KHOA HpC C 6 N 0 NOHt
AlMH HUblXlG CLIA MLTC DO T H A M CAIVH KHAC IXIHAU o^ixi ividT s d TilMH C H A T D A T V A IVAIVG SLJAT C H £ d
TAIM CUOiyG, THAI IMGUYCIM
Trin Thi TUyA ' n i u \ Nguyfin Xuftn Cy*, Nguyfo Phuong Hdng' T6MTAT
Cf wing trdng ch6 Tan Cuong, Thfii Nguyfin c6 3 miic dO thfim canh chlnh IA: thfim canh cao (26%), thfim canh trung binh (56%) vfi thfim canh thfip (18%). Tinh chfit ca bfin ciia dfit nghifin am khfi thu&n Igd cho s^
sinh tniimg vk phfit trl^n cCia cfiy chfi. Bfit c6 phfin iing axit, PHKD tii 3,75 d^n 4,15; thfinh phfin ca gi6i 14 thit trung binh; dO fim trung binh khfi, tii 16,63 d^n 24,37%; dung trpng tii 1,13 d^n 1,49 g/cm*. Chfit hiiu co b miic trung binh khfi d^n gifiu, tii 2,76 d^n 4,13%. Hfim lugng nito, phdt pho, kali tdng sd tfing theo miic d^
thfim canh tii thfip d^n cao, Ut)ng dd: nita tdng s6 it miic khfi d^n gifiu, tir 0,19 d^n 0.29%; phdt pho tdng sd b mite gifiu, tir O.U d^n 0,16%; kali tdng sd d miic nghfio, tii 0,21 ddn 0,45%. Hfim lupng nita di dfiu b miic trung binh d^n gifiu, tii 4,29 d^n 9,26 mg/lOOg dfit; phdt pho dJ tifiu b miic nghfio d^n trung binh, lir 3.84 d^n 5,08 mg/lOOg dfit; kali dk tifiu b mite nghfio, bi 5,37 ddn 8,25 mg/lOOg dfit CEC b miic trung binh khfi, tii 18,2 ddn 2.16 mgdl/lOOg dfit Hfim lupng nhOm trao d6l tii 6,9 ddn 9,6 mgdl/lOOg dfit Hfim lupng Ca** tir 2,1 d^n 5,3 mgdl/lOOg dfit vfi Mg^* tir 3,4 d^n 7,2 mgdI/lOOg dfit Hi$u qufi canh tfie chfi dgit cao nhfit lfi 18,8 tfin/ha/nfim ir cfic mfl binh thfim canh cao vfi thfip nhfit lfi 14.4 tfin/ha/nfim 6 cfic mft hinh thfim canh thfip.
Hifiu sufit dfiu tu c6 gifi trj 16n nhfit (3,08) b cfic hO cd miic thfim canh thfip vfi thfip nh^t (1,61) dr cfic hO cd miic thfim canh cao.
Tut kh6a: Canh tic chd, hi^u qui kinh ti, hi$u suit diu tir. mdc dd thim canh, TSn Cuong. tinh chit dit.
Thii Nguydn.
LBATVlNBt
TSn Cuong, Thfii Nguyfin \k vung dlt ddc c6 lich su thfim canh cAy chfi Ifiu dfii, dupc thifin nhifin uu dai vfi c ^ ydu td thd nhuOng, khi h^u, ngudn nu6c cung v6i nhung kinh nghifim quy trong canh tdc chfi ciia nguoi dfin dja phuong t^o nfin san phlni chfi d$c san da dugc bao hfi chi dSn dja ly, vdi danh hifiu "Di nhdt danh tri Thii Nguyin".
S ^ x u ^ chfi tai Tfin Cuong chii ydu b quy mfi ho gia dinh nh6. chua mang M hi^u qud kinh td cao tuong xiing v6i chit lu^ng sdn phim. Hi$n nay, nguoi dfin b Tfin Cuong dfi chii trpng ddu tu phfin bfin cung nhu cdc bidn phdp khoa hpc ky thu$t nhlm nfing cao nfing suit, chit lupng chfi d ^ ting dugc nhu ciu ngdy cdng cao ciia thi trudng trong vd ngodi
nudc. Tuy nhifin, nhQng nghifin ciiu ddnh gid finh hudng ctia cdc l o ^ hinh thdm canh ddn chit lupng dlt cOng nhu ndng suit, c h i t lupng chfi o dfiy chua dugc quan tdm nhidu. Dd tdi nghifin cuu nhlm cung d p ca sfir khoa hgc vd thyc tifin trong vific Ak xu^
cdc bi$n p h ^ ndng cao hi^u qud cua san xult chfi, duy tri vd cdi thidn chit lugng d l t nhdm myc tifiu su' dMng bdn vOng tdi nguyfin dlt b dia phuong.
L BA nilM VA PHUONG PHAP NGHfiH CUO 1. Ddi tupng nghifin cihi
Ddi tupng nghifin cuu Id d l t feralit do vdng ph^
tridn trfin phCi sa cd vd cdc miic diu tu thdm canh ch6 b nhQng h^ gia dinh khdc nhau t ^ Tdn Cuong, Thfii Nguyfin (Bdng 1).
