CUA MALAYSIA THOI THU TI/OTNG MAHATHIR MOHAMAD
D 6 TRONG QUANG'
nudc Nhdt. Tich eye thuc day mdi quan tam cua Nhat Bdn den Malaysia, dng Mahathir Mohamad ddng thdi mong Chinh phi Nhat ddm nhiem mgt vai trd to ldn hon tren vu dai qudc te. Ddu nhung nam 1990, Mahathir neu y tudng thdnh lap Td chuc Kinh te Ddng A (EAEC), vd de nghi Nhdt Bdn lanh dao td chdc khu vyc ndy.
6ng Mahathir td chuc thu tudng cudi nam 2003, cham het mdt thdi ky ldn trong lich su Malaysia. Chae chan Mahathir la kien triic su cua sy bien ddi nhanh chdng Malaysia thdnh mdt nen kinh te cdng nghiep, ehinh sdch cua dng da giup ddt nudc khac phuc sy Id thudc ve hdng hda. Tuy nhien, Mahathir da de lai mdt di san vua quy bdu vda tdi te cho ngudi ke nghiep dng la Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Thu tudng thu nam cua nude nay.
Abdullah cd the cd cdch nhin rieng ve tuong lai quan he Malaysia-Nhdt Bdn, va phai xu ly cdi di san thira hudng cda Chinh phu Mahathir, ke cd van de doanh nghiep thep Perwaja Steel va hang che tao d-td Proton, nhdng lien doanh gida Malaysia vdi Nhat Ban dugc thanh lap de thuc ddy cdng nghiep nang, nhung khdng hoan toan dat ket qua mong dgi. Du sao, di san do van la san pham cua tinh than dan tgc ma nhieu ngudi ban cai.
J
rong khi gida Nhat Bdn vdi Trung Qudc va Han Qudc tung xay ra nhung va cham ngoai giao do each nhin qud khu lich su, thi quan he Malaysia-Nhat Bdn vdn dugc mieu td Id mat thiet va hdu nghi, tru thdi ky Nhat Bdn chiem ddng Ma Lai tu thdng Hai nam 1941 den thang Tdm nam1945, trong dd che do quan phiet thdng tri da gay ra nhieu dau khd cho ddt nudc vd con ngudi d day.
6 nhdng thap ky sau chien tranh, gida Nhdt Bdn vd Malaysia khdng he xay ra tranh chap lanh thd hay tinh hinh cang thang do cdch giai thich mdu thuan nhau ve lieh su.
Quan he song phuang jAdt trien tdt dep tu khi Ma Lai gianh dugc dgc lap d tay Anh nam 1957, vd dugc thuc day them tu thdng Hai nam 1982 lie nguyen Thu tudng Mahathir Mohamad dd ra chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng", coi nudc Nhat la khudn mau vd chu truang ddy manh quan he kinh te. Trong khi dd, chinh phu Mahathir khdi dgng chuang trinh phdt trien cdng nghiep nang, quan chuc nudc ndy tha thiet ldi keo cdc tap dodn da qudc gia (MNC) Nhat Bdn vdo Malaysia vdi hy vgng cdng nghe dugc chuyen giao rgng rai vd nhanh chdng tu
Nha nghien cuu
32 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009
Nghien citu khoa hoc
Trong mdt eudn sdch vd Mahathir Mohamad, tac gid Khoo Boo Teik"'bdn ti mi van de nay. Khoo Boo Teik khdng dinh rdng, quan diem cua Mahathir, tu nhung ngdy dng bat ddu sy nghiep chinh tri, da hodn todn mang tu tudng ddn tdc. La mdt nghi sT tre nhdng nam 1960, Mahathir la mdt ngudi Ma Lai kien quyet ddu tranh chdng sy khdng chd kinh te cua Hoa kieu, va qua thdi gian, tinh than dan tdc cua dng dan ddn phdt tridn. Ddn khi da la mdt chinh tri gia trudng thdnh va gid chdc thu tudng, Mahathir trd thdnh mgt ngudi Malaysia dan tdc chu nghTa, va trong nhdng nam 1980, Mahathir ty coi minh la ngudi phat ngdn cua The gidi thd Ba.
