Nguyen The Hong Nguon goc xudt thdn ciia Tic san...
Ngu6n goc xuat than cua
tu- san ngu'oi Viet 6* Nam Ky thoi Phap thuoc
Nguyin Thi Hdng*
Trudng Dai hgc Dong Thdp
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/09/2018. ngdy giri phdn bien: 16/11/2018. ngay duyet ddng- 19/12/2018 Qiau Hiep udc Gidp Tudt ndm 1874, Nam Ky trd thdnh xir thudc dia cita thuc ddn Phdp.
O Tiiy theo hodn cdnh lich sit a tieng khu vice, quoc gia thi ngudn gdc xudt thdn, dia vi chinh tri - xd hdi cua tdng lap tu sdn se khdc nhau. Tuy. ngudn gdc xudt thdn khdc nhau nhung thong qua nhicng hogt ddng nhu kinh ti, chinh tri - xd hgi, tdng ldp tu sdn ngudi Viet a Nam Ky timg budc khdng dinh vi tri, vai tro cua ho ddi vdi lich su.
Tir khda: Tu san. Nam Ky, ngudn g l c , ngudi Viet, Phdp thude M d d a u
Trong bdi canh chung khi dat nudc trd thanh thupc dia cua thyc dan Phdp, tu san ngudi Viet d Nara Ky cd nhflng dac diem nhu tu san Bdc vd Trnng Ky dd la sdn xudt, kinh doanh theo hudng tu bdn chu nghia vdi nhieu hinh thirc khdc nhau, ludn y thirc vuon len de khang dinh vi the, vai trd trudc eac giai tdng khac hong xd hoi duong thdi. Bai viet khong so sanh su giong va khac nhau giua tu sdn ngudi Viet d 3 ky, ma hudng den phan tich ngudn gdc xudt than cua tu san ngudi Viet d Nam Ky thdi Phap thupc.
1. Tir chii xirdng
Ve CO ban, khi nen san xuat hang hda tdn tai tdt yeu tao nen sy phan hda trong san xuat.
Chinh sach khai thac thupc dia ciia thyc dan Phap ddt ra yeu cau san xuat bang hda cho thi trudng trong va ngodi nudc ngay cang nhieu, vi the qud trinh phan hda trong san xuat cd tir thdi phong kien khdng phu hgp niia. De nen sdn xudt tu bdn chii nghTa ra ddi phai cd nhiing dilu kien CO ban, do la san xuat hang hda gian don va
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Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
sy trao ddi tren thi trudng phai dat den miic dp lam cho tiin bac tap trung vdo tay mot so it ngudi, ddng thdi xa hdi d thanh thi va nong thon phan hda de tao nen tang ldp ban siic lao dgng lam thue. Vdi quan diem bao ve quyen Igi toi da cho tu san Phap tai thudc dia nen tu san ngudi Viet khdng cd hinh thiic tich luy tu ban nguyen thuy dau tien mdt cdch day dii va hoan thien nhu tu sdn nhieu nudc tren the gidi. Tuy nhien, ve co ban kinh te Nam Ky trudc va ro hon Id trong khai thac thudc dia cua thyc dan Phap da tao dieu kien nhat dinh de mdt bp phan lam an theo hinh thitc tu nhan tich luy tu bdn de sau nay trd thanh nhung chii xudng, xi nghiep sd huu vdn va luc lugng lao ddng lam thue nhat dinh. (J Nam Ky, tdng ldp chu xudng xudt hien kha dong tren nhieu ITnh vyc tir khai thac cong nghiep den tieu thii cdng nghiep nhu xay xdt lua gao cd Truang Thanh - ben Binh Ddng, Sai Gdn; Trdn Van Ngii, Qudeh Hdi; Lam ST; Giang Nguyen - ben My Tho; Truong Vdn Ben - ben Rach Cat; Vuong Thiiy Nhien - Sdc Trang;
Tran Trinh Trach - Bac Lieu; Phan Quang Phuong; Nguyen Ddng Tai- Can Tho; Nguyen Thanh Liem - My Tho; Huynh Thi Hue - Go Cdng; Trdn Van Tii - VTnh Long; Long Xuyen 36
Nguyen The Hong Nguon goc xudt thdn cita Tusdn...
