KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
O A C DIEIU PHAIM B O C U A IVAI C A TOIXIG IRucen/us eldii] T A I K H U BAO TOIXI MAI CA TOIXIG
XOIXIIXIABOULY, COIXIG H O A DAIXI C H U IXIHAIXI DAIXI L A OThananh Kho^athoom^ ^ Vh Tidn TTiinh^' T6MTAT
Nai ca tong la mot loai thu quy hidm, tuy nhifin quan the ciia chung dang bi suy giam mot each nhanh chong. Cac nghien ctiu ve dac diem sinh thai cua loai d khu vuc Dong Duong con nhieu han che, mot phdn do quan the ctia loai nho. Dac diem phan bd theo sinh canh ctia Nai ca tong (Rucervus eldh) duoc tidn hanh nghifin ciiu tai Khu Bao ton Nai ca tong Xonnabouly. tinh Savannakhet, mien Nam Cong hoa Dan chil Nhan dan (CHDCND) Lao ttr nam 2017 den 2019 bang phirong phap difiu tia theo tuyen ket hop vcri phong van nguoi d^n dia phuong. Hoat dOng dieu tra tap trung chu ydu b khu virc phia Tay ctia khu bao ton. Sd lieu da dugc tiiu thap tien tuyen dieu tia trong tiioi gian tii 5 -11 gid va 13 -17 gid, trong ca miia kho va mita mira.
Tham thirc vat a 5 dang sinh canh tai khu dieu tia dupc danh gia bang chi sd quan trong (TVI) vai sd lifiu thu tiig.p ff 10 6 tieu chuan trong mdt dang sinh canh. Ban dd phan bd/miic do xuat hien dupc xu ly bang cong cu Sapatial analysis/kernel density tiong phan mfim ArcGIS 10.1. K^t qua cho thay Nat ca tong phan bd tap tiung chil yeu b phia Tay Nam cua khu bao ve nghiem ngat. Khu difiu tia co 7 dang sinh canh chinh, bao gdm: rimg khOp, rimg ban thudng xanh, rimg thucmg xanh, tiang co, khu dan cu, dat nong nghiep va sOng sudi, ao ho. Trong 5 dang smh canh da ti^n hanh dieu tra, Nai ca tong duoc phat hien su dung va ki^m an a 4 dang stnh canh. gom: tiang co, rimg ban thudng xanh, rimg khop va dat nong nghiep. Nai ca tong xuat hifin nhi^u nhdt a sinh canh rimg khdp. Tuy nhien, cac dang sinh canh khac co dien tich nhd hon ciing rat quan tiong vdi chting. Sinh canh co tan suat phat hien cao nhat tiong ca miia kho va miia mira la trang CO va rimg ban thudng xanh. Trong miia kho, Nai ca tong xuat hiSn it nhdt d sinh canh dat nong nghiep, con tiong miia mua it xuat hien d sinh canh rung ban thudng xanh. Ket qua nghien cihi se la co sd cho nha quan ly su dung lap quy hoach quan ly smh canh va bao ton loai Nai ca tong tai Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tong Xonnabouly tiong tirong iai.
Tir Idida: Nai ca tdng, phan bd, Rucervus eldii, sinh canh, Xonnabouly.
1. DAT VAN BE
Sinh canh la noi sinh sdng ctia quan thd smh vat (Odura. 1971). Trong mdi mpt hfi smh thai cd the cd nhidu dang sinh canh va mdi hfi smh thai deu duac dac trung bdi nhidu quan xa sinh vat (Vu Trung Tang, 2008; Pham Van Dien va Pham Xuan Hoan, 2016). Cdc lodl sinh sdng trong cac sinh canh phu hgp thi cd kha nang sinh trudng va phat tnen tdt (Pham Van Didn va Pham Xuan Hoan, 2016;
Khotpatiioom et al, 2018). Bdi vay, khi nghifin ctiu bao tdn lodi, didu quan trpng va cdn thiet la phai nghifin cthi cdc dang sinh canh va dac didm phan bd theo smh canh (Patton, 1992; Marod va Kutintara, 2009).