Khoo Boo Teik ndi rang, Mahathir rdt lo ngai ve tdc dgng tai hai eua todn cdu hda ddi vdi cdc nudc kem phat trien. Nhdn thdc ndy kich ddng Mahathir tdn cdng cdc trung tdm thuong mai vd tai chinh hung manh tren the gidi, da kich mdt trat ty the gidi khdng cdng bang. Mdt trong nhdng dac diem cua chd nghTa dan tdc Mahathir Id xu hudng chdng phuang Tdy, dng coi minh cd su menh bao ddm sy tdn tai cda Malaysia gida su canh tranh kinh te todn cdu gay gat. Khuynh hudng chdng phuang Tay cua dng dnh hudng tdi sy phdt trien quan he Malaysia- Nhdt Ban ve cd kinh te ldn chinh tri.
Chii truong "Nhin ve phuong Dong"
Mahathir bat ddu cdng kich phuang Tdy ddu nhdng nam 1980. Tiep theo chinh sdch
"Nhin ve phuang Ddng" Id cudc van ddng
"Mua cua ngudi Anh sau cung", mgt cugc
van ddng ed the dugc gidi thich la ddn trd thd cua chinh phu Malaysia ddi vdi hai quyet dinh eua ehinh phu Anh. Quyet dinh thu nhat Id tang hge phi cua sinh vien nudc ngodi d cdc trudng dai hge Anh. Quyet dinh thu hai la siet chat mdt sd ludt le ddu tu sau khi chinh phi Malaysia tiep thu quyen kiem sodt mgt cdng ty Anh.
Ddng chu y la, chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng" dugc thdng bdo trong dip ngoai trudng Anh den tham Kuala Lumpur de han gan quan he sirt me vdi Malaysia.
Trong mdt bdi viet ve quan he Malaysia- Nhat Bdn*^', Khadijah Md. Khalid ndi rang thdi gian thdng bdo chinh sdch nay da dugc tinh todn ky, de "bdo tin ve 'chuyen tinh' mdi vdi Nhdt Ban va ndi thdt vgng vdi nudc Anh". Cugc van ddng "Mua cua ngudi Anh sau cung" Id mdt phdn y mudn cua Mahathir Mohamad dinh gat bd dng chu thudc dia cu, ddng thdi bat ddu tim kiem mdt khudn mau mdi cho Malaysia trong sd cdc nudc Ddng A. Chu truong "Nhin ve phuong Ddng" trd thanh nen tang quan he Malaysia-Nhdt Bdn.
6ng Mahathir tin rang, Nhdt Bdn va Han Qudc, hai nudc Ddng A da thdnh cdng Idn ve kinh te, cd thd cung cdp mdt chien luge phdt trien khdc vd trd thdnh mau myc cho Malaysia. 6ng bat ddu khuyen khich ngudi Malaysia hge tap "phuang Ddng" chu khdng phdi "phuang Tdy" Tu ngdy dp dyng chinh sdch "Nhin vd phuang Ddng", Mahathir tap trung cd gang vao viec tang cudng quan he
'" Khoo Boo Teik, Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual Biography of Mahathir Mohamad (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995).
'^' Khadijah Md. Khalid, "Malaysia-Japan Relations Under Mahathir," trong cuon Reflections: The Mahathir Years. (Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University, 2003).
NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009 33
gida Malaysia vdi Nhdt Bdn de tao ra mdt mdi lien he dac biet. Theo nhan xet cua Johan Saravanamuttu*^', thi chinh sach "Nhin ve phuang Ddng" bdo hieu "mdt quan he quydt dinh vdi 'phuang Ddng', se tdn tai sudt thdi ky cam quydn cua Mahathir"*'".
Coi Nhat Ban la hinh mau cho Malaysia, dng Mahathir Mohamad khuyen khich ddng bao dng hge tap dao due lao ddng va gid tri cua ngudi Nhat. De hd trg sy "chuyen giao gid tri" tu Nhdt Ban, chinh phu Malaysia dua ra mdt chuang trinh giao dye mdi, cap hge bdng cho hdng tram thanh nien cd tai sang hge va thi lay hge vi d cac trudng dai hge Nhdt. Theo chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng", dao due cda xa hdi Ddng A, dao due lao dgng va phong cdch qudn ly cda nd, se dugc thue ddy tai Malaysia. Ddng thdi, dng Mahathir nhdn manh rang "Nhin vd phuang Ddng...khdng cd nghTa Id mua tat ca cdc hdng hda td cdc cdng ty cua phuang Ddng hay ky tdt ed cac hgp ddng vdi cac cdng ty dd, tru phi cdi hg dua ra Id tdt nhdt".
Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn ddnh gid cao chinh sach "Nhin ve phuong Ddng", coi dd la eo sd cua "quan he dae biet" gida Nhat Ban va Malaysia. Dai su Masaki Konishi cua Nhdt Bdn d Malaysia tuyen bd rang "cd Nhat Ban va Malaysia deu nhd Tien sT Mahathir md cd quan he rdt tdt dep". Dai su mieu td Mahathir la mdt ngudi ban ldn eua nudc Nhat "da ddng gdp to ldn cho quan he song phuong". Chinh phu Nhat Ban bay td hy
''' Johan Saravanamuttu, "Iconoclasm and Foreign Policy - The Mahathir Years", trong cu6n Reflections: The Mahathir Years (Washington, D. C : Johns Hopkins University, 2003).
'•"Nhu trich din 3.
vgng rang, quan he gida hai qudc gia se giup tang cudng mdi lien he cua nudc Nhat vdi toan the Hiep hgi cdc Qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN).
Tuy nhien, mac dau dugc chinh thuc ung hg, chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng" van bgc Id nhidu diem yeu. Trudc het, chinh sdch dd chang dua ra mgt chuang trinh kinh te thich ddng nao, nd la mdt sdn pham phu cua xu hudng chdng phuang Tdy md Mahathir theo dudi. Nd la tuyen ngdn chinh tri cua ca nhdn dng hon la mdt quyet dinh tap the cua Chinh phu Malaysia. Thu hai, chinh sdch
"Nhin vd phuang Ddng" khdng chu trgng tdi nhdng khdc biet ca ban trong bdi canh xa hgi vd chinh tri cua Nhdt Ban vd Malaysia.
Theo nhan xet ngan ggn cua Khadijah Md. Khalid, thi "Tide thay cho Mahathir, nudc Malaysia khdng phai la Nhat Ban". Bd ndi rang, mac dau chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng" dugc dd ra each day hon 20 nam, ngudi Malaysia van chua san sdng chap nhan hodn todn "cdi ggi la nhung gid trj cua Nhat Bdn", trong dd cd dao due lao ddng, ky ludt, va ldng trung thdnh. Ndi each khdc, nhdng khdc biet Idn vd van hda gida hai nudc da trd thanh vat chudng ngai can trd sy chuyen giao khudn mdu Nhat Ban - ke ca dao ddc lao ddng Nhat Ban - cho Malaysia. Ket qud Id, chu truang "Nhin ve phuang Ddng khdng dat dugc myc dich mong mudn Id khac sdu dao due lao ddng tich eye vao tam tri ngudi Malaysia, dac biet thanh nien".
Chuang trinh giao due theo hudng "Nhin ve phuang Ddng", chu truang dua hdng tram ngudi Malaysia sang hge va thi Idy bang cdp
34 NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009
Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
a cdc trudng dai hge Nhat Bdn, trd thanh cdi dich phe phan. Mdt bd trudng trong Chinh phi Malaysia la Mustapa Mohamed bay td ndi thdt vgng nhu sau ve nang lyc nhdng ngudi tdt nghiep d Nhdt Ban: "Trong sd 1.200 sinh vien dugc gui di hge, theo chu truang Nhin ve phuang Ddng cua Chinh phu, chi cd 12 ngudi trd thanh nha doanh nghiep thdnh d a f *'*. Ngodi nang lyc tdm thudng cua sinh vien tdt nghiep, chang bang chdng nao cho thay cd su "chuyen giao gid tri". Mgt sd nhd nghien cuu luu y tdi y nghTa tieu eye cua chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuang Ddng". Thi dy, Wendy Smith, binh ludn ve tdc ddng xa hdi-van hda tieu cue nhu sau:
"Mia mai thay, cd the ndi rang tdc ddng cua chinh sdch Nhin ve phuang Ddng Id sy truyen bd karaoke hon Id dao due lao ddng"'^'.
Trudc nhdng ldi chi trich dd, Chinh phu Nhat Ban van ung hd chinh sdch "Nhin ve phuong Ddng", thdm chi cung cdp nhdng khodn tien dac biet de "cuu" chuang trinh gido due lie Malaysia bi tdc ddng cua khung hodng kinh td Chdu A cudi nhung nam 1990.
Sd tien 127 trieu dd-la cho vay da tao dieu kien cho 1.400 sinh vien Malaysia sang Nhdt Bdn hge nam 1998 va 1999, ngodi 75 trieu dd-la de cap hoc bdng cho 440 sinh vien theo hge ve co khi va khoa hge. Sy dng hd chinh sach "Nhin ve phuang Ddng" cd tinh chdt thyc dyng. Thi du, trong sd 1 ti dd-la Chinh phi Nhdt Bdn cho Malaysia vay de khac phyc hau qua cia khung hoang kinh te.
'*' New .Straits Times, May 5, 1997.