cd 19 nha mdy cua ngudi Viet'; nhd mdy dien cd cdng ty vd danh dien Rach Gid eiia Cao Thien Toan, Nguyin Chdnh Ngdn, Biii Van Mdu, Tdn Quang Ngpc (nam 1921)^ nha may thuy tinh cua Luang Vinh, Chdu Hung d Chg Ldn; nhd mdy xa bdng cua Truang Vdn B i n Chg Ldn; Ngd Hdn, Huynh Tinh Trieu; xudng det va nhugm eua cdng ty Vd danh Sgi vd Det CO gidi (nam 1915)^; nhd may sdn xuit va tinh luyen d i u cua Truong Van B i n (nam 1905).
2. Thirong n h a n
O Viet Nam, ldp thuong nhan d i u tien ''xudt hien khi cd yeu td ngogi cdnh md cu the Id SIC xudt hien ciia tu tuang phuang Tdy, phuang thicc sdn xudt tu bdn chu nghia theo chdn Phdp din Viet Nam, tao nen su xao Iron da dgi trong longxa hdi. NhOngyiu td sdn xudt tu bdn dd tdc ddng den tu tuang nguai Viet Nam, trong do tu tuang ve kinh doanh thuc nghiep dd ldm thitc tinh cdc nhd tri thicc, nhimg ngudi Viit nhgy hen vd kien cuang vd sau do lan toa trong cdc thdnh phdn trong xd hdr'^
Theo ly luan eua ehu nghia Mac, trong nen sdn xuat hang hda gian don, sy tac dgng ty phat cua quy luat gia tri se lam phan hda nhung ngudi san xudt hang hda theo hai dang. Thu nhdt, mdt sd ngudi phat tai giau len nhanh chdng, hp ddu tu md rdng sdn xuat, thue mudn nhdn cdng vd h d thanh dng chu tu ban. Thii hai, nhiing ngudi bi vd ng, phd sdn phdi trd thanh lao dgng ldm thue. Trong dang thir nhat, ngoai nhiing dng chii cdn ed lyc lugng diing ra ket ndi giira san xudt vdi thi trudng dd chinh Id thuong nhan. Sy phdn hda xa hdi Nam Ky dien ra sdu sdc, tang ldp lao dpng ldm thue cd ngudn gdc chinh tir ndng dan, hg chiu hai tdng dp biic Id dia chu vd thyc dan, khi tu lieu san xuat bi tudc doat hg phai tha
' Nguyen Dinh Tu (2016), h-.282.
2 Nguyen Dinh Tu (2016), tr.204.
Nghien ciiu An Dg va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
phuong tim viec lam, trd thanh cdng nhdn.
Chinh sach kinh te cua chu nghTa thyc dan tao ra sy tac dgng hai mat Id kim ham qua trinh ra ddi vd phat trien cua nen kinh te tu ban va; kich thieh cac quan he sdn xuat tu ban chii nghTa. Sy xuit hien nhOng yeu td cua phuong thiie san xuat tu ban chii nghTa thiic ddy nen kinh te Nam Ky cd nhiing chuyen bien lich eye. Ngoai che do sd hiiu mdng ddt vd bde lot dia td, tan du cua quan he san xuat phong kien, xudt hien eac mdi quan he sdn xudt tien tu ban chu nghia, vdi lyc lugng sdn xudt mdi d trinh do thu cong, ben canh la sy xuat hien cua cac nhd may, xf nghiep, cdng ty cd phan. Dieu ndy, tao ra co sd vat chat quan trgng cho su xuat hien nhung phuang thiic kinh doanh mdi, danh dau su ra ddi cua cdc cdng ty, nha mdy, xi nghiep, hieu budn do cac tu sdn ngudi Viet thdnh lap. C) Nam Ky phuong thiic san xuat tu ban ehu nghia cd dieu kien phat trien manh me va tang ldp thuang nhdn ra ddi, hoat dpng da dang nhieu nganh nghe va xudt thdn cflng khdc nhau. Thu