fil^fhUn eiiu - ^me- ASl 80 i (2oO)-2ui3
DANH GIA NHU CAU, XAC DINH PHAM VI VA NOI DUN6 CAN SAA DOI, DO SUN6 HIEN PHAP NAM 1992
I TS. HOANG VAN TO •
1. Danh gia nhu cau sufa doi, bo sung Hien phap nam 1992
Cac nha ta tudng cua Chu nghia Hien phap da chi ra rdng, dii Hien phap Id dao ludt toi cao, dong thdi la dao ludt thyc dinh cd ban.,, cd tinh chd't ben viing va cd' dinh hdn so vdi luat thudngi; la tdc pham tuyet vdi nhd't tiing dUOc san sinh ra vdo mpt thdi diem nhd't dinh bdi tri dc va muc dich ciia con ngUdi^; nhUng khi tri tue ciia con ngUdi trci nen phat triin hdn, sdng sudt hdn, khi xua't hien nhiing kham pha mdi, sU that mdi dugc phoi bay, each ca xii va quan niem thay doi cung vdi stl thay ddi cua hoan canh thi cac che' dinh cUng phai tien bd theo^.
Nhu vdy, moi ban Hien phdp deu khdng bat bien hay viec sda ddi, bd sung Hien phdp la td't ye'u, khdch quan.
Hien phap nam 1992, Hie'n phdp cua thdi k^
doi mdi, Cling khong nam ngodi quy ludt d'y, Sau khi dugc ban hanh, Hien phap 1992 da tao cd sd chinh tri - phap ly quan trgng gdp phan mang lai nhiing thanh tUu to 16n co y nghia lich sii trong cdng cupc dd'i mdi dd't nUdc, Nhitng sau 20 nam thi hanh, dd't niide da cd nhieu thay doi sdu sac vd trong nhiing sU thay doi do da dat ra nhu cdu sila doi, bo sung Hien phap cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi. Co the danh gia nhu cau sL(a ddi, bd' sung Hien phap nam 1992 dUa tren
cdc dac tinh cd ban sau:
- Tii die tinh chinh tn cua Hien phap phan anh nhiing dac diem nd'i bat nhd't cua thUc trgng chinh tri d mdt qud'c gia. Cu the hdn, no (i) phan dnh ke't ca'u he thd'ng chinh trj va tUdng quan lUc lUdng chinh tri (gom nhiing giai cd'p, tang Idp; vi tri, vai trd cua cdc lUc lUdng chi'nh tri); (ii) the che hda y chi cila lUc lUdng lanh dao dd'i vdi xa hdi, nha nUdc va vdi ban thdn Hien phdp,
Giai doan tif 1992 den nay cho tha'y ve cd ban, khdng cd sU thay ddi nhieu ve the che chinh tri (nhU ban chat nha nUdc, hinh thdi nha nU6c, Dang lanh dgo, tUdng quan giai cap...).
Nha nUdc ta van la Nha nUdc phap quyen XHCN ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhdn dan. He thd'ng chinh tri, cd cau giai cdp on dinh.
Dang Cpng san Viet Nam la lUc lUpng duy nhd't lanh dao Nha nUdc va xa hdi, dUdc nhan ddn ung hg. Su thay ddi Idn nhat quyet dinh tdi nhu cau svta ddi, bo sung Hien phap nam 1992 trong giai doan nay dd la chu trUdng, chinh sach xdy dung, dieu hdnh dd't nudc cua Dang trong tinh hinh mdi, dac biet la theo Cudng ITnh va Chien lUdc da dUdc Dai hpi dai bieu toan qudc cua Dang lan thii XI de ra. Trong dd, co rapt so noi dung rd't quan trgng: (1) Xdy dUng nen kinh te thi trudng theo dinh hUdng XHCN, cdc hinh
Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t ' Vien Nghien ciru lap phdp
'HJfjfiiiiiM, I crrttv- WLtM, S61 (250)-2013
thUc sci hiiu va vai tro cua cac thanh phan kinh te; (2) Ton trpng vd bao dam cac quyen con ngUdi, quyen cong ddn; cham lo hanh phiic, sU phat tri^n tU do cua mdi ngUdi; (3) Xdy dttng Nhd nUdc phdp quyen cua dan, do dan, vi ddn;
hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat va doi mdi to chiie, hoat dpng ciia bp mdy nha nU6c va van de bao ve Hien phdp; (4) Ve vdn hda, giao due, khoa hpc, cdng nghe, an ninh, quoc phong, ddi ngoai, hdi nhdp kinh te qud'c te; (5) Ve doi m6i sU lanh dgo cua Dang vd phdt huy vai tro ciia doan the qu^n chiing ma tieu bieu la Mat trdn To qud'c.
