va cdch thtfc quan tri nhdn tai hien dai ctia thd' gidi. Doanh nghiep Viet Nam dang thay ddi eau triic qudn tti nhan Itfc truyen thdng theo htfdng quan tri nhan tdi. Theo dd, dd cd cde doanh nghiep cd phdng phdt trien nhdn tdi (Office for Talent Development) va chuyen vien chieu md nhan tai (Talent Acquisition Officer).
Tuy nhien, nhan thtfc va mtfc dp dp dung quan tri nhdn tdi tai cdc doanh nghidp tai Vidt Nam chtfa ddng ddu. Cdc doanh nghidp ntfdc ngoai ed ldi the' chia se he thdng quan Iy ttf cong ty me, nen di trtfdc cdc doanh nghiep ttong ntfdc ve quan tti nhan tdi. Vi the, hp chid'm thd' thtfdng phong hdn ttong vide thu hiit nhdn tai so vdi doanh nghidp ttong ntfdc. Cdc doanh nghiep ntfdc ngodi eung quan lam dau ttf hdn va cd ndng Itfc tdt hdn ve ddo tao va phdt trien nhdn tdi so vdi doanh nghiep ttong ntfdc.
Nhdn ra ydu cau cua thtfe te', gan day mgt so doanh nghidp Viet Nam da manh me dp dung cac chinh sdch vd bien phdp quan tri nhdn tai. Di dau phai ke dd'n Viettel, Vinamilk, FPT, The gidi di dgng... Cu the, Viettel dd tap trung qudn ly va phat trien 5% nhan Itfc, ma Tdp dodn nhin nhan la cd't ydu (nhan tdi). Tap dodn ed he thd'ng phat trien can bd quan ly, ttong dd yeu cau mdi edn bd phai kem cap, bdi dtfdng de ed mdt tfng vien sdn sdng thay the vi tri hg dang dam nhidm. Cdn Vinamilk dau ttf phdt trien cdn bd quan ly nhtf mot giai phdp giff chdn nhan tai. Tap doan FPT lai cd chie'n Itfdc phdt trien cac can bd ttd tidm ndng. Tdp doan khuye'n khich va ho ttd cdn bd tre ttai nghidm de phat trien ndng Itfe bdng cac hinh thu'c vtfdn tfdm y ttfdng, td chtfc euge thi trang nguyen. Mae du la mgt doanh nghiep tte, nhtfhg each thtfc quan ly con ngtfdi cua Thd' gidi di ddng dd'n nay cung da cd day du cac ddc trtfng ciia qudn tri nhdn tai.
Tuy nhidn, ditfc te cho thay, nhieu doanh nghiep Viet Nam chtfa cd chie'n Itfdc nhan tai. Day la mdt ttong nhffng ly do gdp phan ldm eho chat Itfdng nhan Itfc d Viet Nam khdng cao. Cu the, Bdo cao Tam nhin chie'n Itfdc ve quan tri nhdn tai: Xdy dtfng de chid'n thang (khao sdt 630 doanh nghidp, ttong dd cd 68% la doanh nghiep ttong ntfdc va 32% la doanh nghiep ntfdc ngoai) cua Cdng ly ttf va'n Talentnet, cdng bd thdng 5/2017 cho bid't, 64%
so' doanh nghidp ed chid'n Itfdc nhdn tai; 36% khdng ed.
Trong cdc cdng ty cd chien Itfdc nhan tai, thi ed 74% ed ehid'n Itfdc nhan tdi dtfa ttdn chie'n Itfdc kinh doanh.
Ngay ca khi da cd chid'n Itfdc nhdn tdi, cdc doanh nghiep vdn gap khd khdn khdng nhd ttong linh vtfc quan tri nhan lai. Bdo cdo Nang Itfdng eho Chau A tdng trtfdng: Cac thdch thtfc, chie'n Itfdc va xu htfdng nhan tai (Fuelling the Asian growth engine: Talent challenges, sttategies and ttends), do Cdng ty ttf vd'n Deloitte hdp tac vdi Vidn Vd'n nhan Itfc lanh dao cdng bd'nam 2012
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cho thdy, dtfa trdn ket qua khao sdt 212 doanh nghiep cl chau A ttong do cd 32 doanh nghiep Viet Nam, stfc ep canh tranh tren thi trtfdng dang tdng len, khid'n cdc doanh nghidp ngdy cang phai dd'i mat nhidu hdn vdi van de nhan tai. Cd dd'n 88% sd doanh nghiep thara gia khao sat cho bi^t, giff chan la vd'n de nghiem ttpng, 75% gap khd khdn trong vide thu hiit nhan tai vd 63%
gap khd khdn ttong vide xdc dinh nhan tdi.