nhdt, thuong nhdn la nhiing nhd Tdy hgc tryc tiep dung ra kinh doanh nhu Trdn Chanh Chieu, Nguyen Thi Xuyen, Nguyen An Khucmg. Thic hai, thuang nhan xuat than tir nhiing ngudi sdn xudt nhd. Nen san xuat tieu thii cdng nghiep truyen thong budc phai thay ddi khi cdng nghe, may mdc cua phuong Tay du nhap vao, mdt nen cdng nghiep nhd, non yeu dugc hinh thanh ngoai mong mudn cua chu nghia thyc dan. Thanh phan thuong nhan dan tpc xudt than tir nen sdn xuat nhd bi sy canh tranh, chen ep bdi t u bdn Phdp, Hoa kieu nhung hp cd mdt vai trd lich sir nhat dinh trong phong trao dau tranh ddi quyen Igi cho dan tdc tren ITnh vuc kinh te lan chinh tri. Tieu bieu d Nam Ky cd nhieu doanh nhan mua cac cdng cu sdn xuat cua Phap, thanh lap cdc xi nghiep nhu nha
^ Nguyen Dinh Tu (2016), tr.2i2.
* Nguyin Thi Anh (2017), U-.58.
Nguyen The Hong Ngudn goc xudt thdn cita Tusdn...
mdy in ciia Nguyen Van Viet d Sdi Gdn, xudng sira chua d td Le Phdt Tan, xudng uom to Ddng Lgi 1912, nha may xay gao d An Hda (My Tho) cua Nguyin Thanh Liem, hang xe cao su cua Nguyin Hiiu Thu. Thir ba, xuit thdn tir dai dien chii, mdt so dia chii da tan dung chinh sach rudng dit va chinh sdch xuat khdu nong san cua Phap, ngdy cdng m d rdng dat dai, thanh lap hang budn ban Iiia gao, thu lgi nhuan ngdy cang Idn. Song song Id cho thue rudng ddt phat canh thu td, vdi sd vdn trong tay, nhiing dia chii nay da thue nhdn cdng m d xudng cua. Id gach, che bien nong san. Dai dien chu d Nam Ky dugc xem nhu thuong nhan cd Tran Trinh Trach d Bac Lieu, Huynh Thien Ldc d Rach Gid, Nguyen Hiiu NghTa d Long Xuyen.
3. Thau khoan
De tien hanh khai thac thudc dia, thyc dan Phap phai tien hanh dau tu thiet bi, co sd ha tdng, cdng nghe, ben canh dd Id thiic day tang cudng nhap cang hang ngoai hda, xuat edng ndng phdm va hdng thu cdng. Nham phuc vu cho cong cupc cai tri, boc lot vd kinh doanh, tu ban Phap can mdt ldp ngudi tnmg gian lam dai Iy tu: viec tieu thy hang ngoai hda din thu mua nong phdm, san pham thii cdng vd lam thiu khoan cho viec van chuyen thilt bi, xdy dyng ca sd ha ting kT thuat. Tii nhflng cdng trinh xdy dung ciia tu ban Phap, tao ra nhung chu bao than, nhan khodn ngudi Viet. Khi mdi ra ddi hg phu thudc vao tu ban Phdp, ve sau hg bd von lap ra nhung edng ty nhd cung cip thilt bi cho thyc dan Phap tai thi trudng thupc dia. Tit viec lam tliau khoan cho thuc dan Phdp, hp da gidu len nhanh chdng, tich luy dugc mgt sd tien va de kiem dugc nhieu Igi nhuan hon, hg chuyin sang kinh doanh cdng - thuong nghiep. 6 Nam
Ky, nhieu nhd tu san ngudi Viet xudt than la thau phdn nhu cdng ty Le Thanh Vo (nam 1927) d Sai Gdn chuyen thau ve cdu dudng "vdn liic ddu la 60.000 dong chia ldm 60 co phdn. Nhirng ngudi bd von gdm: Le Quang Liem (nghiep chit a Rgch Gid gdp 36.000 ddng), Vo Dinh Thuy (cdng chuc Dd Lgt - 5.000 ddng)"^.