'" .Japan and Malaysian Development: In the shadow of the Rising Sun, ed. K.S. Jomo (London: Routledge, 1994).
mdt phdn nam dugc chi cho sinh vien hge d Nhat Bdn.
Dau tu' cua Nhat Ban
Tu nhdng nam 1970, cdc tap dodn da qudc gia (MNC) Nhdt Ban da cd mat khap Ddng A. Mdt mang ludi sdn xuat tinh vi ma cdc MNC nay thiet lap dugc ggi Id "kieu ngdng bay" cua sy hdi nhap kinh te Ddng A, mgt mang ludi duge xay dyng bang ddu tu trye tiep cua nudc ngodi vd thuong mai qudc te. Trong kieu hdi nhap kinh te khdng chinh thuc nay, Nhdt Ban la "con ngdng ddu ddn"
vi Id nude Chdu A ddu tien "cdt cdnh" vd kinh te, cdn hdng "ngdng thd hai" Id Hdn Qudc, Ddi Loan, vd Singapore, tidp theo la hdng "ngdng thu ba" gdm cdc nude ASEAN.
Mang ludi sdn xudt nay giup mdt sd nudc Ddng A cdt cdnh ve kinh te. Mahathir hieu rd tiem nang to ldn cda quan he kinh td mat thiet vdi Nhat Bdn ddi vdi sy phat trien cda Malaysia.
De thyc hien chuang trinh cdng nghiep nang, Mahathir quydt dinh su dung ngudn tdi chinh, bi quydt cdng nghd, vd nang lyc qudn ly cua cac cdng ty Nhdt Ban. 6ng tim kiem sy ung hd cua cdc MNC Nhat Ban cho chuong trinh kinh te cua minh, va cd gang thiet lap quan he chat che vdi hg. Rd rang Mahathir cdn vdn ddu tu cua Nhat de day Malaysia len vj the mdt qudc gia phdt tridn day du nam 2020. De thuc day nd lyc edng nghiep hda, Mahathir khuyen khich cdc hang cua Nhdt lien doanh vdi cdc cdng ty Malaysia. Chuang trinh edng nghiep nang cua dng dugc thyc hien trong cdc lien doanh cua Nhat Bdn vdi Tap dodn Cdng nghiep nang Malaysia (HICOM), vd nhu vay, cac
NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fl. SO 8(102) 8-2009 35
MNC manh cua Nhat bat ddu cdng tdc vdi cac cdng ty Malaysia. Thi du. Tap dodn Mitsubishi Motors ky mdt thda thuan vdi HICOM de thdnh lap cdng ty sdn xudt d td Proton cua Malaysia. Mgt td chdc cdng nghiep khdng Id khac la Tap dodn Nippon Steel lien doanh vdi HICOM dd xdy dyng nhd may thep Perwaja Steel.
Cudi nhung nam 1980, tinh trang giam sut ddu tu tai Malaysia ket thuc, ddu tu trye tidp cua Nhat Bdn phat trien ddn dinh cao, do hai nhan td. Thu nhdt, Chinh phu Malaysia dp dung bien phdp khuyen khich dac biet dd thu hut cdc nhd ddu tu nudc ngodi. Thd hai, ddng yen Nhdt Bdn sau Hiep udc Plaza (1985) tang gid manh so vdi ddng dd-la My, khuyen khich cac cdng ty Nhat Bdn tang cudng ddu tu d nudc ngodi. Nam 2006, cd 1.199 cdng ty lien doanh Nhat Ban d Malaysia, cac MNC Nhdt xay dyng ehi nhanh va nha mdy khap noi, ke cd d nhung bang tuong ddi xa nhu Kelantan, Perils, Sabah, va Sarawak"'. Cdc khodn ddu tu ndy gdp phan md rdng thi trudng lao ddng Malaysia, khi nhd may va co quan mdi cung cdp CO hdi kidm viec 1dm cho cdc vung ndng thdn. Mgt sd MNC Nhdt Ban cam kdt duy tri chi nhdnh d Malaysia. Cdc ca sd cua Sony, Hitachi, va Matsushita-Panasonic da hoat ddng tai ddy hon hai chyc nam.
