48 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
CHiNH SACH CUA MY TRONG
OUAN HE V6l PHAP THCJl KY 1789 -1815
C
udc cdch mang tU s i n nam 1789 di vao lich sif nUdc Phap ndi rieng va lich sif nhan loai ndi chung nhu mdt budc chuyen vi dai, danh dau mot thdi ky mdi cua sii phat trien xa hdi lodi ngUdi. Mac du day khdng phii la cudc each mang tU s i n diu tien, nhifng t i m vde cua nd da tdc dpng manh me v i sau sac de'n tinh hinh chau Au cung nhu den bUdc chuyen tif che dp phong kien sang che dp tu b i n chil nghia. Sii tac ddng ay khdng chi diing lai d dd md cdn ldm cho quan he giUa cic nUdc d chau Au trd nen sdi ddng v i phifc tap hdn trong mot thdi ky ddi. dUa de'n viec thiet lap mdt trat tu mdi trong quan he qud'c te - Trat tu Vienna (1815). Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh dinh hinh nen tang cho trat tii quan he qud'c te ndy, nUdc My h i u nhu lai khdng cd dd'u d'n gi.Dieu nay khdng chi xua't phat til sii xa each ve dia ly, sii non tre ve sifc manh de cd the can dii de'n chdu Au cua Anh va Phdp ma cdn Id ke't qua dac trUng trong chinh sdch cua My ddi vdi ben ngodi, trong dd cd Phdp.
Hdn 2 thdng trUdc khi cuoc Dai each mang nd ra d Phap, ngay 30/4/1789, Geerge Washington long trpng tuyen the nham chifc Tdng thd'ng dau tien cua nUdc My, Sau khi len n i m chinh quyen, ben canh nhiem vu cimg cd nen kinh te trong nUdc va ldm cho qud'c gia difdc dn dinh ve tai chinh, G, Washington khdng he coi
ThS. Diftfng Quang Hiep Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Hue
thUdng cac van de lien quan de'n chinh sach doi vdi the gidi ben ngoai, trong dd cc Phap. Muc tieu cua chinh sach del ngoai cua Tong thd'ng Washington la duy tri hda binh, xay diing mot nUdc My doc lap, trung lap vdi cac nUdc chau Au. Nudc My chu trUdng khdng lien minh hay nga theo ben nao hoac tham dii vao bat ky cuoc chien tranh ciia mot niidc chau Au nac nham tao cho minh mot thdi gian can thiet de han gan vet thUdng chien tranh va tiep tuc tien trinh nhat the hda dan tpc. De thiic hien thang ldi muc tieu ndi tren, nUdc My da thi hanh chinh sach trung lap trong quan he vdi Phap va cac nUdc chau Au khac.
Mac dil d xa va biet lap vdi chau Au tren phUdng dien dia ly song My khdng the tranh khdi sii tac ddng cua cac bien cc' chinh tri ldn xay ra tren ciiu luc dja. Chinh vi vay, chinh sach ddi ngoai cua G. Washington thdi ky nay hoan toan bi chi phoi bdi cac bie'n cd'ciia cudc Cach mang Phap "diidc tdt cd cdc tdng ldp nhan ddn My theo dot mgt cdch say sita"\ Cuoc each mang da anh hUdng manh me de'n nUdc My, nha't la khi Phap tuyen chie'n vdi Anh va Tay Ban Nha nam 1793. Ngcai Hiep udc Lien minh ky vdi Phap nam 1778 da "trdi" My vdi Phap, tU tUdng cdng hda ciing la ye'u to' gan ke't hai qudc gia lai vdi nhau. Sii trd giiip cua Phdp del vdi My trong khudn khd Hiep Udc Lien minh Phap - My (1778)
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 49 trong thdi gian didn ra chien tranh
gianh dpc lap la mot sii "ban dn" md ngUdi My khdng bad gid tra het dn.
6000 quan vien chinh dUdc P h i p cif tdi My (7/1780) va ham dpi P h i p da quay rdi viec van chuyen bdng dUdng bien ciia quan Anh, ngan can liic lUdng tang vien va ngudn tiep te' chd quan dpi Anh^ Id "sii giup dd" ma ngUdi My khdng dUdc phep quen.
Dieu dd gin nhU la mdt dinh menh gan ke't My vdi Phdp treng cic van de qud'c te, mac du ddi khi ngUdi My khdng Ua gi ngUdi Phap.