4. Si phu yeu nutfc tien bp va quan lai Cdc phong trao yeu nudc khong don thuan la vii trang chdng thyc dan va tay sai, ma yeu nudc can ldm cho dat nudc cudng thinh, de eo su cudng thinh thi trudc het phai "khai ddn tri, chdn ddn khi. hdu ddn sinh"^. Phong trdo Duy Tdn nhdm chan hung nudc nha dugc khdi xudng bdi cac sT phu tien bd, keu ggi ngudi Viet tiep can vdi nen hgc van phuang Tdy Uong khoa hpc ky thudt, hdng hdi tham gia vao nhflng boat dpng kinh doanh nham thiic day sy phdt trien kinh te ciia ddt nude. Phong trao dau the ky XX noi bat la su tdn vinh thuang nghiep. De tao niem tin eho xa hdi, cdc nhd Duy Tdn di diu trong cac hoat ddng phong trao. Tren ITnh vyc kinh te, hp tham gia kinh doanh da dang, tir rdt nhieu ITnh vyc thuang mai, san xudt thii cdng nghiep den giao thdng van tai. Hg nhanh nhay, nam bat ky thudt, sir dung va cai tao cdng cu lao dgng mdi trong san xuat. Sy dau tu cdng nghe mdi, tap trung thue nhdn cdng san xuat hang hda, ndng cao ky thuat cua thg thu edng, nhanh chdng thich ling vdi phuang phap ciia phuong Tay da phan nao ddp ling dugc vdi thi trudng trong va ngoai nudc. Phong trdo Minh Tan d Nam Ky vdi nhieu dai dien tieu bieu nhu Nguyen An Khuong, Nguyen Quang Dieu, Nguyin Thin Hien.
' Nguyen C6ng Binh (1959), tt. 103.
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
* Tran Mai Udc (2013), tr.l 12.
Nguyen The Hong. Ngudn goc xudt thdn ciia Tusdn...
5. C h u don dien
Nam 1894, trong Thdng tu gdi Toan quyen cac thudc dia, Bd trudng Bg thupc dia Deleasse chi ro ''khai thdc nhung viing lanh thd rdng lan md chung ta da chiim dugc thiit lap a do cdc ddn dien, phdt trien sue sdn xudt ciia thudc dia vd bdng chinh con dudng do phdt triin moi quan he ve thucmg mgi voi chinh gudc"'^. Nam Ky la vung dit mau md dugc thien nhien uu dai nen thuc dan Uiet d l khai thac va d l k l hoach khai thac thuan lgi thi viec d i u tien la chilm doat dit dai. "Din ndm 1912 so ruong ddt bi Phdp chiem de lap ddn dien len din 470.000 ha trong do Nam Ky bi chiim 308.000 ha"^. Nam 1897, Toan quyen Paul Doumer cho thdnh lap hai trung tam nghien ciiu thi nghiem uom gidng cay cao su tir hat tuoi. Tram thyc nghiem Ong Yem (Ben Cdt - Thu Dau Mdt) va d Su6i Ddu (thupc vien Pasteur Nha Trang). Sau khi thit nghiem thdnh cdng, nhieu cdng ty cao su tai Nam Ky thanh lap. Tat yeu, chu cac cdng ty vd don dien Idn da phan la tu ban Phap. Nhiing ngudi sd him dudi 100 ha dat trdng cao su gpi la tieu dien. Loai cd dien tich tir 100 - 499 ha ggi la trung dien, loai sd hiiu ndy cd su tham gia cua vien chiic ngudi Viet cd quyen the hoac thudc nhung ngudi than Phdp cd the lue. Nhu nam 1910, khi ddn dien cao su tai tinh Ba Ria dugc thanh lap, ngudi Viet da tham gia sd hflu dien tich gdm cd "Le Thdnh Long d Dinh Ba vd Le Vdn (..), cita Ddng Ngoc Khai a Binh Ba (..), ciia Vuang Quang Tdn a La Vdn, Binh Ba vd Ngai Giao (..), ciia Ly Bd Dung a Long Phudc (..), cua Nguyen Vdn Cua a Binh Ba vd Ngai Giao (..)"• Tinh Gia Dinh "tinh den ndm 1916 cd 49 ddn dien, chiem mdt diin tich chung Id 3.240 ha. Trong 49 ddn dien ndy cd 29 don diin ciia nguai Phdp, chiem dien tich 2.650 ha.