BinK 1. LuvnK phan bin frcic miic Sb thtei canh ch^ khic nhau biin Cuone°
Muc thtoi canh Hiamcanh cao
Lo^i phdn b6n V4t Wu huu CO (gat/t, than chS)
Urt(4e>lN)
U n huu cor S.Gianh (396 P A v4 13,5% CHC)
S(S14n bi^n/ndm
1 8 8
S(Skg phWsao/lSn
1.000-1.037 5-6 100
So kg DhSn/ha/nam 27.800-28.800 1.100-1.350
22.200
'BO m6n ThS Nhuang v4 MT Dlt, Khoa Mai tniimg, Trudng DHKHTN, DHQG H4 Wi ~
42 N 6 N G N G H I I P V A PHAT TRI^N N O N G T H 6 N - Kt 2 - THANG 11/2012
KHOA HpC CONO NOME
Tham canh trung binh
Tham canh t h ^
Kah clorua (SOKKjO) v a t li^u hQu CO (guOt, than chQ Urt(46SlN)
I i n hau CO S6ng Gianh (3% PiOs vai3,5%CHC)
Kali clorua (SOKKjO) vat liSu hiiu CO (guOt, than chQ U r t (46* N)
L4n hmi CO sang Gianh (396 PjOj va 13,596 CHC)
Kali clorua (5096 KjO)
8 1 6-8 6-8 6-8 1 2-3 2-3 2-3
2-3
774-8325
70-802
545-5604 100
1
445-666 21.500-23.100
835-1.110 13.300-17.800
335-445 15.100-15.600
220-330 5.550-8.350
56-83 Ghi chu: Sio Bic bd (360n^)
Ngudn: Kit qua diiu tra diing 3 nim 2012 2. PHUONG PHAPNGHiN CUU
Tidn hdnh dlfiu tra, khdo sdt thuc d|a vd hifin trang sdn xult che tai dia phuong bdng phuong p h ^ su dtmg phidu didu tra vd phfing vin tr^c tidp 50 hO gia dinh trdng chfi d giai doan kinh doanh. Cfic hfi dieu tra dugc lya chgn nglu nhifin. Cdn cii theo quy trinh san xult che VietGAP dd xde dinh cdc miic dfi thdm canh khdc nhau.
Mau dat dugc lay d dfi sdu 0 - 30 cm (theo TCVN 5297 :1995) dai difin cho cdc miic dau tu thfim canh khdc nhau.
Cfic chi tifiu ly - hfia hgc dat dugc phdn tich theo phuong phdp (PP) thong dung trong cdc phong thi nghifim phdn tich d a t Thdnh phan c a gioi CTPCG):
PP Katrinski - Gluskop; dfi Im dat (%): PP khdi lupng; dung trgng d l t (dv): PP ong dfing; dfi chua (PHKCI) : pH meten chit huu co (% CHC): PP Walkley - Black; dung tich hap phu trao ddi cation (CEC): PP Schatschabel; nito tdng sd ( N J : PP Kjeldahl; nita dfi tifiu (Ndi): PP Chiurin - Cononova; phd mdu phdt pho tdng sd (P205te) va kali tdng sd (KjO J bdng H2S04 + HCIO4; phdt pho dfi tifiu (PZOM,): PP Oniani; kali dfi tifiu %iQ^: PP Kiecxanop (1933) - Xde dinh phdt pho tdng sd vd dfi tifiu b i n g PP so mdu xanh molipden trfin mdy so mdu quang difin b buoc sfing 710 nm va xde dinh kali tdng sd vd dfi tifiu bing PP quang kd nggn lua; nhfim trao ddi i^): PP Xocolop (1939); canxi (Ca^*) vd magie (Mg^) trao ddi: PP chuln dfi TrilonB.
h^ dung phuong phdp thdng kfi todn hgc; xu Iy ede sd lifiu didu tra vd phdn tich b i n g phin mdm Excel dd phdn tich, tdng hgp vd ddnh gid kdt qud nghifin etiu.
NdNG NGHlfP vA PHAT TRI^N N O N G THON - Kt 2 - THANG 11/2012 1 . KfrquANGHfill Ciiu VATHAO LUAN
1. Tinh hinh sdn xult vd cdc miic ddu tu thdm canh fir T ^ Cuong
a. Tinh hinh sin xui't chi d Tin Cuong Tinh ddn cudi nfim 2011, difin tich trdng chfi a xa Tdn Cuong Id 450 ha, sdn lugng blip kho dat 1.100 tin/ndm, tdng gid tri tu cdy chfi dat trfin 70 ^ ddng, chidm 79% GDP eua xd. Gid tri thu nhdp tir edy che dat 120 trifiu ddng/ha/nfim, cfi nhifiu hp tiiu nhdp tir 350 ddn 400 trifiu ddng/ha/nfim. Thu nhfip binh qudn dau nguoi dat 15,2 trifiu ddng/ndm.
Vfi e a elu gidng, che Trung Du van chidm dien tieh ehu ydu (75%), cdc gidng khac nhu TRI 777, PHI, LDPl, LDP2, Kim Tuydn, Am Tieh, Bdt Tifin ehidm ty lfi nhfi (25%).
b. Cic mdc dau tu thim canh irong san xui't che
& Tin Cuong
Kdt qud didu tra t?i 50 hfi gia dinh trong che tai xfi Tdn Cuong vd tinh hinh su dyng phfin bfin vd ehd dp canh tdc ddi vfii cdy chfi trong nhung ndm gin ddy cho thiy cfi mgt sit khdc nhau r i t rfi vd miic diu tu phfin bfin. Lupng phdn bfin sti dung cho chfi b giai d o ^ kinh doanh dd thu dugc 8 liia hdi chinh vd 2 liia hdi phy (y^ d6n£^ trcng mfit ndm, cfi thd ehia ra ldm 3 miic ddu tu khde nhau: Miic dau tu cao (26%), miic ddu tu trung binh (56%) vd miic diu tu t h ^ (18%).