' Khoa Lam nghiep, Tnrdng Dai hgc Qudc gia CHDCND
\Ao
^ Tmdng Dai hgc LSm nghiep
^ Vien Lam nghiep va Da dang smh hgc nhiet ddi
Nai ca tdng (Rucervus eldii) cdn cd tfin gpi trong tieng Lao "Ong -Mang", la loai thti ldn quy hiem thugc Hp huou nai (Cervidae), phan ho va sinh sdng chu yeu trong cac dang sinh canh rimg khdp hoac rimg ban thudng xanh cd dp tan che thap, tifin dia hinh khd hdng phdng tai khu vuc Ddng Nam A (Lekagul va McNeely, 1988; McShea, 2003). Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly, tinh Savannakhet mien Nam Cong hda Dan chti Nhan dan (CHDCND) Lao da duoc Chinh phu Lao thanh lap vao nam 2004 vdi dien tich khoang 93.000 ha (Ounmany et al., 2004). Tuy nhifin, thdng tin vfi dac diem smh canh va phan bd cua Nai ca tdng trong khu virc cdn rat han che.
Trong cdng tac bao tdn Nai ca tdng, thdng tin ve phan bd va sinh canh sdng cua chting ddng vai trd rat quan trpng. Bhumpakphan (2000) va McComb (2008) cho rdng quan ly sinh canh sdng cua mot lodi dpng vat nao dd chinh la quan ly quan the ctia chting.
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Trong cdng tac bdo vfi ddng vat hoang da. Dasmann (1964) cho biet neu mudn bao vfi cac lodi thi can phai bdo vfi sinh canh sdng cua chiing cung nhu la nhiing noi phan bd ctia chung. Tai Khu Bdo ton Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly, kd tii khi radi thdnh lap cho den nay chi cd mdt sd it cdc cdng tiinh nghifin ctiu ve dac didra smh canh sdng cua chiing (Stenhouse et al., 2005;
Xayalath, 2016). Dieu nay da gay nhiing khd khan nhat dinh trong vific de xudt cdc ke hoach bao tdn lodl thu quy hiem nay, d^c bifit trong didu kifin smh cdnh sdng cua Nai ca tdng tai khu vuc dang chiu nhiing tdc ddng tifiu cue ttr cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi. Do vay, vific nghifin ciiu ve dac diem phan bd va sinh canh cita chiing la cap tiiiet, cd y nghia quan trpng cho cdng tac quy hoach va qudn ly sinh canh tai Khu Bao tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly ndi chung va Nai cd tdng ndi rifing tai CHDCND Lao.
2. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN Ciiu 2.1. Dia di^ra nghifin ciiu
Khu Bdo tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly thudc tinh Savannakhet mien Nara CHDCND Lao, cdch trung tdm tinh khoang 90 km ve phia Ddng Nara, cdch trung tam huyfin Xonnabouly 20 km ve phia Ddng va cdch dudng qudc Id sd 9 (dudng 9) 16 km ve phia Nam. Khu Bao ton Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly trdi ddi tir 1613'55" ddn 1630'38" vl dp Bac va tir 1052610" ddn 10553*29" kinh do Ddng. Phia Ddng ctia Khu Bdo tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly thudc huyfin Phin, phia Tay thudc huyen Xormabouly. phia Bdc gidp vdi huyfin Phalanxay va phia Ddng Nam giap vdi huyfin Atsaphone va phia Tay Nara gidp huyfin Songkhon
(Hmhl).
:d:>f4 . J%
Hinh 1. Khu Bao ^ n Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly, tinh Savannakhet, CHDCND Ldo
Khu Bao ton Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly cd dia hinh tirong ddi bang phdng, dp cao tir 140 - 210 m so voi mat nude bidn. Difin tich khu bdo ldn vdo khoang 933,38 km^ (Stenhouse etal., 2005), cdc dang tiidm tiiuc vat chinh la rimg khdp (661,08 kra^, ning bdn tiiudng xanh (89,18 km^ va rimg thudng xanh (66,08 km^. Ngoai ra. trang cd kieu Savannah (5.85 km^
cung xuat hifin tai khu bao vfi nghifim ngat (BVNN) vd mdt sd vting khac xung quanh. Nam trong Khu Bdo tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly cdn cd khu dan cu (5.87 kra^ va ddt ndng nghifip (93,98 km^. chu ydu ndm dpc theo sdng Bang Hiang d phia Nam vd sdng Koum Kam d trung tam cua khu bao tdn (Hinh 1).