Ddu tu cua Nhdt Ban dd vao Malaysia ddn den quan he song phuang can bang hon, khi cac cdng ty Nhat bat dau xudt khdu hang hda che tao d Malaysia trd vd Nhat Ban. Trudc nhung nam 1980, mdt nudc dang phat tridn
' Tai lieu ciJa Dai sir quan Nhat Ban tai Malaysia.
thudng xuat khau nguyen lieu sang mdt nudc phdt trien, va nhap khau hdng hda tu day ve. Mac du ddu tu trye tidp cua Nhat Bdn da cd mat thudng xuyen d Malaysia va nhieu nai khac cua Chau A trong may thap ky, va gdp phan vao sy cdt cdnh d mdt sd nudc trong khu vyc, nhung cac van dd kinh te khu vyc vdn chua dugc thdo ludn vd phdi hgp. De khac phyc thieu sdt nay, va dd ddi trgng vdi cdc khdi kinh te khac dang hinh thdnh d chau Au va Bae My, dng Mahathir dua ra dau nhdng nam 1990 sang kidn thanh lap EAEC nhu da ndi, mdt nhdm kinh td khu vyc hodn toan Ddng A. De nghj dd dugc coi la mdt y kien thang than dau tien mudn xay dyng mdt td chuc d Ddng A ndi chung.
Nhung chang nhdng Mahathir mong Nhdt Bdn tham gia EAEC, ma cdn mudn nudc Nhdt lanh dao td chuc dd. 6 n g dd nghi gat cdc "nudc da trang" ra ngodi nhdm nay, nhu Hoa Ky, Australia, Canada, va New Zealand. Ong mudn thuyet phyc Nhdt Ban bien kha nang kinh te cua minh thdnh sue manh chinh tri. Tuy nhien, khdng gidng chinh sach "nhin vd" Nhat Bdn cua dng, khdi niem phdt tridn quan he Malaysia-Nhdt Bdn bang cdch cgng tdc vdi nhau trong EAEC khdng dugc Chinh phu Nhat Ban tidp nhdn man ma. Sy lanh nhat dd phu bdng den len quan he song phuang vdn chat che vd than tinh trong nhidu thap ky. Nhat Bdn khdng nhiet tinh tham gia va lanh dao EAEC mgt phdn do sy chdng ddi cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky. Ngay tu ddu, My da khdng ung hg viec thdnh lap EAEC, va coi td chuc nay Id thua.
Nudc Nhat khdng thd coi nhe lap trudng cia
36
NGHIEN Cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009Nghien citu khoa hoc
Chinh phu My, vi thd lanh nhat vdi kd hoach cua Mahathir.
Trai ngugc vdi lap trudng cua Chinh phu Nhdt, gidi kinh doanh va cdc MNC ldn cua nudc nay lai nhiet tinh vdi de nghj eua Mahathir ve EAEC. Mdt sd nha lanh dao cd dnh hudng cua gidi doanh nghiep, trong dd cd chu tich Yotaro Kobayashi cua Fuji Xerox, da len tieng ung hg EAEC. Td bdo Far Eastern Economic Review ngdy 20 thdng Tdm 1992 dang bdi eua Anthony Rowley viet rang: "Chinh sdch Nhin ve phuong Ddng eua nhd lanh dao Malaysia, ban bd trong nhung nam 1980, lam cho ngudi Nhdt hanh dien, va tuy Tokyo cdng khai khudc td Idi Mahathir keu ggi thdnh lap EAEC, nhung dd nghj dd dugc ung hd nhieu tai Nhdt Bdn".
Nhan xet chung
Trudc het, mac ddu Malaysia da trd thanh diem den hdng ddu cua JDl (ddu tu true tiep cua Nhdt Bdn) trong ASEAN, nhung chang ai thdy mdi lien quan gida dau tu cua Nhdt Bdn vdi chu truong "Nhin ve phuong Ddng"
cua Mahathir. Luc chu truong "Nhin ve phuong Ddng" dugc thyc hien ddu nhung nam 1980, ddu tu cua Nhat Bdn giam sit nhidu. Tu nam 1981 ddn 1986, chi cd 37 cdng ty mdi cua Nhdt lap chi nhdnh d Malaysia. Trong cuon sdch Nhdt Bdn vd stt phdt triin ciia Malaysia, Mehmet Sani
Denkar cho rdng dau tu gidm sut Id do "nhiet tinh ddu tu gidm, nhdt la trong ngdnh chd tao, lidn quan ddn hodn canh kinh td am dam d Malaysia va qudc td".
Ddu tu cua Nhdt Bdn vdo Malaysia chi tang cudng trong nhdng nam gida 1980, do
Aong yen cua Nhat len gid so vdi ddng dd-la.
Sy tang cudng ndy Id mdt phdn cua cdi ggi la
"dgt thd hai" cua JDI dd vao Ddng Nam A.