- TiX dac tinh phap ly cua Hien phap, the hien Hien phap la dao ludt cd ban, cd hieu lUc phdp ly cao nhd't ve ca ndi dung va hinh thiic.
Ve mat ngi dung, Hien phdp la dao ludt cd ban nen cd dd'i tupng, pham vi dieu chinh khac vdi thUdng ludt, no chi quy dinh nhiing vd'n dd' dUdc coi la thiet yeu, quan trong nhd't cua moi qud'c gia va dat trong md'i quan he gifla xa hdi, nha nUdc vd cdng dan. Vi vay, khi danh gia nhu cau siia dd'i, bo sung Hien phap noi chung vd Hien phdp nam 1992 can xem xet sU day du, diing ddn va phu hdp cua nhiing vd'n de nhU: (1) Chu quyen nhan ddn; (2) Pham vi dp dung, dd'i tUdng dieu chinh ciia Hien phap, nhiing vd'n de cd ban, nen tang cua xa hgi, Nha nU6c vd cong dan trong tinh hinh m6i; (3) Hieu lUc phap ly td'i cao cua Hien phap de bao dam, duy tri tinh d'n dinh, dinh hu6ng cho toan bd he thong phdp luat;...
Ve mat hinh thUc, edn xem xet each thiic, ky thuat the hien de Hien phap quy dinh day dii npi dung; dUdc sap xep theo trat tU logic phu hdp; ngon tU chat che, khai quat, ngan gon, siic tfch nhung phai chinh xac, de hieu, trong sang,
dan chii; van phong thdt sii thu^n Viet, mang tinh chinh tri - phap Iy nhUng phai phong phii, linh hoat, hiing hon...
Tijt thUc tidn thi hanh Hien phap nam 1992 cho tha'y, da xuat hien nhiing nhu cau sia doi, bd' sung Hien phdp nam 1992 ve ca ndi dung va hinh thitc,
- Tii dac tinh xa hpi, nhan van cua Hien phap dMc thd' hidn qua sU phan anh hien thUc xd hpi nhu ve ket cd'u xa hpi, lich sit, van hoa, truyen thd'ng... eua dd't nUdc, con ngUdi Viet Nam; de ra va tuyen bo' muc tieu xdy dUng xa hdi (trong pham vi mpt quoc gia) trong tUdng lai; ghi nhan, phan anh nhUng gia tri, thanh qua to Idn dUdc cpng dong the gidi xay dUng, thUa nhan va sU phii hdp vdi xu the phat trien Hien phap cua the gidi; bdy to sU chia se, hda dong vdi ban be quoc te.
Nhin chung, Hien phdp nam 1992 da the hien dUdc nhUng net tieu bieu nhd't ve lich s\i va truyen thoiig; ve muc tieu xdy dung dd't nUdc; ve kinh te, xa hpi, giao due, khoa hgc, cdng nghe... TVy nhien, trong dieu kien hien nay, da xuat hien nhu cau thay doi cho phii hdp vdi muc tieu, dinh hUdng ciia Dang ve xay dUng xd hpi, nha nUde trong giai doan mdi. Ben canh do, cung da xua't hien mdt so' van de toan cau dUdc chu nghia Hien phdp ndm bdt nhU md rpng mpt so' quyen cong dan, quyen con ngUdi, chd'ng khiing bo, bien dd'i khi hau, bao ve Hien phap...