Khu Bao ton Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly ndm trong khu vuc cd khi hau nhifit ddi gid miia can xich d^o.
mdt nam cd 2 mua rd rfit, miia mtra tiiirdng bdt dau ttr thang 5 den thang 9 vd miia khd bat dau tir thdng 10 den thang 4 nam sau. Lirong mua trung binh nam 1.500 mm, tap tnmg vao thdng 7 va thdng 8. Nhifit d(i tnmg binh cao nhat 35"C va trung binh thap nhat 22°C. Dp am trung bmh cao nhat la 85% va tiimg binh tiiap nhat la 68%. Khu vuc cd 227 lodi chim, 62 loai thli, 44 lodi ludng cu, 25 lodi ech nhai. 126 lodi cay g6 va 699 lodi thtrc vat than thao (Phiapalath et al., 2018). Trong khu bao tdn cd khoang 2.968 hd gia dinh vdi khoang 19.561 nhan khau. chti ydu thuOc dan tdc thieu sd Bru (chiem 54%) vd cdn lai la ngudi dan tdc Kinh Phu Thai. Hau hdt ngirdi ddn sdng d vimg dem, nhung cd 3 ban (410 hd vd 4.678 dan khau) cd ranh gidi giap vdi viing loi (Ban quan ly Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly, 2016). Khu vuc dieu ti-a cd tdng difin tich 300,33 km^ ndm tai phia Tay cua Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly. Khu vuc dieu tra dupc chia thdnh 2 khu. phan khu didu ti-a phia Bdc (125,28 km^ vd phan khu didu tra phia Nam (175,05 km^ (Hmh 2).
2.2. Phuang phdp thu t h ^ s6 li^u
- Phdng van ngudi din: Nhiing ngudi dan dia phuong sdng lau nam trong Khu Bdo tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly va cdc khu vuc lan can cd thdng tin quan trong ve Nai cd tdng, tdi nguyen ning vd cdc sinh canh noi phdt hifin Nai ca tdng cu tni. dac bi^t la nhiing ngudi cd nhieu kinh nghiem di rimg nhu nhirng ngudi da tham gia du an quan ly khu bdo tdn hay CO dat canh tac trong khu difiu tra. Thdng tin dupc phdng vdn la hifin trang phan bd ciia Nai ca tdng nhu khu vuc bdt gap, thdi gian va dia didm bit gap. Ngodi ra. mdt sd thdng tm quan tipng khde nhU
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
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nhung noi phdt hidn bai cd. didm khoang vd ngudn nude.
- Tbldt lap tuydn dieu tra va thu th$p sd Ueu:
Tuydn dieu ti-a da dupc thidt l$p theo phuong phap he thdng, vdi chidu ddi trung binh 4 -10 km va each nhau tdi da khdng qud 2 km, tap trung chii yeu d phia Tdy cua Khu Bdo tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly, noi cd thdng tin phdt hifin Nai cd tdng (Hinh 1). Cdc tuyen dupc thiet lap dua trfin cdc tai lieu thii cap ve noi phdt hifin Nai cd tdng, kdt qua didu tra so thdm, hifin tiang rimg. didn tich cua timg trang thai rimg va timg khu vuc nghifin ctiu. Ngodi ra, mpt sd didm mdu nhu cdc didm khoang, ngudn nude vd bai cd quan tipng ciing da duoc xdc dinh. Sd Ueu quan trong, bao gdm sd luong Nai ca tdng, dau chan, phan, vdt cp, vet gam an...da dupc thu thap vao ca 2 miia khd va mua hi nam 2017 den 2019. nhung chii yeu la tap trung vao raiia khd vi thdi gian nay thuan lpi cho viec difiu tia va phdt hifin Nai ca tdng. Thdi gian dieu tra trong ngay duoc tidn hanh tir 5 -11 gid vao budi sang va 13 -17 vdo budi chieu Q^ing etal, 2012).
Hinh 2. Sa dd cdc tuydn didu tra Tdng cdng 104 tuyen dieu ti-a vdi tdng chieu dai 755.10 km da thiet lap, h-ong dd cd 87 tiiydn (673,5 km) dtroc dieu tra trong miia khd va 17 tuydn (81.6 km) dupc dieu tra b-ong miia mua (Bang 1).
Bdng 1. Sd toydn di^u tra vA t6ng chi^u ddi ciia tuydn Mua
Kh6 Mua Tong
So tuyen 87 17 104
Tong chieu dai (km) 673,50
81,60 755,10
So hfiu vd dac diem ctia tham thuc vat trong timg dang sinh canh cd ghi nhdn Nai c:d tdng cu tni duoc thu thap bang each lap d tifiu chuan, vdi tdi thidu 10 d/dang sinh canh hdng phuong phap chpn mdu ngdu nhifin phan tang theo phuong phdp cua Kent (2012).
Sd heu cdn thiet gdm cd sd lodi cay, sd lupng va dirdng kinh tai vi tri 1.3 m (Cay cd dirdng kinh tir 10 cm trd len) va cdc lodi cay chii yeu cua Idp c:ay bui, tham tuoi.