De gidm ehi phi sdn xudt, cac MNC Nhat Ban bat ddu xay dyng mdt mang ludi sdn xudt rdng rai trong khu vyc bang each tich eye dau tu vao cac nudc Ddng Nam A, trong dd ed Malaysia. Hang hda che tao d cac nhd may Nhdt Ban tai Ddng Nam A dugc xudt khau vd Nhat hoac cdc thi trudng nudc ngodi khdc. Ddu tu cua Nhdt Ban giup Malaysia cung cdc nudc ASEAN khdc trd thdnh nhdng trung tdm che tao trong khu vyc.
Tuy "dgt thu nhdt" cua sy bdnh trudng kinh te Nhdt Ban vap phdi phong trdo chdng Nhat trong khu vyc nhdng nam 1970, nhung khi dgt thd hai trdn tdi nhdng nam 1980, hdu nhu chang cd hanh ddng ndo chdng su hien dien kinh te cua Tokyo. Luc dd, dau tu cua Nhat Ban dugc cdng nhdn Id ngudn thu nhap quy gid eho cdc nen kinh td dia phuang, cdc cdng ty Nhdt tao ra vide 1dm mdi vd khien thuong mai qudc te manh me len. Cdc chinh phu d Ddng Nam A dp dung nhieu bien phdp khuyen khich dd thu hut cac MNC Nhat Ban, nhu thd nghTa la hg cd cdeh gidi thich rieng vd chinh sdch "Nhin vd phuang Ddng".
Malaysia vd cdc nudc Ddng Nam A kia ehi khae nhau d chd, nhd cdm quyen Kuala Lumpur tuyen bd dudng ldi kinh td vd chinh tri thidn vd Nhdt Bdn bang each chinh thuc thdng bao y dinh "Nhin ve phuang Ddng".
Kieu ddu tu ndi tren cho thdy chinh sdch than Nhat Bdn cua Mahathir chi ddng mdt vai trd han chd trong vide thu hut eac cdng ty Nhdt. Khadijah Md. Khalid ndi rang: "Cdc cdng ty Nhdt vdn dau tu vdo Malaysia md
NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009 37
chang cdn nude ndy cd chieu hudng thdn Nhdt". Dau tu cua Nhat Ban phdn ldn dugc quyet dinh bang nhdn td kinh te hon Id ly do chinh trj, vi Malaysia chang phdi Id didm den duy nhdt cua nha ddu tu Nhat Bdn. Cdc nudc ASEAN khdc nhu Thdi Lan va Ddng Duong cdng da tiep nhdn ddu tu nhieu eua Nhdt Ban.
Tuy ddu tu cda Nhat Ban cd lgi cho Malaysia, nhung cung ed mdt sd that bai ldn.
Mdt trong nhdng dy dn nhidu tham vgng nhdt cua Mahathir Id cdng ty Perwaja Steel, lien doanh Nhat Bdn-Malaysia thdnh cdng nhdt. Chang nhung nd khdng chuyen giao dugc cdng nghe can thiet tu Nhat Bdn, ma cdn thua Id nhieu. Tuy vay, Mahathir vdn chung minh dy an ydu quy cua dng Id dung, vd thdng bdo rang chinh p h i biet rd khd khan khi mudn thu lai Idn trong cdng nghiep thep, nhung "san sang mat tien"*^'.
Nam 2006, nhd may Perwaja Steel Id khoang 10 ti ringit (tdc 2,7 ti dd-la), mdt thdt bai Idn nhdt ve tdi ehinh. Tap dodn Nippon Steel nhdn xay dyng mgt thiet bi trong nha may thep cua cdng ty Perwaja Steel, nhung thiet bi dd van hdnh khdng tdt vd bi ddng eua. Nippon Steel bd tdt ca cdc cd phan vd quyet dinh td bd dy dn. Sau khi thay ddi co cdu, Perwaja Steel ng rdt nhidu. Ddu nam 2004, trong "cudc chidn chdng tham nhung"
do ngudi kd nhiem Mahathir la Abdullah Ahmad Badawi khdi xudng, nguydn Giam ddc didu hdnh cua Perwaja Steel la Chia Eng Hock bi bat giam, va bj budc tgi da gian ddi cho phdp Perwaja Steel tra 76,4 ringit (tuc
' New Straits Times, February 26, 2002.
20,1 trieu dd-la) cho tap doan NKK cia Nhdt Bdn.