Lupng ddu tu b ckc miic thdm canh tai Tdn Cuong dugc trinh bdy a bang 1 cho thiy:
+ Nhdm hd tring die cd muc diu tir tham canh cao
43
KHOA Hpc C O M O N 0 H >
Lugng huu co dupc cung d p hdng ndm chu ydu thfing qua 3 ngudn ehinh: phdn ldn hOru c a Sfing Gianh (3 tin/ha/ndm), cdy gudt (chidu dfiy Ifip che tu Id 10 em, khdi lupng 6 - 7 tIn/ha/ndm) vd chinh cdy chfi (Id rung, ddn tia hdng ndm cfi khdi lugng 18,8 tIn/ha/ndm). Tdng lugng h&u c a ndy Id 27,8 - 28,8 tIn/ha/ndm.
Nita dupc bfin du6i d^ng phdn urfi, thufing bfin cdeh 10 ngdy sau mdi liia hdi. Mdt ndm bfin khodng 8 lln vfii lugng phdn trung binh Id 5 - 6 kg urfi/sdo Bic bd/lln bfin, hay 1.100 - 1.350 kg urfi/ha/ndm; trung binh lupng N dugc su dyng Id 500 - 620 kg/ha/ndm (cao gIp 2 ldn so vfii khuydn cdo cua VietGAP).
Ldn dugc bfin dufii d^ng ldn hQu co Sfing Gianh, mfit ndm bfin 8 lln vfii lugng phdn trung binh 100 kg/sdo/Idn bfin, hay 22.200 kg Idn/ha/ndm, tuong duong vfii lugng PzOs dupc s u dyng Id 666 kg/ha/ndm (cao gIp 7 -11 ldn so vfii khuydn cdo cua VietGAP).
Kali clorua dugc bfin thufing xuyfin eiing vfii dam vd ldn huu co Sfing Gianh vfii lugng phdn bfin mfit ldn Id 2 - 3 kg/sdo, trung binh 445 - 666 kg/ha/ndm, tuong duong vfii lugng K2O dugc su dung Id 220 - 330 kg/ha/ndm (cao gIp 2,5 ldn so vfii khuydn cdo cua VietGAP).
Nhu vdy, b nhfim hd ndy, miic diu tu phdn bfin cao hon r i t nhidu so vfii khuydn cdo cua cdc nhd khoa hgc vd ky thudt thdm canh chfi vd sd tay huong dan quy trinh thuc hdnh sdn xult nfing nghifip tdt VietGAP cho chfi blip tuoi.
+ Nhdm hp trong chi cd muc diu tir thim canh trung binh
Nhfim hg cfi miic diu tu thdm canh trung binh chidm ty lfi cao nhit trong kdt qud didu tra (56%) vd cfi tfad xem Id miic ddu tu d ^ trd fi^Tdn Cuong.
Lugng hihi c a dupc cung d p hdng ndm chu ydu tu phdn ldn huu c o Sfing Gianh (1,8 2,4 tIn/ha/ndm) vd cdy chfi 01 ri^ng, ddn tia hdng ndm cfi khdi lupng 16,7 tIn/ha/ndm). MOt sd it cdc hd cfi tu thfim gdc tir edy gu0t (chidu ddy ldp che tu 5 em vd khdi Iupng Id 3 - 4 tIn/ha/ndm). Tdng lugng huu CO ndy khoang 21,5 - 23,1 tIn/ha/ndm vd b mite tnmg binh b vimg trdng chfi Tdn Cuong.
Nita dupc bfin dufii d ^ g phdn urfi. Mfit ndm bfin khoang 6 - 8 ldn vfii lupng phdn trung binh Id 5 kg/sdo/lln hay 835 -1.110 kg/ha/ndm. Trung binh
lugng N dugc sir di^ng Id 380 - 510 kg/ha/ndm (cao gIp 1,5 lln so vfii khuydn cdo ciia VietGAP dua ra vi thip hon 1,5 lln so vfii lupng phdn sii dyng b nhfim hd cfi miic ddu tu thdm canh eao).
Ldn cQng dupc bfin dufii d^ng phdn ldn hthi ca Sfing Gianh. Mdt ndm cfi tu 6 - 8 lln bfin, vfii Iupng phdn tiung binh Id 70 - 80 kg/sdo/Iln hay 13.300 - 17.800 kg/ha/ndm tuong ling vfii lugng P20sdupc sii dyng Id 400 - 530 kg/ha/ndm (cao gIp 6 lln so voi khuydn cdo cua VietGAP vd thip hon 1,5 lln so voi nhfim hd cfi muc diu tu thim canh cao).
Kali clorua dugc bfin thufing xuyfin eiing vfii d ^ vd ldn hGu c a Sfing Gianh. M0t ndm cfi tir 6 - 8 lln bfin, vfii lugng phdn trung binh Id 2 kg/sdo/Mn hay 335 - 445 kg/ha/ndm, tirong ling vfii lugng 1^0 dupc sir dyng Id 170 - 220 kg/ha/ndm (cao g ^ 1,5 lln so vfii khuydn cdo cua VietGAP dua ra vd thip hon 1,5 lln so vfii lugrng phdn kali su dyng b nhfim hd cfi miic diu tu thdm canh cao).
•f Nhdm hd tring chi cd miic diu tir thim canh thdp
Lugng hiiu co dupc cung d p hdng ndm tit ngudn phdn ldn huu c a Sfing Gianh (0,75 - 1,15 tln/ha/ndm) vd chinh cdy chfi (Id ryng, ddn tia hang ndm cfi khdi lugng 14,4 tln/ha/ndm). Khfing cfi hg ndo trong nhfim ndy s u dyng bidn p h ^ tii gdc cho chfi bdng cdy gufit Tdng lugng huu co Id 15,15 - 15,55 tln/ha/ndm. t h ^ n h i t dupc bd sung hang ndm b viing trdng chfi Tdn Cuong.