'TaThi Thiiy (1996), tr.U.
«Brenier(1914),U.56.
Sd cdn lai Id ddn dien nho cua ngudi Viit vd nguoi Hoa"^. Ngudi Viet tai Nam Ky tham gia sd hiiu Idn ve dien tich ddn dien phai ke den nhiing nhan vat tieu bieu nhu quan tda Do Hiiu Tri, nhd kinh doanh cdng nghiep Tmong Van Bin, va cac dng Le Phdt Tan, quan phii Vo Ha Thanh, Ddc phu sir Doan Hiiu Timg, chii sd kho bac Thu Dau Mgt- Nguyen Van Yen. Thanh phdn xuat than cua dien chu rat da dang trong do CO nha thiu khoan, thuong nhan, vien chuc, ngan hang, cyu binh. Su da dang ve nghe nghiep cua cac dien chu cho thay: thic nhdt, day la khu vuc cd dieu kien thuan Igi de xin cap nhugng nen nhieu dien chu d cac ITnh vuc khdc nhau xin cdp nhugng. "Tgi Bd Ria chinh quyen Phdp tic ndm 1925 cho khoanh mdt khu ddt 2.000ha, chia thdnh cdc Id nhd ban theo gid thda thudn vd chi dugc trdng cao su theo dem (...) Tinh den ngdy 26/8/1927 cd 448 dan xin vd 274 dan dugc chdp nhdn. Sd dan ndy vdn tiep tuc gici den... Tinh din ngdy 1/1/1928 cdc cuu binh da chiem 5 288 ha trong do cd 2/987 ha nam ngodi cdc 16 "'". Thu hai, sy da dang do se dua den hudng khai thac ciing cd the da dang d tren cac ddn dien trong vimg. Thu ba, cho thay tinh chdt thyc dan d khu vuc ddn dien. Nhiing dien chii chinh la nhiing nhan vien cai tri, kiem sodt kinh te. Hg sir dung vi tri, anh hudng cua minh, tir ngudn tien ed dugc do thuc hien budn ban bdt binh dang vdi ngudi ban xii de thau tom, chiem doat rudng dat cua chinh ngudi ban xir.
Chu ddn dien vira cd the lyc ve chinh tri, vita cd the lyc ve kinh te nen hg ra sire liing doan kinh te, xa hgi. Thu tu, thdnh phan dien chit se anh hudng khong nhd den ket qua hoat dgng san xudt trong ddn dien. Su phat triln eua kinh t l ddn dien tac dgng kha ldn d i n nhung bien ddi xa hgi tai Nam Ky. Ddn diln lam thay d6i hoan
' Nhu chu thich s6 01, tr.45.
"* Nhu chii thich s6 01, tr.45.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
Nguyen The Hong Nguon goc xudt thdn cua Tusdn..
toan bd mat xa hdi ciia dia phuong, tac ddng sau sic din ddi song cu dan bdn dia, lam nay sinh nhilu ting ldp xa hdi khdc nhau, pha vo ket cau xa hgi truyin thing cua cu dan ban dia. Trong xa hdi thdi ky nay ngoai cdc giai ting cu, su ra ddi ciia cac ddn dien Idm xuat hien mgt bd phdn tang ldp xa hdi mdi: chu ddn dien. Vdi nhieu nguyen nhdn chu quan va khach quan, mot bp phdn ngudi Viet la chii sd hflu dien tich dang ke don dien, hg d i u tu, khai thae, kinh doanh, canh tranh true ti8p vdi chii don dien la ngudi Phap, ngudi Hoa.