2. Xac dinh, pham vi ngi dung ciia Hien phap nam 1992 can sxia dd'i* bo sung
TU ket qua ddnh gia nhu cau sUa doi, bd' sung Hien phdp nam 1992 diia tren cdc ndi dung the hien ba dac tinh cd ban cua Hien phap, cho tha'y nhiing ngi dung can siia dd'i, bo
Ddn ChCi & Phdp ludt D
Qtghiin eOu - grao- dSi S61 (250)-2013
sung cua Hien phdp ndm 1992 ve ca ndi dung va hinh thiic.
- VeLdi noi dau cua Hien phap Xu hudng Hien phdp cd Ldi ndi dau la phd' bien. Ldi ndi dau khdng mang tinh quy pham bdt budc thUc hien, nhUng lai cd tinh trao quyen, cd tinh tgo dieu kidn va mang mpt thdng diep rd't manh me den nhan dan ve ban chat ciia xa hdi ma Hien phdp muon md ta, cd gid trj bieu tUdng rd't cao, tac nen chdn dung cua mdt xa hdi dong long'*, Cd the khdi qudt mpt so' ngi dung tieu bieu md Ldi noi dau ciia Hien phdp cac nUdc thUdng the hipn, dong thdi ciing la cd sd de chiing ta tham khao dd la: (1) Xac dinh chu the xay diing Hien phap la toan the nhan dan: Xud't phdt tU ly thuyd't chu quyen nhan dan, kha nhieu Ldi ndi dau cua Hien phdp cac nude nhu My, DUc, Phap, Nhdt Ban, Han Qud'c, Nga... ghi nhdn Hien phdp la cua nhdn ddn vd do todn the ngUdi dan d dd't nUdc dd lam ra^; (2) Neu lydo, muc dich va nen tang xay diing Hien phap: The hien thong qua ndi dung ve (i) ghi nhdn dd'u mdc lich s\i trgng dgi cua dan tpc vd (ii) nguyen tdc nen tang cua Hien phap vd ndi len tinh than, mong mudn va quan ngai cua qud'c gia, dan tdc ve xdy dUng the gidi, ve nhiing vd'n dd' chung ciia ca cdng dong the' gidi quan tdm nhu chien tranh, hda binh, hop tac, chia se;
bay td tinh cam vdi cac qud'c gia ldng gieng, bdng hfiu^; (3) Ghi nhan vi tri, gia tri phap ly cua Hien phap va tuyen bo sii dong thuan cua nhan dan de thi hanh Hien phap: Khdng dinh Hien phap la dao luat cd ban, the hien sU dong long ciia nhdn ddn ve cam ket ra siic thUc hien Hie'n phdp ciing nhu ghi nhdn cac lan sua doi, bo sung Hie'n phap trUdc do''.
- Vie che do chinh tri
(1) Can sita doi, bd sung quy dinh the hien thiic trang he thong chinh tri Viet Nam: Hien phap vdi ban chat xa hpi - phan dnh tuOng quan giiia cac lUc lugng xa hdi, trUdc het can thiet phai ghi nhdn cac bd phdn cd'u thdnh cua he thd'ng chinh tri d nu6c ta; vi tri, vai trd ciia toan he thd'ng chinh tri dd'i vdi xa hpi, vdi nhan ddn; thiet lap ranh gidi tham quye'n ciia tUng b6 phdn; moi quan he, sU tac ddng giiia cdc bo phdn vdi nhau va vdi todn he thd'ng. Trong do, can ddc biet chii y tdi cdc bd phdn cd ban la Dang, Nhd nUdc va Mat trdn.
(2) Bo sung, lam ro han cd che nhan dan thiic hien quyen liic cija minh thong qua cac hinh thdc dan chii tnic tiep va dan chu dai dien. Doi vdi hinh thiic dan chu dgi dien, can khang dinh nhdn ddn khdng chi thuc hien thdng qua Quoc hpi, Hdi dong nhdn dan, md cdn thdng qua cdc cd quan khac cua Nha nUdc; quy dinh cu the hon cd che hdu giam sat vd bo phieu tin nhiem dd'i vdi mpt so' chUc danh quan trgng. Dd'i v6i hinh thde dan chu trUc tiep, can bd sung nhiing ngi dung ve trUng cdu y dan, cdc hinh thfe dan chu cd sd va doi mdi, hoan thien phdp ludt ve bau cii.