Nita ducc bfin dufii d^ng phdn urfi. Mfit ndm co khodng 2 - 3 Un bfin, mfit l l n bfin cho 3 liia hai voi lupng phdn trung binh Id 4 kg/sdo/ldn, hay 220 - 330 kg/ha/ndm, trung binh dupc sii dyng Id 100 -150 kg N/ha/ndm (tiilp hon 3 Idn so vfii khuydn cdo ciia VietGap dua ra vd it hon 5 lln so vfii nhfim hd cfi miic diu tu thdm canh cao).
Ldn dugc bfin dufii d ^ g phdn ldn hihi co Sfing Gianh, mdt ndm cfi khodng 2 - 3 lln bfin vfii khdi lugng 100 kg/sdo/Iln, hay 5.550 - 8.350 kg/ha/ndm, trung binh sir dyng Id 160 - 250 kg PjOs/ha/ndm (cao hon 2,5 lln so vfii khuydn cdo cua VietGAP dd dua ra vd t h ^ hon 4 lln so vfii lupng phdn su dyng b nhfim hd cfi miic diu tu thdm canh cao).
Kali clorua it dupc bfin, vfii khdi lupng 1 kg/sdo/Iln hay 56 - 83 kg/ha/ndm, trung binh sii dyng Id 30 - 40 kg K^O/ha/ndm (ttilp hon 4 lan so vfii khuydn cdo cua Vieti^AP dua ra vd tiilp hon 8 lan
44
N O N G NGHIDP V A PHAT TRI^N N C N G T H 6 N - K t 2 - T H A N G 11/2012KHOA Hpc C 6 N 0 N 0 H |
so vfii lugng phdn sii dyng or nhfim hfi cfi miic diu tu thdm canh cao).
Kdt qua didu tra trfin cho thiy, ngufii ddn vung nay da quan tdm r i t nhidu ddn vide diu tu phdn bfin eho che, nhidu hfi dd sii dyng bifin phdp hi gdc bing edy gufit, Id chfi ryng, tiidn chfi ddn tia hdng ndm.
Ddc bidt d e hg trdng chfi ddu su dyng phdn ldn huu CO sinh hpc Sfing Gianh (hdm lugng p205 Id 3%) thay
cho phdn ldn hfia hge, ddy Id didm khdc bifit so vfii cdc viuig chuyfin canh chfi khdc trong ed nufic.
2. Anh hufing cua cdc miic thdm canh khdc nhau ddn mfit sd tinh chit dlt trdng chfi fir Tdn Cuong
a. Anh hudng cua dc muc thim canh khic nhau din mdt sd tinh chit /j> hgc ciia di't tidng chi d Tin Cuong
Kdt qud xde dinh mdt sd tinh chit ly hgc dlt nghifin ciiu dupc trinh bdy b bang 2.
Bang!
Mite tham canh
Tham canh cao Tham canh trung binh Tham canh th^p
. M9t sJ tinh chdt 1^ hoc d l t Irong ddt nghien cthi Thanh ph4n CO gi6i
o y 1$ thanh phin dp hat (96)) CrSngOaOcm)
Thit trung binh Thit tnmg binh Tliit trung binh
sAtvati^
(<0,01 mm) 34,5 30,6 37,3
cat vat 1^
(>0,01 mm) 65,5 69,4 62,7
ai Tan Cuong
D$dm (96) 24,37 20,65 16,63
Dung trpng (g/cm=)
1,13 1,34 1,49 Kdt qua Of bang 2 cho thiy d l t nghifin ciiu cfi
TPCG la thit trung binh vfii hdm lugng d t vdt ly dao dfing tir 62,7% ddn 69,4% vd sfit vdt ly dao dfing tir 30,6% ddn 37,3%, tuong ddi gidng vfii kdt qud theo phuong phdp xde dinh nhanh ngodi dfing ruong; cdc mlu d l t cfi tiidnh phin c a gifii thit trung binh, Im, tuong ddi xdp, nhidu rfi cdy, cfi mdu dfi vdng, khd tiiieh hgp voi vific trdng cde cdy Idu ndm. Kdt qua ndy tuong ddi gidng vfii nhung mifiu ta vfi dat feralit do vang trfin phidn thach sfit cua Hfii Khoa hpc D l t Vifit Nam.
Dp am dlt dao dfing tir 16,63% ddn 24,37%. D l t fir miic ddu tu thdm eanh cao cfi dfi Im eao nhit Id 24,37%, kd ddn Id dp Im d d l t cfi mire diu tu ttidm canh trung binh Id 20,65% vd thip nhit Id dp Im a dlt cfi miic ddu tu tiidm canh thip, cfi gid tri Id 16,63%.
Nghifin ciiu cho thiy, khdi lupng vdt lifiu huu ea ehe phu cdng Ifin tiii kha ndng gia I m eho dlt edng cao, tuong ling voi dp I m trong d l t cdng Ifin. Ddy Id mfit trong nhimg ydu td quan trpng quydt dinh ndng suit vd chat lupng che vi trong blip non hdm lirgng nufic chidm tii 50 - 75% ff)o Nggc Quy, 1997).
Dung trgng dlt dao dpng tii 1,13 ddn 1,49 g/cm^
thip nhit la 1,13 g / c m ' a miic diu tu thdm canh cao, trung binh la 1,34 g/cm^ b d l t cfi muc diu tu tiidm canh trung binh vd cao n h i t Id fir d l t cfi miie diu tu thdm canh tiilp 1,49 g / c m l Theo nhQng sd lifiu eiia Bondarev (1995) tiii nhung gid t n dung tccfXig ndy
tuong ling vfii loai dlt dugc coi Id thich hpp vfii dai bfi phdn cdy trdng.