Tdng thd'ng G. Washingtdn cd' gang dUdng dau vdi ap liic budc dng hoac phai nga sang phia Anh hoac phii nga sang phia Phap. Ngay 22/4/1793, khi tin tifc ve cudc hanh quye't vua Louis XVI (21/1/1793) lan tdi My dd thiic day Washington chinh thifc tuyen bd' nUdc My giii thai dp trung lap"* trong cudc chien tranh giUa nUdc Phdp cich mang va Anh cimg cac nUdc phong kien chau Au khac. Nhu vay, Washington da thanh cdng trong viec buy bd cac dieu khoin cua Hiep Udc 1778 v i tuyen bd' rdng nUdc My "thdn thien vd cong bdng, khong thien vi vdi cdc citdng qudc dang tham chien"'^. Washington ciing keu gpi ngUdi dan My kiem che, khdng hanh dpng ngUdc lai ldi tuyen be' da dUdc dUa ra. Ong canh bao rang hp se phai chiu toi trUdc tda an neu dieu dd xay ra vi tdi "vi phgm ludt qudc gia da diidc toa dn cua Lien bang cong nhdn"''.
Rd rang Washington vd cac nha lanh dao My thdi ky nay da cd mot t i m nhin xa trdng rdng va cd nhiing tinh todn hoan toan hdp ly. "Trung lap" la mdt phUdng sdch tdi Uu. Ddi vdi mdt qud'c gia cdn non tre nhU Hdp chimg qud'c Hoa Ky thdi bd'y gid, hda binh la dieu tdi cin thiet cho sil tdn tai vd dn dinh cua da't nUdc. Chinh sach trung lap vdi the gidi ndi chung, Phap ndi rieng van dUdc Washingtdn thed dudi cho de'n
nhutng ndm cudi ddi. Trong bai dien van gia til ndi tie'ng cua dng, Washington da tdm t i t kinh nghiem trong chinh sich ddi ngoai ring "Khong gi thiet yeu hdn viec phdi logi bd mgi dc cdm xdu xa vd thdm cdn cd'de chdng lgi cdc ddn tgc rieng biet cdng nhit mgi gdn bd say ddm ddi vdi cdc ddn tdc khdc (...). Lich sii vd kinh nghiem cho thdy rdng dnh hiidng ben ngodi la mgt trong nhdng ke thd dgc hgi nhdt cua chinh quyen Cgng hda. Ddi vdi chung ta, dinh ludt chinh cua thdi do ddi vcfi cdc ddn tgc Id, trong khi md rdng quan he thitdng mgi cua chung ta, nen cd it cdc quan he chinh tri chiing ndo hay chitng dy vdi cdc ddn tgc ndy. Chdu Au cd mgt mgng litdi cdc ldi ich sd ddng chdng lien quan gi den chung ta, hogc lien quan rdt it"''.
Trong ldi phat bieu tren, Washington khdng neu dich danh Phdp vd Anh, nhUng chiing ta de dang nhan thay, chau Au ma Washington mud'n ndi den khdng the thie'u Phdp vd Anh. Chinh sach tii cd lap/trung lap cua Washington td ra la mdt chinh sdch khdn ngoan vdo thdi diem dac biet cua lich sif: nUdc My vifa mdi ra ddi va dang tren dUdng dinh hinh qud'c gia. Chinh sdch ndy van tie'p tuc la sii liia chpn trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc vi tdng thd'ng ke nhiem Washington, tuy nhien, cd sii dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi tinh hinh cu the.
Mac du ludn thiic hien chinh sich trung lap trong quan he ddi ngoai, dac biet la trong quan he vdi Phdp va Anh, nhUng ngUdi My ludn van dung tai tinh tinh "trung lap" nhdm phuc vu td't nha't chd ldi ich qud'c gia. Dieu nay dUdc the hien kha rd trdng viec md rdng dd't nUdc ve phia Tay trdng nhiem ky cua Themas Jeffersen (1801-1809), dac biet la viec mua lai vimg da't Louisiana rdng ldn tuf tay
50 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Phdp. Vimg Louisiana liic nay gdm
toan bp vimg dd't nam giuta sdng Mississippi va day niii Rocheuse, tuf vinh Mexico tdi tan bien gidi Canada.
Thdi ky cudi cua cuoc Chien tranh b i y ndm. vac nam 1763 - thdng qua Hiep Udc Paris, nu'dc Phap da nhUdng quyen cho Tay Ban Nha sd hutu viing dat rdng ldn vdi bien gidi khdng re ret ndy. trong dd cd cing New Orleans - mdt hai cing ra't cin thiet cho viec van chuyen bdng hda bdng tau thuyen tii thung lung gan sdng Ohio vd Mississippi ra bien va ngUdc lai.