(3) The che hoa kip thdi, cu the nguyen tic
"Quyen liic nha niidcla thong nhat; co sii phan cong. phoi hap va kiem scat gida cac ca quan trong viec thiic hien cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap, tii phap": Ve ly thuyet, tuong Ung vdi moi xa hdi (ket cd'u xa hdi va sU tUdng quan giiia cac lUc lUdng xa hpi) va each thUc td' chiic quyen lUc nhd nU6c, thi ndi dung vd pham vi kiem soat khac nhau, nhUng nhin chung, sU kiem sodt thudng dUOc phdn thanh kiem soat ben trong va kidm sodt ben ngoai. Kiem sodt quyen lUc ben ngoai dUdc the hien qua mdi tuong tac qua
Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t
Q^jgmjiMM. tcMMMk. - XyirMHM^ I Sd1 (250)-2013 lai giiia ba chu the 16n, do la: Nhan dan - chu
the tdi cao ciia quyen lUc nha nUdc; liic IdOng chinh tri liu the- chu the dUdc nhan dan tin tudng lUa chpn de hinh thanh vd dieu hanh Nha nU6c; va v6i Nha niidc - chii the trUc tiep dUdc trao quyen va thUc thi quyen lUc, Kidm sodt quyen lUc ben trong dUOc the hien qua md'i tUdng tac qua lai giiia cac chii the mang quyen luc trong to chUc bd mdy nha nU6c (lap phdp, hanh phap, tu phdp; trung uong va dia phUOng). Tren nen tang ly ludn dd va tU dde thu chinh tri ciia Viet Nam thi viec the che hda nguyen tdc nay c^n chii trpng va tap trung vao cac ndi dung sau ddy:
- Kiem soat phai phii hop vdi dac trUng ciia xd hpi Viet Nam dUdc the hien qua ket cd'u, vi tri, vai trd ciia cdc bd phdn hop thdnh he thd'ng chinh tri; trong do. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam la dang duy nha't lanh dao Nha nUdc va xa hgi theo nguyen tdc "Nhan din lam chii - Dang lanh dao - Nha niidc quan ly". Theo dd, c^n the hien su kiem soat quyen lUc trong cae md'i quan he giiia nhdn dan vdi cae bd phan cua he thd'ng chinh tri va gifla cdc bp phdn vdi nhau.
- Kiem soat phai phii hdp va diia tren dac trUng cua nguyen tdc quyen lUc Nha nU6c la thong nhd't; co sU phdn cong, phoi hdp giiia cdc cd quan trong viec thUc hien cac quyen lap phap, hdnh phap, tU phdp. Ve thUc chat, day la sU kiem soat phai sinh tU kiem soat cua nhdn dan v6i Nha nudc, bao gom hai moi quan he can kiem soat do la (i) nhdn dan kiem sodt viec trao quyen ciing nhU kiem soat viec to chUc va van hanh quyen lUc nha nUdc; (ii) cO che "tU kiem sodt" hay "kiem soat Idn nhau" giiia cac nhanh quyen lUc. Nhu vay, Hien phdp phai the hien ca hai vd'n de tren vd deu phai tuan thu theo
nguyen tdc quyen lUc nha nU6c ta la thd'ng nhd't. Viec the che' nguyen tdc nay la rd't khdc biet so v6i cac nha nU6c to chUc quyen lUc theo thuyet tam quyen phdn lap.
• Ve che dp kinh te
(1) Vechedp kinh te'va muc tieu cua che dp kinh te: Ngoai viec xdc dinh, tuyen bd' vd cam ket theo dud'i mdt chd' do kinh te cu the cua Viet Nam la nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN thi Hien phdp c^n neu khai qudt nha't vd' ndi ham, ddc trUng tieu bieu nhd't ciia nen kinh te thi trUcfng djnh hudng XHCN nhU muc dich, nguyen tac, phUdng thiic van hanh,.. Ddc biet, can quy dinh cu the vai trd quan ly, didu hanh cua Nha nudc doi vdi ne'n kinh te noi chung, vdi cac quy luat van dpng ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng ciing nhu dinh hudng xay dUng, dieu tiet vdi cac loai thi trUcing.