Nhin chung cdc mau dat nghifin ciiu khfing efi su khdc nhau nhidu vd thdnh phan co gioi, duge ddnh gid o miic thit trung binh. Tuy nhifin giua ehung lai cfi sy khdc nhau kha Ion vd gid tq dung trgng.
Nguyfin nhdn cfi thd Id do co sy bd sung lupng vdt Ufiu hiiu c a khac nhau. O mau dlt cfi mtic diu tu tham canh cao, lugng vdt lifiu huu co bd sung Ifin nhat nfin dung trgng cfi gid tri thip nhit vd dugc xem Id thudn Igi nhit cho su phdt trien cua hfi rfi vd su sinh truong, phdt tridn ciia cdy chfi. O mlu dlt cfi miic diu tu t h ^ , lugng vgt lifiu huu co bd sung thj^
nhit nfin dung trpng cfi gid tn Ifin nhit, kfim tiiudn Igi cho su phdt tridn cua cdy chfi, tir dfi anh huong ddn ndng suit, chat lupng chfi.
b. Anh hadng cua cic mdc thim canh khic nhau din dc tinh chat hda hpc dat trdng che & Tin Cuong Kdt qua phdn tich cdc tinh chit hfia hgc d l t nghifin eiiu dupc trinh bdy fir bang 3.
+Dd chua cua dat
Theo Rangatiian vd Natesan (1985), pH tdi uu cho sy sinh truong vd sir dyng chit dinh dufing hidu qud cua cdy chfi Id tir 4 ddn 5,5. Bdng 3 eho thiy dlt or vung nghifin ciiu eo phdn iing ehua vd phii hgp voi su sinh truong, phdt tridn cua cdy che, PHRCI dao dpng tir 3,75 ddn 4,15. Do ehua cfi xu hufirng ngdy cdng tdng theo miic dfi thdm canh, cao nhit fir dlt cfi miic
NdNG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - T H A N G 11/2012
45
KHOA Hpc C O N O NOHt
dfi thdm canh cao, thIp nhit fir dlt cfi miic tiidm canh tiilp.
Theo Dogo vd ddng tdc gid (1994), vide sir dyng qud nhidu phdn khodng trong mOt thfii gian ddi lifin tuc Iam cho dlt bi axit hfia do phdn iing sinh ly chua.
Tir ddy efi thd gidi tiiich dupc ly do d l t trdng chfi fir Tdn Cuong ngdy cdng bi chua theo miic dd thdm canh, ngufii ddn ddu tu qud nhidu vdo phdn bfin hfia hgc, bfin phdn Ufin tyc trcng mOt thfii gian ddi, ddc bidt Id cde lo^i phdn khodng. Thfim vdo dfi, hdng ndm
cdc hd trdng chfi cfin bd sung thfim mOt lupng 16 cdc v | t lifiu hau CO dd hi gdc cho chfi, theo thfii giai qud trinh phdn hiiy d c vdt lifiu h&u co ndy cOng siri.
ra cdc axit h&u co, tu dfi ldm tdng dd chua dia d l t ^ Ngodi ra, d l t trdng chfi fir Tdn Cuong Id viing dS trung du ddi mil, d l t ddc nfin cfi thd cfin xdy ra qu tinnh feralit hfia, riia trfii n^uih cdc kim lo^i kidm kidm thd, ddng thfii tich lOy tuong ddi d c hpp chi fixit sit, nhfim. Cdc ion H* vd Al'* cfing dupc tich Iii]
vd ldm cho dlt chua.
Miic tham canh
TCcao TC Irung binh TCthiip
pHica
3,75 3,92 4,15
Bing 3. M4t 96 tinh chit hda hpc dtit nghite Clhl t^i Tin Cuong CHC
(36)
4,13 3,63 2,76
Cl<ilt6nga6^)
N . 0,29 0,25 0,19
PA
0,16 1,13 0,11
KjO 0,45 0,36 0,21
Chit d i tieu (mg/lOOg dit) N«
9,26 7,94 4,29
P2O5 5,08 4,16 3,84
K^O 8,25 6,63 5,37
Cation trao ddi (mgdl/lOOgdSO CEC
21,6 19,3 18,2
Al»*
9,6 8,7 6,9
Ca^
3,4 2,7 2,1
Mg^
7,2 6,8 5,3
* Chit huu ca
Hdm lupng chit huu co trong cdc l o ^ d l t fir miic trung binh khd ddn gidu, dao ddng tii 2,76% ddn 4,13% (bang 3), cfi gid tn tdng din theo miic dd thdm canh tCt thip ddn cao, phii hpp vfii thyc td lugrng tdn dsx thuc vdt or d c ddi chfi. D l t trdng chfi fir ddy cfi hdm lugng chit h&u eo cao Id do tdp qudn tu gdc eho chfi bdng gufit dugc ^ dyng bi ndm 1971, sau 40 ndm tieh tru hdm lupng chit huu c a trong d l t Id r i t Ifin.
Theo ddnh gid vd chit h&u c a trong d l t cua Lfi Vdn Tidm (1989), tiii hdm lugng chit h&u co trong dlt trdng chfi tirong iing vfii d c lo^i hinh thdm canh khdc nhau fir miic tnmg binh ddn khd. Theo Arshad vd Martin (2002), d l t cfi khd ndng duy tri sdn xult bdn viing khi hdm lugng chit hfiu co trong dlt > 4%.
Nhu vdy, d l t fir miic diu tu thdm canh cao cfi khd ndng duy tri sdn xult bdn v&ng, cdy chfi cfi khd ndng sinh trudng, phdt tridn tdt, cho ndng suit, chit Iupng cao. Cfin khd ndng sdn xult bdn v&ng ciia d l t cfi miic ddu tu tiidm canh trung binh vd t h ^ thufing kfim hon; cdy chfi sinh ,tnidng, phdt tridn kfim, tii dfi din ddn ndng suit vd chit lugng khfing cao.