Mgt dy dn ldn khdc cua Mahathir la hang san xuat d-td Proton tuy lam an khd han, nhung bat lgi da bgc Id ngay tu ddu trong vide xay dung mdt cdng nghiep d-td qudc gia. Bat Igi rd nhdt la cuge canh tranh todn cau gay gat vdi nhung hang san xudt d-td ndi tieng the gidi de gianh nhau mgt thi trudng Malaysia rat han che. Proton biet rd the yeu cua minh, cdng nhdn rang "van cdn mdt con dudng dai nda phdi di".
Quan he gida Proton vdi Mitsubishi Motors eung cd vdn dd. Trong nhdng nam
1990, da cd ngudi lo lang vd tien do chuyen giao cdng nghe tu Nhat Bdn. Ban than dng Mahathir phan nan rang, cdng ty Nhdt rat cham dp dung cai tien cdng nghe cho cdng ty Malaysia. Dd bdt phu thudc ve cdng nghe vdo Mitsubishi Motors, hang Proton mua mdt cd phan nam 1996 trong cdng ty sdn xuat d-td the thao Lotus cua Anh. Nam 2000, Proton mat tin nhiem khi khdng bdn dugc dgt thu nhat xe Proton Perdana vi nhdng hdng hdc, vd bay gid, dang dau tranh dd duy tri chd dung d thi trudng trong nudc sau khi thua Id kha ldn.
Ngoai thanh tich kem cdi cua mgt sd lien doanh Malaysia-Nhdt Ban, tieng tam cua cac cdng ty Nhdt cdn lu md do ldi cao budc
"xuat khau d nhiem". Giua nhdng nam 1980, dan chung d bang Perak budc tgi cdng ty ARE (Dat hiem), mgt lien doanh gida tap doan hda chat Mitsubishi Chemical vdi Malaysia, da dd rac thai phdng xa gdn nha may. Nam 1985, cugc tranh chdp dugc dua ra trudc phap ludt, va tda an dja phuong
38 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009
Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
dung ve phia dan chung, ra lenh eho ARE ngimg hoat dgng. Khdng hai ldng vdi phdn quyet nay, ARE khang dn len Tda dn Tdi cao nam dd. Thdng 12 nam 1993, Tda an Tdi cao xd cho ARE thang kien, the la cdng ty nay dugc phep tiep tyc hoat ddng. Tuy nhien, mdt chien djch dugc phdt ddng d Nhat Ban ddi ARE ddng cua nhd mdy, hon bdn trieu chd ky dugc thu thap dd gdy sue dp vdi Mitsubishi Chemical. Thdng 1 nam 1994, ARE cudi eing dinh ehi cdng viec.
That bai vd tai tieng cda mdt sd lien doanh, cdng vdi hy vgng tieu tan ve cdng nghe hien dai, da khidn nhieu ngudi trong chinh quyen Mahathir cung dam ra chan ndn cac cdng ty da qudc gia Nhdt Bdn. Trong cuon sdch nhan de Nhdt Bdn co cdn Id so mot khong?, Vogel binh ludn rang, sau nhdng sy viec xdy ra trong cdng nghiep thep va d-td Malaysia, "ban lanh dao Malaysia hoi cdnh gidc vdi cac doanh nghiep Nhdt Bdn".
Ket luan
Lanh dao mdt nudc nhd dang phdt trien, Mahathir la mdt ngudi nang tu tudng ddn tdc. Chu nghTa dan tdc cda dng cd mdt phuang hudng rd ret, trudc het Id dudng ldi chdng phuong Tdy, nhung cdng do sy ma tudng vd thdnh cdng cua Malaysia, mdt thdnh cdng ma dng nghT la da bi chinh sdch cua cdc dng chu thudc dia cd ngan trd. Vdi lap trudng chdng phuang Tdy, Mahathir tim each thidt lap nhung lien minh d phuang Ddng, trong dd dng lya chgn nhung nudc da thdnh cdng Idn vd kinh te. Dd bat chudc nhdng nudc ndy, dng dua ra chinh sach
"Nhin vd phuang Ddng".
Tuy nhien, Mahathir chang nhan thay rang y chi chinh tri cua dng vd sy ung hg dng gianh dugc chua the giup chinh sdch dd dat ket qud, vi nd thieu mdt dudng Idi chi dao rd ret, mdt kd hoach. Ngodi ra, cdn phai chu y tdi nhdng khdc biet ve van hda va lich sd gida Nhdt Bdn va Malaysia.
Thi hdnh chinh sach than Nhdt, Mahathir mong sang kien cua minh dugc Chinh phd Nhat Bdn hd trg day du, nhung dng da phdn doan sai 1dm vi Nhdt Ban khdng san sdng ung hg xu hudng chdng phuong Tay cua dng. Trong khi xay dyng quan he song phuang vdi Malaysia, Chinh phi Nhdt cdn phdt trien quan he vdi cac nude ASEAN.