Ngay sail khi T. Jefferson nham chufc tdng thd'ng, vao ndm 1801 nUdc Phap ciia Napoleon dd bi mat budc Tay Ban Nha ky hiep Udc tra lai vimg da't nay cho minh. Ddng thdi dd da khien cho ngUdi My rd't cam phan. dat nUdc My trcng tinh trang bao dpng va bat man.
NgUdi My hieu rang, mdt Napdleen khdng lui budc trUdc ba't cif hanh ddng ndo. se rat cd the khda cifa dai dUdng ddi vdi nen thudng mai quan trpng tren hai cen sdng Ohio vd Mississippi.
Dieu dd de dpa tnic tiep den quj'dn ldi budn b i n vd sii an todn cua toan bp cdc khu dinh cU ndi dia My. Viec tdi lap mot de qud'c thudc dia P h i p d phia Tdy nu'dc My ddi vdi mdt qud'c gia non tre se la mdi nguy hiem t r i m trong hdn la viec d ke can mdt nudc Tdy Ban Nha da it nhieu l i n g diu. Va ne'u dieu dd trd thdnh hien thiic, nUdc My se khdng cifng n h i e theo dudi nguyen tic "trung lap" trong ddi ngoai, nhU ldi tuyen bd cua T. Jefferson r i n g "tit luc dd chung ta phdi tit ket than vdi.
hgm dgi vd ddn tgc Anh"'.
Su "ket than" vdi Anh ma My toan tinh dd khdng cd cd hdi trd thanh hien thiic. Bdi le. Napeleen hieu ngay r i n g cudc lien mmh dd se chic chin lam Phap mat dl phan dat Louisiana viia mdi thu hdi dupc. Hdn niia, khi biet rang, mdt cuoc chien tranh khdc vdi
Anh dang sdp xay ra (chie'n tranh giiia nUdc P h i p cua Napoleon vdi Lien minh chd'ng Phap lan hai cd sii tham gia cua Anh (1798 - 1803), Napcledn da quye't dinh bd sung ngan sach va dat Louisiana ra ngoai tam vdi cua ngUdi Anh bang each ban vimg dat nay cho nUdc My. Tan dung cd hpi dd, T.
Jefferson da cif Dai sif todn quyen James Monroe tdi Paris de de nghi trao cho Napoleon 10 trieu USD de ddi Id'y New Orleans va Tay Florida. Dai sii James Monrde da khdng chi dUdc Phap tiep ddn mot each ndng hau, ma vdi so' tien la 15 trieu USD, dng da mua dUdc toan bd vimg Louisiana rpng ldn. Mac du Hien phap My khdng cho quyen mua ban lanh thd, song Tong thd'ng T.
Jefferson da quyet dinh mua vimg da't nay vdi lap luan rang "liitdng tri cua ddt nitdc ta se siia ddi tgi ldi cua mgt sit gidi thich khong chdt che khi sii gidi thich dy se sdn sinh ra nhiing ket qud khong hodn hdo"^.
Vdi gia 15 trieu USD, Hoa Ky da cd dUdc Louisiana vdo nam 1803. Mien da't nay rpng hdn 2,6 trieu km^ bad gdm ca cang New Orleans. Viec mua ban da't dai nay dUdc xa hdi My danh gia ra't cao, la "met t h a n h cdng quan trpng nha't cua chinh quyen T.
Jefferson^ Vdi 15 trieu USD (3 cent = mdt mau dd't), nUdc My da cd dUdc mdt vimg da't bao la bao gdm nhutng ddng bang mau md, nhutng day niii, nhutng khu rufng va cac he thd'ng sdng ngdi ma "trong vdng 80 ndm se trd thdnh mien ddt trung tdm cua niidc My vd Id mgt trong nhiing vita thdc ldn cua the gidi"^°. Sii nhanh nhay pha chiit phieu lUu day hieu qua cua con chau nhiing ngUdi di dan da mang lai nhutng gia tri vd cimg ldn cho nUdc My qua viec mua ban ndy. Viec vimg da't Louisiana trd thanh lanh thd khdng the tach rdi cua My nhu la mot bieu tUdng cua sii nhay ben, biet chdp
CHAU Mt NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 51 lay thdi cd, n i m b i t cd hpi vd tad ra cd
hdi trdng chinh sach del ngdai cua My ddi vdi P h i p . Cd the ndi, viec tan dung thanh cdng cd hdi mua Louisiana tif Phap khi Phap dang cdn vUdng ban vao cudc chie'n tranh vdi Anh, da md diu cho truyen thd'ng thiic dung (pragmatic), tan dung cd hdi triet de trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua My.