+Him lugng nitor, phdt pho, kali tdngsd Bdng 3 cho thiy hdm lupng luta. phdt pho tdng sd trong dlt nghlfin ciiu fir miic gidu, do dfi khd ndng cung d p nita, phdt pho cho d y chfi Id khd Ifin. Hdm
lugrng Nt, b miic khd ddn gidu, dao dOng ti; 0,19 ddo 0,29%; eao nhit fir dlt cfi miic ddu tu thdm canh cao la 0,29%; tiilp nhit b d l t cfi miic ddu tu tiilp Id 0,19X.
Hdm lupng PjOs^ fir miic gidu, tdng ddn theo miic d^
tu tiidm canh vd dao dfing tii 0,11 ddn 0,16%. H ^ lupng K2O,, b muc nghfio, dao dpng tii 0,21 ddn 0,45%; eao nhit Id 0,45% trong d l t cfi miic thdm canh cao; tii^ nhit Id 0,21% b dlt cfi miic tiidm canh tii^
+Nitir, phdt pho, kaU di tiiu
Cfing tu bdng 3 cho thiy hdm lupng N^t troog dlt nghifin ciiu b miic trung binh ddn gidu, tdng d^
theo miic ddu tu thdm canh vd dao dpng txi 4,29 ddo 9,26 mg/lOOg dlt, do dfi cdc d l t nghifin ciiu cfi kha ndng cung d p mdt lupng Ifin nito cho cdy chfi.
Hdm lupng P205dt a miic nghfio ddn trung binK tdng din theo miic d i u tu thdm canh vd hdm IUQUE CHC trong d l t b cdc miic thdm canh khdc nhau, dao ddng tii 3,84 ddn 5,08 mg/lOOg d l t Theo Lin va ddng tdc gid (1991), cd djnh ldn b d l t trdng chfi la mdt hidn tupng khd phd bidn, cfi ddn 70% phdt pho bi cd dinh bfii Fe, Al vd chuydn sang d?ng khfi tan, c^
b-dng khfi cfi thd h ^ thy. Vi vdy trong dlt trdng # b Tdn Cuong tuy hdm lupng phdt pho tdng sd tit^
dlt Ifin nhung hdm lugng phdt pho dfi tifiu lai tii^ (^
dlt feralit cfi pH tii^, gidu Fe, Al, din ddn W tupng ldn bj cd dinh cao, tao thdnh dang mudiM nhdm phdt phdt; khi bfin phdn ldn vdo dlt, md ldn chuydn sang d^ng khfi tan.
46 N6NG NGHI|P VA PHAT TRI^N N6NG THCN - Kt 2 - THANG 11/
• m p a w g g ^PH<» w e i i E
Hdm lugng KgO jt fir mfic nghfio vd cfing tdng din tiieo miic tiidm canh, dao dfing tii 5,37 ddn 8,25 mg/lOOg d l t Dlt fir ddy nghfio KaOa, Id do ngufii ddn diu tu it phdn kali, ddng tiifii kali Id nguyfin td dfi b) nia trfii.
+ Cation trao ddi
CEC trong dlt nghifin ciiu fir miic trung binh khd, dao dfing tir 18,2 ddn 21,6 mgdl/lOOg dlt (bdng 3), tuong quan vfii hdm lupng chit hOu co b timg miic dfi thdm canh, tiilp nhit b dlt thdm canh thip vd cao nhit or dlt thdm canh eao.
Hdm lugng AI^ ehidm uu thd trong gid tri CEC so vfii Ca^' vd Mg^*. Kdt qud ndy hodn todn phii hgp trong didu kifin dlt ddi niii b Vi$t Nam vfii hdm Iupng CEC tiilp, nghfio Ca^** vd Mg^* vd gidu Al^ trao ddi (>'guyfin Tir Sifim, 2005). Hdm lupng Al^* trao ddi tmmg quan vfii dfi chua trong dlt vd tdng din theo miic dd tiidm canh, dao dfing tir 6,9 ddn 9,6 mgdl/lOOg dlt (bang 3). Theo Johannes vd nnk (1998), dpc tinh cua nhfim Id nhdn td chinh dnh huong ddn su sinh truong, phdt tridn eua nhidu lo?i cdy trdng. Tuy nhifin chfi I?ii efi khd ndng sinh truong, phdt tridn tdt trong didu kifin pH thip (tir 4 ddn 5,5) vd hdm lugng Al^ trao ddi eao (Liang vd ddng tdc gia, 1995). Mgt sd nghifin ciiu eho rdng chfi efi kha ndng hap thy mpt lugng Ifin Al^ trao ddi vd nhfim efi vai trfi trong vific tao hirong vi ciia chfi O^oy va ddng tde gia, 1978).
Ham lupng Ca^*vd M g ^ cfi gid tn Ifin nhit fir dlt cfi miic thdm canh cao Id 3,4 vd 7,2 mgdl/lOOg dlt;
tidp tiieo Id miic thdm canh trung binh 2,7 vd 6,8 mgdl/lOOg dlt vd tiilp nhit Id muc tiidm canh tiilp vfii hdm lupng Id 2,1 vd 5,3 mgdl/lOOg dlt. Hdm lupng Mg'* cao hon Ca=^ Id do Mg Id mdt trong bdn nguyfin td dinh duOng anh hufing ddn chit Iugng bup chfi nfin dugc cdy h i p tiiy vd tich Ifly cao hon. Ngodi ra, chfi Id cdy khfing ua vfii nfin ngufii ddn it khi bfin vfii dd cdi thifin dfi chua ciia dlt. Nfin ngudn Ca''*, Mg^* dugc bd sung hi qud trinh tich luy vd phdn huy chit hiiu CO trong dlt Id chu ydu.