2.3. Phuang p h ^ xii ly sd li$u
Ty lfi xuat hifin ciia Nai cd tdng theo timg dang sinh canh Id chi tifiu danh gia dac diera phan bd theo smh canh vd sti dimg sinh cdnh ctia Nai cd tdng.
Phan raem ArcGIS Desktop 10.1 (ESRI, Redlands, California, USA) dupc sii dung de xti ly vd xay dtmg ban do phan bd. Cdng en Spatial analysis vd phucmg phdp Kernel density dupc sii dung de ddnh gid raiic dd xuat hifin cnia Nai ca tdng, trong dd mtic dp xuat hien dupc chia thanh 5 cap dp (Mohammadi va KaboU, 2016). Cdng trinh nghifin cthi nay chi dimg sd lieu dieu tra trong mua khd va khdng lay sd hfiu dieu tia lap lai trong qud trinh xir ly va lap ban dd phan bd ciia Nat ca tdng tai khu difiu tra d^ trdnh sai sd do nd lire dieu tra khdng ddng deu trfin todn bp khu vuc.
Phdn mem Excel dupc sti dting de phan tich ty lfi phdt hifin ctia Nai cd tdng trong mdi dang sinh canh va theo cac mua khac nhau. Chi sd quan tipng IVI Gmportance Value Index) dupc sti dting dfi ddnh gid tam quan trong ciia cdc lodi cay trong tiing dang sinh canh (Mueller - Dombois va Ellenberg, 1974). Chi sd nay dupc dp dung rdng rai trong nhieu cdng trinh nghifin ctiu Ufin quan vdi tham thtrc vat trong cdc he sinh thai khde nhau (Dangol, 2005; Bukeo et al, 2009) vd trong cac nghien ciiu ve sinh canh sdng ciia dpng vat hoang da (Sirimagora vd Sukmasuang, 2009; Khotpathoom, 2011).
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Cac dang sinh canh
Khu v\^ dieu tia cd 7 dang sinh canh khac nhau.
Tuy nhifin, nghifin cthi nay chi tap trung tiong 5 dang sinh canh chinh, gdm: rimg thudng xanh (RTX), rimg bdn tiiudng xanh (RBTX), rimg khdp (RK). trang cd (TC) va dat ndng nghifip (DNN) (Bang 2). Trong 5 dang smh cdnh dupc difiu tia.
riing khdp chiem ty lfi ldn nhat (81,22%) va sau dd ldn luot la rimg ban thudng xanh (9.82%), dat ndng nghifip (5,60%), ti-dng cd (1,74%) va rimg thudng xanh (0,51%). Cdc sinh canh cd dac diem nhu sau:
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31.1. Rimg khdp
La kieu sinh canh phd bifin va cd difin tich Idn nhat d khu didu tra 243,92 km^ chiem khoang 81,22%. Dang sinh canh nay cdn cd the dirpc chia thanh 2 kieu phu nhu: RK hdn loai va RK thuan lodi.
Trong pham vi khu vuc dieu tra, rimg khdp hdn lodi la phd bien nhat. Trii luong va thdnh phan loai cay cua loai rimg nay bidn ddng manh, tiiy theo chat lupng va dp ddy ciia tang dat (Marod va Kutintara.
2009; Khotpatiioom etal., 2018). Rimg khdp hdn lodi trung binh kha phd bien trong khi dd rimg khdp nghfio dupc ghi nhdn d noi cd Idp dat mdng, dd cdt ndi Ifin be mat. Rimg khdp ngheo phan bd rai rdc trong ca Khu Bao tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly, nhieu nhat d phia Ddng cua khu bao vfi nghifim ngat
(BVNN) (Hinh 1). Rimg khdp kieu thuan loai cd di^n tich nhd, chi phan bd d mdt sd khu vuc ciia khu didu tra. Kidu smh cdnh rimg khpp vdi tdn khd thua, dp tan che va mat dd cac loai cay thap rat phii hdp vdi dac tinh smh thai ciia Nai cd tdng bdi vi chiing cd simg xde rdng va phan nhieu nhdnh nfin khdng thuan Ipi khi di chuydn di 1^ d cdc dang smh cdnh ram ram (Bhumpakphan et al., 2010). Cac lodi cay chii ydu d sinh canh ndy gdra cd: Cd chdc (Shorea obtiisa WalLex Blume) (IVI- 58,58%), Ddu ddng (Dipterocarpus tuberculattss Roxb.) (IVI = 35,91%), Ddu tra beng (D. obtuslfoh'usTeiism. Ex Miq.) (IVI = 20,87%), Cam xe (Xyha xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.) (IVI= 18,45%), Cam Ufin (Shorea siamensls Miq.) (TVI= 14,30%).