(2) Ve cac thanh phan kinh te'va che dp sd hdu: Tiep tuc ghi nhdn cac thanh phan kinh te' va che do sd hiiu trong nen kinh te, nhUng can lam rd vai trd cua tUng thanh phan kinh te, chinh sdch cua Nha nudc doi vdi cac thanh phan kinh te. Dong thdi, quy dinh hdp ly va cu the hon cdc hinh thiic sd hflu, npi dung va tham quyen cua chii sci hutu tUdng Ung v6i tUng hinh thiic sci hiiu, dac bidt do'i vdi sci hUu toan dan,
(3) Ve che dp quin ly, van hanh cua nen kinh te: Tie'p tue thUa nhdn, tdn trgng, bao ve quyen tU do kinh doanh, bao hg quyen sd hiiu tai san hdp phdp; khdng dinh vai tro ciia Nhd nU6c va the hien nguyen tdc, phudng thiic quan ly, van hanh nen kinh te, k§ ca kinh te doi ngoai vd dac biet la ve hoat dong tai chinh, ngdn sach nha nUdc; khang dinh sU dong gdp vd the hien vai trd ciia tiing thanh phdn kinh te.
Nghien cUu de sua ddi, bd sung cac ndi dung c6
Ddn ChCi & Phdp ludt I
Qlghiin. tOa - gmo^ dSi 861(250)-2013
Hen quan cua Hien phdp hien hdnh nhdm (i) khdng djnh viec quan ly nen kinh te qud'c ddn viia la doi tUdng, nhiem vu trung tdm cua cua Nha nUdc, viia la phUOng thiic then chd't dd dat dUdc cdc muc tieu kinh te - xa hdi; (ii) cam ket Nha nUdc thong nha't quan ly nen kinh te qud'c dan bdng luat phap vd edng cu quan ly kinh te;
thiet lap mdi trUdng kinh doanh lanh manh, binh ddng; (iii) thiet lap cd che giam sat, kie'm soat, thanh tra, kiem tra trong boat ddng quan ly kinh te de lam rd tdc ddng chinh sdch va bao dam cdng khai, minh bach vd c6 the kie'm sodt;
(iv) dam bao vd khdng dinh cdc quan he kinh te vdi nUdc ngoai la mpt hoat dpng quan trgng;
tiep tuc khuyen khich cdc hoat dpng kinh te doi ngogi, hoat dpng dau tU vao Viet Nam va ddu tU ra nUdc ngoai; ton trgng cac luat phap va thdng le qud'c te, thUc hien day du cac cam ket song phuong va da phuong; (v) the Men quyet tdm dd'i mdi chinh sach kinh te, tao chuydn bien Idn trong quan ly hanh chinh ve kinh te de chuyen dan va hudng tdi nen kinh te cdng vdi trach nhiem phue vu cua cac cd quan nha nUdc; Uu tien phat trien ben viing tren ba try cot la kinh te' - xa hdi - mdi trUdng; Uu tien dau tU phdt trien, nhUng bao dam can doi, hai hda, tiet kiem, an ninh, an toan tai chinh, on dinh kinh te vT md vd bao dam an sinh xd hpi.
Ve quyen, nghia vu cd ban cua cong dan
Khang dinh, bao dam chu quyen nhan dan trong Nha nUdc phap quyen XHCN cua dan, do dan, vi dan. Quy dinh vai trd cua Hien phap vdi viec ghi nhdn, bao ve cac quyen con ngUdi, quyen va nghia vu cua cdng dan; sUa doi, bo sung cho phu hop v6i xu the phat trien cua Hie'n phap hien nay, ddp Ung yeu cau cua qua
trinh toan cau hda, hdi nhdp qud'c te' cua Viet Nam. Theo dd, can cd sU phdn biet giiia quyen con ngUdi va quyen cdng dan; tach mpt so quye'n vdi nghTa vu va xdc dinh mdt so" quyen nhung gdn vdi gidi han vd cd che bao dam thuc hien; bo sung mdt sd' quye'n cho phu hdp vdi phap ludt qudc te. Chuyen vi tri chUOng nay len ngay sau chUdng quy dinh ve che d^ chinh tri va bd' sung mdt so quye'n ddn chu trUc tiep.