3. Hifiu qud cua thdm canh ddn ndng suit chfi b Tdn Cuong, Thdi Nguyfin
Kdt qud didu tra cho thiy ndng suit chfi cfi su khde nhau rit rfi, t^ lfi thudn vfii lupng phdn bfin diu tu fir cdc loai hinh thdm eanh chfi, tuong iing vfii 3 miic thdm canh hifin dang tidn hdnh t^i dia phuong.
Bdng 4 cho thiy ndng suit chfi cao nhit (18,8 tin chfi tuoi/ha/ndm) fir cdc hg cfi miic thdm canh cao, kd ddn Id ho cfi muc thdm canh trung binh (16,7 tin chfi tuoi/ha/ndm) vd thap nhit Id hfi cfi miic tham canh tiilp (14,4 tin chfi tuoi/ha/ndm). Tir ddy cho tiily, ndng suit chfi ty lfi thudn vfii lugng phan bfin diu tu b ede loai hinh thdm canh chfi.
Theo kdt qua phong vin cdc hg dan thi trung binh Cli 5 kg che tuoi sfi chd bidn dugc 1 kg chfi khfi hay ham lugng nuoc chidm 80% trong blip chfi. Kdt qua ndy cung phu hpp vfii cdc nghifin ciiu cua Dfi Nggc Quy (1997) vfi hdm lugng nufic trong chfi.
S I T
1
2 3 4 5 8
Bing 4. Hi$u q u i kinh ti s i n xult c h i 6Tan Cuong (tinh theo tiin VND cho 1 ha/nam) Khoin myc
Tong chi phi Chi phi
Phin bon Thudc tni siu Cong hii Nang suat ch6 tuoi (kg/ha) Gia 1 kg che tuoi Tong thu Lgi nhuan Hi^u suit dau tu (Un n h u a n / K n g chi phO
Tham canh cao 108.300.000
50.700.000 20.000.000 37.600.000 18.800 15.000 282.000.000 173.700.000 1,61
TliamcanhTB 85.550.000 35.500.000 16.650.000 33.400.000 16.700 15.000 250.500.000 164.950.000 1,93
Tliim canh dlip 52.950.000 10.800.000 13.350.000 28.800.000 14.400 15.000 216.000.000 163.050.000 3,08
Theo bang 4, ting thu nhap tir hoat dOng trdng " « " ddng/hVnSm) o c i c h6 cd miic tham canh chi c6 gii Hi cao nhit (173,7 tri^u ddng/ha/nSm) d *^P- Tuy nhidn, hidu suit diu tu cd gii trj Ion nhit cic hd cd miic thim canh cao v i thip nhit (163,05
MdNG NGHliP VA PHAT TRIEN NdNG THdN - Kt 2 - T H A N G 11/2012 47
KHOA HQC COMO WOHj
(3,08) d cic hd cd muc thim canh thip vi thip nhit (1,61) d cic hd cd miic thim canh cao.
Trong giai dojin diu, thim canh cd tic dung lim ting ning suit chd. Tliy nhidn sau mdt khoing thdi gian nhit dinh, khi nang suit chd dst ddn gii tri cao nhit cd thd, thi cing diu tu, nang suit chd cing giim, din ddn hidu suit diu tu cing giim. Didu niy hoin toin dung vdi cic hd cd miic thim canh cao, mic dil tdng chi phi vi tdng l(ri nhuin thu dupc ldn nhit nhung hidu suit ddu tu lgi thip nhiL
6 cic hd cd miic thim canh thip, hing nam su dung luong phan bdn it hon so vdi hd cd miic thdm canh cao ndn cho ning suit chd thip hon, nhung hidu qui kinh td ciia cic hd thim canh thip l^i cao hon so vdi cic hd cd miic thim canh cao, do cic hd niy di khai thic hidu qui tii nguydn dit (him luong cic chit dinh duOng trong dit tuong ddi giiu). Tuy nhidn, ndu kdo dii tinh tr^ng khai thic tii nguydn dit mi it chii tr^ng ddn vide bd sung cic chit dinh dudng tra lai dit dd duy tri vi cii thidn dd phi, chit lu(?ng dit thi khi ning sin xuit bdn vung cua dit d cic hd thim canh thip khd cd thd dim bio.
iv.iifTLiMlNviie£iww
6 vung trdng chd Tin Cuong cd 3 miic dd thim canh; cao, trung binh vi thip. O nhdm hd cd miic thim canh cao, tdng lugng chit dinh dudng N, P2O5, K2O trong phin bdn hing nim bd sung vio dat la 1.560 kg/ha/nim; d nhdm hd cd miic tham canh trung binh li 1.100 kg/ha/nim vi thip nhit li d nhdm hd cd miic thim canh thip 360 kg/ha/nim.
Nhdm hd cd miic thim canh trung binh chidm tJ Id ldn nhit trong kdt qua didu tra vi cd thd xem li miic dau tu dai tri d Tin Cuong. Phin dam su dung chinh la phan urd, phan lin su dung chu ydu li phin lin huu CO Sdng Gianh, phin kali chu ydu li kali clorua, cimg vdi tip quin tu gdc cho chd bing cic vit lidu huu CO hing nim.
Cac miic dp thim canh khic nhau inh hudng khi rd ddn mpt sd tinh chit dit Him lupng cic chit N, P, K tdng sd, dd tidu vi cation trao ddi (Al^ Ca^
Mg**) ddu ting din tir dit cd miic thim canh thip ddn cao. Tuy nhidn, dit 6 Tin Cuong cdn nghdo kali tdng sd vi dd tidu ndn cin dupc bdn phin kali bd sung hpp ly.