Bang 2. Di$n tich va ty lfi cua cdc dang sinh canh trong Khu Bdo tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly vd khu vuc didu tra
Sinh canh
Rimg khpp Dat n6ng nghiep Rung ban thucmg xanh Rung thudng xanh Suoi, h6, ao Khu dan cu Trang CO Tong
Khu Bao ton Nai ca tong Xonnabouly Dien tich (km^
661,08 93,98 89,18 66,08 11,34 5,87 5,85 933,38
Ty le (%) 70,83 10,07 9,55 7,08 1,21 0,63 0,63 100
Khu vuc dieu tra Dien tich (kra^
243,92 16,83 29,49 1,54 2,87 0,46 5,22 300,33
T y l $ « 81,22 5,60 9,82 0,51 0,96 0,15 1,74 100 3.1.2. Riing bin thudngxanh
Dang sinh canh rimg bdn thudng xanh d khu dieu tia cd tdng difin tich 29,49 km^ va chiem khodng 9,82% difin tich. Kieu sinh cdnh ndy gom cd cac loai cay rung Id vd khdng rung la vdi ty lfi tuong ddng.
Dang smh cdnh ndy phdn bd rdi rac trong khu dieu ti-a va Khu Bdo tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly, chii yeu tap tiling tai cdc khu vuc ven sdng, sudi va khu gidp ranh vdi kidu RTX. Kieu rimg nay cung la mot sinh cdnh thich hpp vdi Nai ca tdng (Lekagul va McNeely, 1988; Bhumpakphan et al., 2010). Cdc lodi cay chu ydu gdm cd: Vfin vfin (Anisoptera costata Korth) (IVI 32,82%), Lun vang (Peltopborum dasyrrhachls (Miq.) Kurz) (IVI 31.03%), Tdu mudi (Vatica odorata (Grtff.) Symington) (IVI = 27,16%), Thdnh n g ^ h dep (Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer) (I\T
= 23.93%). Gd mat (Sindora siamensls Teijsm. &
Miq.) (IVI =14,53%).
3.1.3. Di't ndng nghiep
Difin tich dat ndng nghifip tai khu virc didu tia vdo khoang 16,83 km^ chiem 5.60%. phan bd rai rdc trong Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly.
Sinh cdnh nay tap tnmg nhifiu nhat d cdc khu vuc phia Bdc vd phia Tay ciia khu vuc difiu tra. Day Cling Id mdt trong nhiing sinh canh cd ghi nhan Nai cd tdng xuat hifin, dac bifit Id nhung khu ddt ndng nghifip tai khu BXTsN va gdn cum bdn Sanamxay (Bang 2 va hinh 2). Dat ndng nghidp b day chu yeu la rudng liia nude nfin day cung la noi cung cap thtic an cho Nai cd tdng vao miia mua.
Cdc lodl cay chu yfiu gdm cd Ddu ddng (Dipterocarpus tubulatus Roxb.) dVI= 136,92%).
104 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Cd chac (Shorea obtiisa Wall.ex Blume) (IVI =
113,88%), Trdm mdc (Syzygium cuminl (L.) Skeels) (IVI 12,97%), Bdng lang nhieu hoa (Lagerstroemla Horlbundaiack) (TVI = 5,94%).
3.1.4. Tring cd
Dang sinh canh trang cd d khu dieu tra cd difin tich khdng dang ke (5,22 km^, chiem khoang 1.74%) vd phdn bd trong pham vi hep, chu yeu tap trung d khu BVNN. Thdm thtrc vdt gdm ca cay gd, cay bui nhd vd cdc lodi cd. Hang nam, vdo miia khd (thdng 1 - 2). tiang cd sfi hi chay va chay sdm nhat so vdi dang sinh canh khde trong didu tra. Mac du cd dien ti'ch nhd nhimg dang sinh cdnh ndy lgi rat quan trpng doi vdi Nai cd tdng vi Id noi cung cap nguon thiic an, dac bifit Id vdo thdi ky sau mtia chay. Cac lodi cdy chii yen gdm cd Ddu tra beng (Dipterocarpus obtuslfohus Tejism. Ex Miq.) (IVI=141.70%), Ddu tiai (D.
intiicatiis Dyer) (IVI-68,19%), Ko nia (Irvlngia malayana Oliv.) (IVI= 28,77%), Luong xuong (Chfi beo) (Anneslea fragransl^^X:) (rVI= 12,60%). Sd ti-ai (Sd tai) (Dillenla ovata Wall.ex Hook.f. & Thomson) (IVI= 12,60%).