- Ve Chu tich niicfc
(1) Can xdc djnh rd md hinh "nguyen thu qud'c gia", dd' tU dd xdc lap dugc cdn cU ldm cd sd cho viec sda ddi, bd' sung quy dinh cua Hien phdp hien hdnh ve vi tri, vai trd ciing nhU nhiem vu, quyen ban cua Chii tich nUdc mot each tUOng Ung.
(2) Xac dinh rd vi tri, vai trd chUc nang, nhiem vu cua Chu tjch nUdc trong bp mdy nhd nU6c cho phii hdp vdi nguyen tdc to chUc bp may nha nUdc trong tinh hinh mdi va vdi dac thii mdt Dang cam quyen d Viet Nam vd dap Ung yeu cau doi mdi cdng tdc lanh dao cua Dang.
- VeHpi dong nhan dan (HDND), Uyban nhan dan (UBND)
(1) Quy dinh hop ly ve npi dung eiia Hie'n phdp hien hanh theo hudng khdi quat, mang tinh nguyen tdc vd chi die'u chinh nhiing van de cot ldi, cd ban nha't nhdm bao dam tinh on dinh, hieu lUc cua Hien phdp, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho viec dd'i mdi, kien toan td' chUc va hoat dpng eua HDND, UBND8
(2) Xac dinh ro md hinh chinh quyen dia phuong de tit dd cd dinh hudng, can cU thd'ng nhat cho viec xac dinh dia vi phdp ly, nguyen tdc td' chUc vd boat ddng ciia tUng cd'p, Md hinh ehinh quyen dia phuong d Viet Nam hien nay khd ddc thii, vUa theo md hinh nha nudc "hen
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt
Qlgmin tuu - 'C/HW- aot S d i (250)-2013
bang" Xd Viet, vUa theo mo hinh ddn vi hanh chinh lanh thd' dia phUdng cua nha nU6c ddn nha't cua Phap nen con ton tai nhUng bdt cap, han che.
(3) Can cu the hda mot budc cac quy dinh ciia Hien phdp hien hanh ve to chUc va hoat ddng cua cac cd'p chinh quyen dia phuong, vi tri, vai trd ciia tUng cd'p de bao dam tinh dinh hudng tho'ng nha't cho he thd'ng phdp luat va phii hdp vdi tinh chd't dgc thii ve tU nhidn, lich sii vd kinh te - xd hpi. Vi du, c^n nghien cUu nhiing vd'n de' nhU: (i) md hinh to chUc chinh quye'n ci nong thdn vd dd thi; (ii) ddn vi hanh chinh cd tinh cha't viing, mien; (iii) md'i quan he giUa chinh quyen trung Udng vdi chinh quyen dia phuong, giiia cdc cd'p chinh quye'n dia phUOng vdi nhau, giUa UBND vdi HDND; ddy manh phdn cap, phdn dinh rd thdim quye'n, trach nhiem cho tUng cd'p chinh quye'n, tang cUcfng kiem tra, gidm sdt ciia cO quan cd'p trenQ
1. Allan R. Brewer Carias: Judicial Review in com- parative law" - Campridge University Press, Evist Published 1989, tr.95.
2. William Ewart Gladstone (1809 - 1898), Nguyen Tha tudng Viidng Quoc Anh.
3. Thomas Jefferson, nha hien phap noi tieng. Tong thd'ng thd ba ciia My.
4. Laurence H. Tribe, Thomas K. Landry, Reflections on Constitution- Making, A.U.J.INTL L&POL'YY, Vol. 8:627, p.630
5. Ldi noi dau cua Hien phap Nh$t Ban con nhi'n manh: "Nhan dan se khong chap nhan vase huy bo tat ca nhiing ban Hien phap, dao luat, sac lenh cung nhii nhiing cdng hao khong phu hgp vdi ban Hien phap nay".