Dac diem nay ludn dUdc the hien re vd xuyen sud't trdng tien trinh vUdn den quyen liic the gidi cua nUdc My.
Tinh trung lap ciing dUdc ngUdi My khai thic thanh cdng trong viec xif ly mdi quan he giiia Phap va Anh trong nhutng ndm dau the ky XIX de phuc vu cho sU nghiep phat trien kinh te v i gia tang kha nang qud'c phdng cua qud'c gia non tre ndy. Vao budi binh minh cua the ky XIX, khi nUdc Phdp cua Napoleon tie'n hanh chien tranh nham tranh gianh dia vi ba chu tren luc dia va tren bien d chau Au vdi Anh, nUdc My da khdn kheo vd gianh dUdc nhieu mdi ldi ldn. Tdu budn cua My vdi tU cdch "trung lap" cd the tiep can den mpi cing nhd phuc vu cho ca P h i p ldn Anh.
Khi Phip vd Anh dang ban rdn vdi xung dot va mau thuan, nUdc My dd tan dung cd hdi vd kip thdi phat trien dUdc mdt dpi hdng hai manh. Trdng thdi gian tii 1789 den 1805, kha nang van tai cua cic thUdng thuyen My da tang tuf 100.000 tan de'n 1 trieu ta'n^\
Dieu dd td't ye'u lam che ci. Anh va Phap deu khdng hai ldng, bdi le, viec md rdng cdc dpi thUdng thuyen cua My se tac dieu kien cho nUdc nay nhanh chdng trd thanh ddi thu canh tranh ve mat thUdng thuyen lan chien thuyen del vdi Anh vd Phap trdng tUdng lai.
Chinh sach trung lap cua My trong quan he vdi Phap va cac nUdc chau Au khac van dUdc tie'p tuc trdng nhiing nam tie'p thed. Ngay ca khi nUdc Phap cua Napcleon that bai va dUa den viec td chiic Hdi nghi Vienna (1815), "trung
lap" vin la sii liia chpn ciia chinh gidi My trong cac van de ddi ngoai xuyen sud't gin nhu todn bd the ky XIX.
Tdm lai, trong thdi ky 1789-1815, sii Ilia chpn chinh sach trung lap trong quan he vdi Phdp cua nudc My la mdt sii Ilia chpn diing ddn. Trong bdi cinh nUdc My viia mdi ra ddi, cdng vdi nhiing dac diem ve mat dia ly, trung lap trong chinh sach ddi ngoai vdi Phap vd cac nUdc chdu Au khdc Id mdt sii dam bao tich ciic cho nen hda binh, dn dinh va tdn tai cua nUdc My. Tinh trung lap dUdc thufc thi mdt each lien tuc trong mot thdi gian ddi. Tuy nhien, chiing ta de ddng nhan tha'y, tinh trung lap ma ngUdi My liia chpn khdng ddn thuin la diing ngoai, tach biet va tii cd lap minh vdi phan cdn lai cua the gidi. NgUdi My da the hien tinh linh hdat va hieu qua thuat ngut trung lap (neutrality) treng quan he vdi Phap, nha't la trdng thUdng vu mua lai viing da't Lduisiana day chien lUdc. Cimg vdi thdi gian vd sii ldn manh cua nUdc My, chinh sich trung lap trdng cac va'n de ddi ngoai khdng cdn gdi gpn trong pham vi nUdc My md da din md rdng ra khu viic xung quanh, de'n t i m chau luc, xuyen luc dia va ca the' gidi - dd chinh la tinh trung lap trong gidi hgn My •
Chu thich:
1); 3); 6) Le Minh Diic • Nguyin Nghi (1994), L4ch sU nxidc My, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, tr.l43; tr.l44;
tr.l46.
2); 7); 8); 10) Office "of International Information Programs (1994), An Outline of American History, nited States Department of States, p.78; p,103.
4) Howard Cineotta, Khai quat ve Lich sii nitdc My, (ban dich, lUu tai Dai sil quan Hoa Ky), tr.99.
5); 11) Nguyin Thai Yen Hadng (2003), Qua trinh hinh thanh Lien bang My va nhang dac diim van hoa xa hoi My, Luan an Tien sy sii hoc, Trudng DHKHXH&NV Ha Noi, tr.96; tr.97.
9) W.A.Degrigorio (1995), 42 ddi tong thong Hoa Ky, Hoi Khoa hpc Lich sii "Viet Nam • Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, tr.l25, '