3.1.5. Rdng thudngxanh
Rimg thudng xanh phan bd tai khu dieu tra cd difin tich nhd nhat trong 5 dang sinh canh, vdi difin tich 1,54 km^ chidm 0,51%. D^ng smh canh nay phan ldn phdn bd tai khu virc phia Ddng Bdc ciia khu dieu tia phia Bdc va tai khu BVNN d khu dieu tra phia Nam. Sinh canh RTX thudng cd cau ti-iic nhieu tang, dp tan che cua tang cdy cao vd dp che phii ciia tang cay bui thdm tuoi khd ldn. Do vay. kidu sinh canh ndy khdng hpp cho Nai cd tdng cu tni. Hifin nay, kieu sinh canh nay dang cd nguy co suy giam ca ve chat lupng ldn difin tich do bi tdc ddng bdi cdc yeu td tifiu cue tii hifin tuong khai thac gd trai phep va xam lan dat ning phuc vu canh tdc ndng nghifip cua ngirdi dan dia phuong. Khu vuc hi tac dpng manh nhat la khu Ddng Bdc d khu didu tra phia Bdc (Hinh 1). Cac loai cay chu yeu trong sinh canh ndy gdm cd Ko nia (hvingia Malayan Oliv.) (IV1=20.44%), Chan chau tam gid (F^erospermum acerifohum (L.) Willd.) (IVI=17,66%). Sao den (Hopea odorata Roxb.) (IVI=16,32%), Xoay Diallum cochinchinensis Piere (IVI=14,54%), Gd mat (Sindora siamensls Teijsm. &
Miq.) (IVI=13.78%).
3.2. Ddc di^m phan b6 vd su dung sinh cdnh Nai cd tdng Id mdt tiong nhung lodi thti thich ghi vdi sinh canh rtmg cd tan thua vdi dp che phti thap va
mat dp tham tuoi khdng qud cao. Dia hinh noi chiing phan bd kha bang phang va cd cdc didu kien sdng quan trpng nhm ngudn thtic an, nude udng, dat khodng va cac noi tni an. Hmh 3 the hien miic dp xuat hifin ciia Nai cd tdng trfin 2 khu difiu tra theo 5 cap: khdng xuat hifin, xuat hien rat it, xuat hifin it.
xuat hifin trung binh vd xuat hifin nhieu. Nai cd tdng phdn hd chti yeu tai khu dieu tra phia Nam cua khu BVNN vd dac biet la d phia Tay Nara noi phan bd cua cac bai cd va diem khodng it bi tdc dpng.
Hmh 3. Cdc khu phan bd chu ydu ciia qudn thd Nai cd tdng tai Khu Bao tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly
Nhiing khu vuc noi Nat cd tdng xuat hien d miic dd trung hinh cho den nhieu thudng la dang smh canh trang cd, cd cdc diem khodng quan tipng hoac d nhung khu rimg ban thudng xanh va rimg khdp it bi tdc ddng. Vi du, Nai ca tdng xuat hifin nhieu d khu phia Tay ctia khu BVNN Id do cd tiang cd rdng xen ke vdi khu rimg ban thudng xanh, cd nhifiu diem khoang va it hi tdc ddng. Tai khu dieu tia phia Bdc, Nai ca tdng xuat hifin d miic dp rat thap. Tuy nhifin, cung cd hai diem cd miic do xuat hifin trung binh va diem do dfiu la khu vuc tnrdc day da timg ghi nhan Nai cd tdng khd thudng xuyfin (Xayalath, 2016). Hien nay smh canh tai khu vuc nay bi tac ddng khd nhieu do ngudi dan dia phuong ldn chie'm, dap dap lam hd chiia nude va khai hoang lam rudng. Ngodi ra, mdt sd khu dat rudng dupc bao bpc bdi hdng rao day thdp gai, lam can trd kha nang di chuyen, kifim an va chay trdn ctia Nai cd tdng khi phdt hifin tinh hudng khdng an toan.
Trong 5 dang sinh canh chinh da dupc tien hanh difiu ti-a, Nat cd tdng dupc phat hien va kifim an chu yeu b dang sinh canh tiang cd, Uep den la sinh canh
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020 105
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl dat nong nghiep, rung ban thuong xanh va rimg
khop (Bang 3). Nai ca tong khong duoc ghi nhan xuat hien 6 sinh canh rung thuong xanh.