6. Dia chii nong nghiep giau co Trudc khi thyc dan Phap xam luge thi
"Nam bd cho din thi ky XVIII da tdn tgi nhicng che do sd hieu rudng ddt khdc nhau vdi nhimg ty le khdc nhau. Dgc diem ndi bat cua che do sa hieu rudng ddt d Nam Bg Id sd hieu rudng ddt cdng dien cdng thd chua xudt hien, ben cgnh do sa hihi ciia dia chu da phdt triin vd ngdy cdng chiem uu the"^K Khi thuc ddn Phap do hd, mong dat tap trung trong tay dia chii ngay cdng Idn nhd vao cudp doat cua ndng dan. Mat khdc, de phuc vu cho chinh sach xudt khau nhat la mat hang ndng sdn, thyc ddn Phdp edn cho khdng hoac ban re nhflng khu dat hoang cho tay sai, quan lai, cdng chirc giau cd, bien nhiing lyc lugng nay thanh dia chu. Ngdy 28/9/1897, Toan quyen Ddng Duong ra Nghi dinh md rdng dien ap dung quyen sd hflu ed nhdn rudng dit d Viet Nam. Vdi chinh saeh mdi, quyen sd hflu tu nhan dugc phap Iy thira nhdn, md dudng cho tu huu mong dat phdt trien manh vd su chiem doat rudng dat cua thuc dan Phap tang len khdng ngimg. Doi tugng sd hiiu rudng ddt ngoai nhung dien chu ngudi Phdp thi ngudi Viet ciing chiem mgt ti le nhdt dinh "O cdc tinh Rgch Gid,
" Tran Thi Thu Luang (2006), tr.26.
'2LSDuSn(I962),n-.42.
Bgc Lieu, Soc Trdng, Cdn Tha... thudc mien Hdu Giang... cd nhieu dgi dia chit Nam Bd dd chiim tdi 10.000 din 20.000 ha rudng ddt.. ."'^.
Ndng nghiep la nganh kinh te the manh cua Nam Ky, khi yeu td hang hda xam nhdp vao thi quan he va hinh thirc san xudt theo ldi truyin thdng bat budc phai thay doi. Tang Idp dja chii y thiic phai tang va khai thac mdt each cd hieu qua hon tu lieu sdn xuat ma hg sd him, viec cho thue dat san xudt khdng don thuan la phat canli thu td bang hien vat ma cdn thiet phdi chuyen sang hinh thiic thu mdi - td tien. Viee thu td tien lam cho dia chii tang rich luy gia tri tai san va khi kinh te hang hda phat trien, hg dimg td tien ddu tu, kinh doanh nhu mdt nha tu ban that sy.
Trong chuong trinh khai thac thuoc dia lan nhat (1897 -1914), dia chu la ngudi Viet tai Nam Ky ddn chiem mgt vi tri nhat dinh, khi cd dieu kien hg tham gia vao tat ca cac ITnh vyc cua ddi song xa hdi, tuy nhien muc dich, miic do tham gia la khae nhau trong ehinh thdnh phan huu san nay, nguyen nhan xuat phat tir thai dp hgp tac cua hp ddi vdi ehinh quyen thyc ddn. Nhirng dia chu noi len ciing vdi qud trinh khai thac thudc dja
"n/jw Trdn Trinh Trach a Bgc Lieu vdi 17.000 ha, Huynh Thien Ldc d Rgch Gid cd 12.000 ha, Hgi ddng Hdng a Cha Ldm cd 11.000 ha... va din sau nhung ndm 1920 cd Truang Vdn Ben vai 18 000 ha, Truong Dgi Danh vdi 8.000 ha.