Nhdt Ban coi Malaysia la mdt nudc hdu nghi va san ldng thiet lap "quan he dac biet", nhung dung lam tdn hai quan he tdt dep vdi ddng minh phuong Tay, nhdt Id Hoa Ky.
Ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn, nudc Malaysia la mgt ddi tac kinh te trung kien, mdt diem den vdng chae cua ddu tu, vd mdt dudng ddy lien lae tiem tdng dd phdt trien quan he vdi cdc nudc ASEAN. Khi ndo lgi ich cua hai nudc phi hgp nhau, thi quan he song phuang phat trien em a vd cdng cd lgi. Chang han, chuong trinh giao dye cd the dugc xem Id nd lyc hgp tdc thdnh cdng nhdt. Myc tieu eua Nhdt Ban la thu hit nhieu sinh vien nude ngodi vdo cac trudng dai hge cua minh, trong khi tham vgng cua Malaysia la mudn gui thanh nien sang hoc dd Idy bang cdp d Nhdt Bdn.
Nhung trong khi Mahathir mudn hudng dat nudc nhin vd "phuang Ddng", thi Nhdt Bdn khdng cd y dinh chi nhin sang "Tay Nam". Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Nhat Bdn
NGHIEN cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009
39
sau Chien tranh The gidi thu uu tidn duy tri quan he tdt dep vdi Hoa Ky vd ede nudc phuang Tdy khac. Luc Mahathir de nghi thanh lap EAEC, mdt td chuc khu vyc gat bd cac "nudc da trang", va khdng dugc Nhat ung hg, thi quan he song phuang mat hdi hda trong chdc lat.
Mudn nang cdp quan he kinh td len quan he chinh tri va thdnh lap EAEC, Mahathir khdng edn nhac tat cd cdc nhdn to md Nhdt Ban cd the xet den. Cdch tinh todn sai 1dm cua Mahathir ddi khi ddn den va cham ve lgi ich giua hai nudc vd khien quan he tdt dep bi tdn hai.
Chinh sach "Nhin ve phuong Ddng" thieu CO sd hgp ly, mdt sd nha quan sdt khdng coi nudc Nhat la mdt hinh mdu. Robert Zielinski*'' ndi rang, Malaysia da di tdi mdt tham hga kinh te vi mudn bat chudc Nhdt Ban. Lee Poh Ping""' cung nghi ngd gia tri cua md hinh kinh td Nhdt Ban ddi vdi Malaysia. 6ng ndi rang, ddi vdi cac qudc gia khdc d Chdu A, thi nudc Nhat "bi mdt ddn nang td cugc khung hodng tdi chinh Chdu A"
da 1dm hai sy hoan hdo cua md hinh Nhdt Bdn".
Tai nudc Nhat, chinh phu ddng mgt vai trd ldn trong nen kinh td, vd didu tidt sy phdt tridn ndn kinh te dd. Mahathir noi guang Nhdt Bdn lie dng bat ddu chuong trinh cdng nghiep hda, va mudn nudc minh nhanh chdng trd thdnh mgt ndn kinh td cdng nghiep, dng thuc ddy sy phdt tridn cdng nghiep nang vd mdi cdc MNC Nhdt lidn
doanh vdi cac cdng ty Malaysia. Nhung ddng lyc thuc ddy chuang trinh nay Id tu tudng ddn tgc, khdng dya tren co sd thuang mai hay kinh td, nen chang cd gi la khi no trye trae.
Coi cdng nghiep thep Id tdi quan trgng cho chuang trinh cdng nghiep hda, Mahathir khdng chiu cdng nhan that bai hidn nhien cua Perjawa Steel. Hang sdn xudt d-to Proton lam an khd hon, nhung khdng dugc hd trg bang cdng nghd hidn dai cua ddi tac Nhdt Ban, chua ke doanh sd gidm sit vd nhdng tdn that ve tdi chinh. Hai dy dn nhieu tham vgng nhat cua Mahathir trd thanh gdnh nang cho cd chinh phu dng lan ngudi ke nhiem.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO /. New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), Novembers, 2003.
2. Business Times (Kuala Lumpur), September 21, 2000.
4 The Economist, May 8, 2004.
5. Time, Hum 15, 1998.
6. Asian Survey, May/June 2007.
' 'Tme, June 15, 1998.
""' Lee Poh Ping, "The Look East Policy, the Japanese Model, and Malaysia," in Welsh, ed., Reflections, p. 323.
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