Bang 3. T ^ su^lt phit hien cua Nai c4 tang lai cic da
Sinh canh
Trang cd Dat ndng nghifip Rung ban thudng xanh Rimg khpp Rting thudng xanh
Tdng
ingsinh(
Sdldn phdt hifin 27,00 16,00 21,00 128,00 0,00 192,00
a n h Chieu
ddi tuyen
(kra) 27,80 58,30 81,90 583,30 3.80 755,10
Tdn suat phdt hien Odn/kra)
0.97 0,27 0,26 0.22 0,00
Bdng 3 cho thay, sinh canh trdng cd cd tan suat phdt hifin cao nhat vdi 27 lan/27.8 km (0,97 lan/kra), tiep theo la kieu sinh canh dat ndng nghifip vdi 16 lan/58,3 km (0,27 lan/km), rimg BTX vdi 21 ldn/81,9 km (0,26 lan/km) va rimg khdp vdi 128 ldn/583,3 kra (0,22 Idn/kra). Dac didm su dting sinh cdnh ctia Nai cd tdng b mdt sd nude trong khu viic ciing tuong ttr, vi dii tai Myanma chung phan bd chii yeu tai khu rimg cd dd tdn che thap (Salter va Sayer. 1986). Tai dao Hai Nara, Trung Qudc chung phan bd d sinh canh rimg hdn giao cd dp tan che thap (Pan et al., 2014). Dac bifit, qudn the Nai cd tdng smh sdn va
phdt trien trong difiu kien nudi nhdt dupc tdi tha l^i khu rimg til nhifin tai Khu Bao tdn Wiang Lor. tinh Phayao cua Thai Lan cung phan hd chii yfiu tai G:ang CO vd cay bui (Puwinsaksakul. 2013).
3.3. Dac di^m phdn b ^ vd sir dung sinh canh theo miia
3.3.1. Mua khd
Tai Khu Bdo tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly miia khd cd nhifit do tiimg bmh rat cao. Nhiet dp ban ngay cd tiie cao tdi 42 - 43''C vdo tiiang 3 vd thdng 4.
Nhifit dp cao da khidn cho ngudn thuc an va ngudn nude ctia Nai ca tdng khd khan hiera. Tuy nhifin, theo Hartiey (2014), Nai cd tdng cd khd nang chdng chiu sir thieu nude tdt, tuy nhien, khoang each tdi ngudn nirdc ciing anh hirdng ddn dac diem phan bd vd sii dung sinh canh ciia chung. Tai Khu Bao tdn Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly. trong mtia khd, Nai cd tdng dupc bat gap nhifiu a sinh canh trdng cd vdi 15 lan/24 km (0.63 lan/km) vd rimg bdn thudng xanh vdi 16 lan/69.70 km (0,23 lan/kra). Cdn cdc dang sinh canh chiing sii dung it Id rimg khpp (0.16 lan/km) va dat ndng nghifip (0,11 lan/km) (Bang 4).
Nai ca tdng lira chon sti dung cdc dang sinh canh cd mat dp cdy rdt thira nhu Id trang cd vd vd bia rimg ciia dang sinh canh rimg bdn thudng xanh. Xung quanh hai dang sinh cdnh nay Id cdc diem khodng vd ngudn nude it bi tdc ddng. Chung rat it khi sii dting kieu sinh canh dat ndng nghifip bdi cdc khu vuc ndy rat khd va cd rat it thuc vat Idm thiic an vdo raiia khd.
Trong cd 6 ldn phat hifin Nai cd tdng d cdc dang sinh cdnh ndy thi hdu nhu chiing dang di chuydn.
Bing 4. Tin su
Sinh canh
Trang co
Rimg ban thudng xanh Rimg khop Dat nong nghifip Rimg thucmg xanh
Tong
^ phit hi^n ciia Nai c i t6n So lin phat hien
Miia kho 15 16 82
Miia mua 12
5 46 6 10
g tai cic dang sinh einh theo miia Chieu dii tuyfin
(km) Miia kho 24,00 69,70 522,90
53,10 0 0 3,80 119 ' 73 ! 673,50
Miia mua 3,80 12,20 60,40
Tin suat phit hifin Oan/km) Miia kho 0,63 0,23 0,16
Miia mua 3,16 0,41 0,76 5,20 i 0,11 1 1,92 0,00 0,00 0,00 81.60 1,13 6,25
106 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHE
3.3.2. Mua mua
Miia mua tai Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly thudng keo tir thang 5 den thdng 10.
trong dd thdng 8 cd Itrpng mua trung binh ldn nhat.