Biii Quang Chieu vdi 15.000 ha"^^ deu thanh cdng nhd tranh thu chinh sdch rudng dat cua thyc dan Phap. Nhung dia chii Nam Ky td chirc thue mudn nhan cdng lao dpng tren nhung don dien bac ngdn. Theo bdo Ndng cd min dam (ten tieng Phdp: Causeries sur I'agrieulture et le commerce), sd ra ngay 29/8/1901 ghi nhdn d Nam Ky cd ''^nhirng diin chu chuyen thue muon nhdn cdng de cdy cdy, gid cdng nhgt a ndng
'^ Henry (1932), tr.l93.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
Nguyen The Hong Ngudn goc xudt thdn ciia Tusdn..
thdn Id 0,3 ddng, tinh ra liia Mc do vdo khodng 6 kg liia". Ben canh do, cdn cd tu san Id dia chu nhung c6 chiic vi ttong bd mdy chinh quyln thyc dan nhu Le Quang Chilu - cai tdng d Phong Diln (Cdn Tho). N h u vdy, "vdi mdt nin kinh te phdt triin nhdt trong todn xic Ddng Ducmg, a Nam Ky da hinh thdnh nen mdt tdng lap xa hgi "ben trin " moi (...). Nhirng dgi diin chil Nam Ky dii khdng nam vi quyin nhung co uy quyen rdt lan. Mice sdng vd danh tiing cua hg cdn tren cd quan tudn, quan phu. Dgi diin chu Nam Ky cd loi song khd gdn giii vai tdng lap tu sdn d do thi. Diiu ndy it thdy a xu Trung vd Bac Ky''^\
Ket luan
Trudc khi la mdt giai cap chinh thiic, tu san ngudi Viet d Nam Ky trai qua qud trinh rich luy tu ban vdi nhung hinh thiic va miie do khac nhau. Nhiing ngudi dimg nhiing bien phdp trao ddi bat binh dang ve gid cd gifl'a hg vdi ngudi tieu dimg, giiia hg vdi ngudi sdn xuit hg nhd le, cho vay lay lai, dau co tich trii trd thdnh giau cd.
Su xdm nhdp cua nen kinh te tu bdn chu nghia vao Nam Ky Idm xudt hien them cac giai tang mdi hoac chuyen doi thdn phdn ciia ting Idp cu de tham gia vao guong mdy san xuat theo hudng tu ban nhu thau phdn, sT phu, quan lai, diln chu, du muc dich tham gia kinh doanh khac nhau nhung hg da gdp phdn quan ttgng trong dinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi Nam Ky trudc ndm 1930.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. Nguyen Thj Anh (2017), Vdn hda kinh doanh cua doanh nhdn Viet Nam ddu the ky XX, Luan an tien sT Van hda hpc, Hpc vien hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh.
2. Nguyen Cdng Binh (1959), Tim hieu giai cdp tusdn VietNam thai Phdp thudc, Nxb. Van - Sir-Dia, Ha Ndi.
3. Brenier (1914), Essai d'Atlas Statistiques de L 'indochine Francaise, l.D.E.O. Hanoi.
4. Le Duan (1962), Giai cdp vd sdn vdi vdn de ndng ddn trong cdch mang Viit Nam, Ha Noi.
5. Henry (1932), Economic agricole de I'Indochine (Kinh ti ndng nghiep Ddng Duang), ban dich Hoang Dinh Binh, Ha Noi.
6. Hoi KHLS Viet Nam (2011), Qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt triin vung ddt Nam Bo, Bao cao tdng quan ket qua nghien ciiu de an Khoa hpc xa hoi cap Nha nudc.
7. Trin Thi Thu Luang (2006), Chi do sa hihi ruong ddt a Nam Bg tic the ky XVII den nira ddu the ky XIX, Tap chi Phdt triin Khoa hgc vd cdng nghi. Tap 9 (s6 3), tr.21-30.
8. Nguyen Dinh Tu (2016), Chi do thicc ddn Phdp tren ddt Nam Ky (1859 -1954), Tap 2, Nxb.
Tong hgp Tp.HCM.
9. Ta Thj Thiiy (1996), Ddn diin cua ngudi Phdp d Bdc Ky 1884-1918, Nxb.ThI Gidi.
10. Tran Mai Udc (2013), Tic tuang tuang
"khai ddn tri" cua Phan Chdu Trinh suy nghTve ddi mdi gido due a nudc ta hien nay, Tgp chi KHDHSP Tp.HCM, so 42, tr.l 12 - 119.
'" H6i KHLS Vi?t Nam (2011), tr.493.
Nghi6n ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2019, tr.36-41