Cic miic dd thim canh inh hudng ddn ning suit chd d cic hd r^t khic nhau: Ning suit chd cao nhit (18,8 tin/ha/nim) 0 hO cd raiic thim canh cao, tidp
ddn li d hd cd miic thim canh Irung binh (16,7 tin/ha/nam) vi thip nhit (14,4 tin/ha/nam) d hO cd miic thim canh thip. Cic hd d miic diim canh thip d^t hidu qui kinh td cao nhit (hidu suit diu tu cao nhit 3,08) vi thip nhit d cic hd cd miic thim canh cao (hidu suit diu hr thip nhit 1,61).
TMutunuMKNAo
1. Bd Ndng nghidp vi Phit tridn Ndng thdn.
Trung tim Khuydn ndng - Khuydn ngu Qudc gia. Sd lay hudng dSn quy trinh th^ie hinh sin xuit ndng nghidp Hit (VietGAP) eho ehd blip tuoi.
2. Hdi Khoa hpc Dit Vidt Nam (2000). Bit Vi(t Nam. Nha xuit bin Ndng nghidp, Hi Ndi.
3. Nguydn Vin Hiing, Nguydn Vin Tao (2006).
Quin If ciy chd tdng hop. Nhi xuit ban Ndng nghidp.
4. Ld Vin Khoa, Nguydn Xuin Cu, Ld Diic, Trin Khic Hidp, Cii Vin Tranh (1996). Phuong phip phin tich dit, nudc, phin bdn, ciy trdng. Nhi xuit bin Giio due, Hi Ndi.
5. Dd Ngpc Quy, Nguydn Kim Phong (1997).
Ciy ehd Vidt Nam. Nha xuit bin Ndng nghidp, Hi Ndi.
6. NguydnTuSidm(2005). euan/KcA/fAuHOT vi dinh dudng tdng hop dd sir dong dat ddc bdn vimg. Bd Kd ho^ch vi Diu tu.
7. hi Vin Tiim (1998). Binh gii vd chit hdu CO trong di't trdng Vidt Nam.
8. Nguydn Vin Toin vi nnk (2007). Bio cio tdng kd't dd tii chd an loin. Vidn Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lim nghidp midn nui phia Bdc.
9. Bio cio tinh hinh sin xuit, tidu thu chd d tinh Thii Nguydn (2011). Uy ban Nhin dan tinh Thii Nguydn.
10. Dogo W. Y., P. 0. Owuor, J. K. Wanyoko and C. 0. Othieno (1994). High rate of nitrogen oa tea at high altitude Tea Board of Kenya 15 (1): 17- 26.
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Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:511-526.
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Annda (19911). Agricultural sustainbihty of degraded Acrisols and Uxisols of former tea lands in Sti Lanka. Zeitchrift Fuer Pflanzemaehrung und Bodenkunde 161 (6): 627-632.
48 N 6 N G NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G T H 6 N - KV 2 - THANG 11/2012
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H £
13. Lin Z. X. Wu, X. P. Wang and Y. M. Yu ^^- ^ ' ^ f i Y. R, Y R. Xu, B. Xi and Z. Liu (1995).
(1991). Phosphorus nuti-ltion In tea soil in Red Relationship between soil chemical composition and Earth Region of China. Proceedings of the ^^^ growth. Joumal of Zhejiang Agricultural intemational symposium on Tea Science Shizuoka, University 21 (5): 441-446.
Japan, pp 722-726.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUSLY INTENSIVE LEVELS ON SEVERAL SOIL PROPERTIES AND TEA YIELD IN TEA CULTIVATION AREA ATTAN CUONG, THAI NGUYEN
Tran Tlii Tuyet TTiu, Nguyen Xuan Cu, Nguyen Phuong Hong Summary
Tan Cuong, TTiai Nguyen where is tea cultivated upland areas has three popularly intensive levels: high (2696), moderate (5696) and low (1896), respectively. Results show that basic properties of researched soils are quite favorable for the growth and development of tea. Soils have acidic reaction with pH^ci from 3.75 to 4.15; soil texture which is silt loam; moderate moisture (16,63 - 24.3796); bulk density (1.13 -1.49 g/cm^.
Soil organic matter increase from 2.76% to 4.13% and are classified between moderate and rich degree. The content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium increase with the rised levels of intensiveness, the former jumping from 0.19 to 0.29%, the latter rising between O.llSfe and 0.16% and the last going up from 0.21 to 0.45%. The available nitrogen content fluctuate from 4.29 to 9.26 mg/lOOg soil. The available phosphorus content fluctuate from 3,84 to 5.08 mg/lOOg soil and the available potassium content climb from 5.37 mg/lOOg to 8.25 mg/lOOg. The cation exchanged capacity fluctuate from 18.2 to 21.6 m.e/lOOg. The concentration of exchanged aluminum fluctuate from 6.9 me/lOOg to 9.6 me/lOOg. That of exchanged calcium fluctuate from 2.1 m.e/lOOg to 5.3 m.e/lOOg and the concentration of magnesium from 3.4 to 7.2 m.e/lOOg. The economic efficiency of tea cultivation reachs a peak of 18.8 tons/ha/year in high intensive group and hit a lowest of 14.4 tons/ha/year in low intensive one. Nevertheless, the invested efficiency has opposed trend, which has the highest point of 3.08 in low intensive group and the lowest of 1.61 in high intensive one.
Key words: Economic e&ciency, intensive levels, invested efBciency, soil properties. Tan Cuong, tea cultivation. Thai Nguyen.
Ngu6i phan bi^n: TS. Bui Huy Hi^n Ngiy nhan b ^ : 3/10/2012 Ngjty thdng qua phSn bi^n: 2/11/2012 Ngiy duy^t dSng: 9/11/2012