MOT s d KET LUAN
Nghien ctfu ve nhan tai ed xu htfdng di sau thtfc tidn boat dgng cua doanh nghiep. Thtfc td' nay da dtfde cac nhd nghien ctfu ghi nhan vd ly giai bdng 2 nguyen nhan: Thff nhdt, ddi hoi vd nhan tai va quan tri nhdn tai ttong thtfc tidn kinh doanh la rat cdp bdch, ndn cdc doanh nghidp phai ttf chu dgng trong vide dm htfdng di va gidi phap; Thff hai, cdn thid'u nhffng ly ludn, md hinh va khung kho ly thuye't eho nghien ctftt ve quan tri nhan tai. Chinh vi the', hoat ddng nghidn ctftf ly thuyd't ve quan tti nhan tdi dn dtfdc d^y manh.
Qua tim hieu, tae gia tha'y rang, edc nghidn ctfu quan tri nhdn tdi thie'u edc nghidn ctfu thtfc chd'ng. Mdt ty Id ldn cdc nghidn cdXi vd chu dd ndy cho dd'n nay la cdc nghidn ctfu ly luan xoay quanh quan niem, triet ly ve nhdn tdi, de xua't cdc md hinh ly thuyd't ve quan tri nhan tai, nhtfhg khdng cd so lieu thtfc td' de kiem chtfng. Trong khi dd, quan ly eon ngtfdi ndi chung va quan tri nhan tai ndi rieng cd ban chd't phtfc tap, cd stf ttfdng tac, chi phd'i, ddng hdnh vdi nhieu hd thd'ng, yd'u to khdc trong doanh nghidp. Do vay eae md hinh, gia dinh vd qudn tti nhan tai can co stf kiem chtfng ttf thtfc tiln khdch quan.
Ben canh do, da sd cdc nghidn ctfu thtfc chtfng cho den nay deu thtfc hidn d My vd mdt so' ntfde chau Au, rat it edc nghidn ctfu thtfc chtfng dtfdc thtfe hien d ede
ntfdc dang phat trien. Tai Viet Nam cho dd'n nay, sd'nghien ci?u ve quan tri nhdn tai cung cdn rd't it. Mdi chi cd mot vdi nghidn ctftf thtfc chtfng bdi ban ve quan tti nhan tdi, ttong dd cd mgt cdng trinh nghien ctfu ve quan tn nhdn tai ttong khu vtfc nhd ntfdc (Tran Van Ngdi, 2015). b a p tfng nhu cau thdng dn Id cdc khao sat, ddnh gid vd nhdn dinh ciia cdc cdng ty kidm todn, ttf va'n nhan Itfc vd tuyen dung, nhtf: NavigosSearch, Le va Associates, Deloitte vd Hay Group. Tuy nhien, cdc nghidn ctftt nay thtfdng khong dtfa tren cac khung khd ly thuyd't rd rdng vd cung mdi chi dtfa ra nhffng nhdn dinh, ddnh gid rieng le vd qudn tri nhan tdi.
Ttf nhffng phdn tieh 6 tten cd the tha'y, hidu bie't, tri thtfc ve qudn tri nhdn tai trong thtfe tien d Viet Nam cdn rat it vd cau hdi cdc doanh nghiep Vidt Nam dang qudn tri nhdn tdi nhtf the ndo c6n dang bo ngd.
Vi the, edc nghien cu^i ve quan tti nhan tdi d Viet Nam ttong thdi gian tdi ndn lap trung vdo nhiihg muc Udu sau day:
Mdt la, can ldm rd quan niem vd cdch thtfe quan tri nhdn tai ttong cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam;
Hai Id, chi ra cdch lam hay, md hinh tdt ve qudn tri nhan tai ttong cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam de tiJf do cd the nhan rgng;
Ba Id, chd'ng minh qudn tri nhdn tai cd tdc ddng ddng ke ddn kd't qua quan tri nhdn Itfe cua cac doanh nghiep Vidt Nam, ttf dd tao cd sd thiie day qud trinh chuyen ddi sang quan tri nhdn tdi.G
XAIilElUJ'HAMJCILVO
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