6. Vi du: Ldi noi dau cua Hien phap Cong hoa Han Qaoc, sau khi khai quat bai moc lich sit quan trgng cua dat niidc vao nam 1919 va nam 1960 co neu ly do, muc dich ciia Hien phap la "detieu diet tat ca te nan xa hgi va bat cong: tao cd hpi binh dang cho mpi ngudi, tao sd phat trien toi da kha nang ca nhan...; de giiip moi
ngitdi thgc tbi nhiing nhiem vu, trach nhiem dilien vdi quyen va tg do va denang cao ch&'t Iitdng cupc song cho tat ca cong dan va dong gop cho boa binh the gidi, thinh vugng chung cua nhan loai... ". Hay 6 Hien phap Cpng hoa Ba Lan co neu: "Cung quan tam den sU ton vongva titang lai ciia Toquoc... bUdng tdi nhdng igi ich chung cua dat nUdc Ba Lan,... mang dn cha ong... thiia bitdng truyen thong tot dep nhat tH nen Cong boa Thd nhat...; y thdc dUdc sd can thiet phai hop tac vdi tat ca quoc gia vi ldi ich chung ciia nhan loai...; hfu tam din kmh nghiem cay ding khi quyen tU do va quyen con ngiidi bi vi pham tren d&'t mtdc chiing ta...; mong muon cac quyen cua cong dan luon duoc bao dam va cong viic cua cac cd quan nha mtdc luon dUdc tbUc hien mpt each tan tuy va hieu qua.,, sau day thiet lap ban Hien phap cua Cpng hoa Ba Lan...".
7. Vi du: Hie'n phap Ba Lan the hien: "Sau day thiet lap Hien phap cua Cpng hoa BaLanla dao luat cd ban cua Nha nUdc... Chiing ta keu gpi tat ca nhUng ai se ap dung ban Hien phap nay, ton trgng nhiing nguyen tac nay nhu nen tang khong the lay chuyen cua Cpng hda Ba Lan". Hien phap Nhat Ban the hien: "Chiing ta, nhiing ngiidi dan Nhat Ban, xm cam doan trudc danh du To qud'c se bang mgi bien phap CO the de thuc Men tat ca nhiing muc tieu va ly tudng cao ca neu tren".
Cdn ghi nhan cac lan siia doi thi Hien phap Han Qud'c, Phap, Singapore, Trung Quoc... deu ghi nhan.
8. Ket qua nghien cdu SO sanh vdi Hie'n phap cda cac niidc tren the gidi cho thay, cac ban Hien phap Viet Nam (trii Hie'n phap nam 1946) danh nhieu dieu de quy dinh va co npi dung kha chi tiet. dac tbd Ve so' hidng, Hien phap Viet Nam nam 1959 danh 19 dieu:
Hien phap nam 1980 danh 14 dieu va Hien phap nam 1992 danh 8 dieu de quy dinh ve HDND va UBND.
Trong khi do, Hie'n phap Han Quoc chi danh 2 dieu;
Phap danh 4 dieu; Nhat Ban danh 4 dieu. Vengi dung, Hie'n phap cac niidc thudng quy dinh het siic khai quat, ngin gon, chii yeu tAp trung quy dinh nguyen tic bao dam tinh tu quan, dgc lap ciia dia phUdng (bau cii, nguyen tac hoat dpng, lap phap, ngan sack) di hen vdi viec giam sat tit chinh quyen trung Udng (thong qua nhanh hanh phap); khang dinh pham vi tham quyen trong dia gidi hanh chinh va quyen thiet lap moi quan he hdp tac; quy dinh ve ddn vi hanh chinh dac thu: mpt so it quy djnh ve cac cap hanh chinh (Ba Lan, Phap):
cdn cac npi dung cu thi ve to chUc, nhiem vu, quyen han dUdc- quy dinh trong Luat.
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I