Miia mua da tao dieu kifin cho tat ca cac lodi thuc vat sinh trudng vd phdt tridn, trong dd cd ca Itia ntrdc.
Tuong tu nhu raiia khd, tan suat vd ty lfi phdt hifin Nai cd tdng b cdc dang sinh canh, tinh theo sd ldn bdt gap trfin don vi chieu ddi ciia tuydn. cao nhat d sinh canh tidng cd vdi 12 ldn/3,8 km (3,16 Idn/km), tiep theo la d khu ddt ndng nghifip vdi 10 lan/5,2 kra (1,92 lan/km) vd thap nhat la rimg BTX vdi 5 lan/12,2 km (0,41 lan/km) va rimg khdp vdi 46 lan/60,4 km (0.76 lan/km). Trong mua mtra. Nai cd tdng cung khdng dupc ghi nhan d smh canh rimg thudng xanh (Bang 4) va xuat hifin nhieu hon d smh canh dat ndng nghifip do lua va mdt sd lodi cd dang tiong giai doan sinh trudng. Ngupc lai, Nai cd tdng it xuat hifin tai sinh canh rimg bdn thudng xanh vi Idp thdm tuoi cd nhidu cay btii va cd Le. Kdt qua nghifin ciiu ndy tuong tu vdi ghi nhan vd sinh thai ciia lodi tai Chihao dao Hai Nam cua Trung Qudc. Tai khu virc do, Pan et al (2014) cho rdng Nai ca tdng ua thich stnh canh rimg cd ddt ndng nghifip xen kfi, tranh cac d ^ g sinh canh rung thudn lodi va chung tidn gdn khu ddt ndng nghifip trong mua raua (Yan et al., 2013).
4. KFTLUAN
Khu vuc didu tra d Khu Bao ton Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly cd 7 dang sinh canh, rimg khdp, rimg bdn thudng xanh, rimg thudng xanh, tidng cd, khu dan cu. ddt ndng nghifip va sdng sudi, ao hd. Trong 5 dang sinh canh da tien hdnh didu tra, Nai cd tdng phan bd chii ydu d sinh canh rimg khdp trong cd mtia mira va miia khd. Tuy nhifin, chting ua thich su dung sinh cdnh trang cd va rimg bdn thudng xanh vi hian sudt phdt hifin Nai ca tdng d hai sinh canh nay cao hon cdc sinh canh khde. Sinh canh ma Nai it xuat hien nhat trong miia khd Id d sinh canh dat ndng nghifip, cdn sinh canh it xuat hifin nhat trong miia mtra la rimg bdn thudng xanh. Nai cd tdng phan bd chii ydu tai khu bao vfi nghifim ngat d phia Tay Nam cua Khu Bao ton Nai cd tdng Xonnabouly, noi cd cdc bai cd cung cdp thirc an va cdc diem khodng it bi tac ddng.
LOI CAM ON
Chung tdi xin cam an cic cin bd trong Khu Bao ton Nai ci tdng Xonnabouly di tao didu kien vi gitip
do- ti-ong qua tiinh thu thip sdheu tai thuc dia. Cim on ngudi din dia phuong da rat ti'ch cue tham gia dieu tra va thu thap sdheu vi cung cap sdhdu can tine t khic.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1. Ban quan ly Khu Bao ton Nai ca tdng Xonnabouly, 2016. Quy hoach quan ly va phat trien bfin viing Khu Bao tdn Nai ca tdng Xormabouly, 2016 - 2021. Phdng Ndng - Lam nghiep huyfin Xonnabouly.
tinh Savannakhet, Ldo (tidng Ldo).
2. Pham Van Dien, Pham Xuan Hoan, 2016. Sinh thai rimg. Nxb Ndng nghiep, Hd Ndi.
3. Vu Trung Tang, 2008. Co sd sinh tiiai hpc. NXB Gido due. Ha Npi.
4. Bhumpakphan, N., 2000. Wildlife Management, Second edition, ed. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (in Thai).
5. Bhumpakphan, N., Sukmasuang, R., Vathsavankhu, Vr., Siriarunrath, Br., Sumanojitraphone, S., Phitsadamkham, Ch., Senphosana, Th., Saiyavathna, S., Simjalem, S., Niphananh, Tr., Phathanaphiboun, A., Sisourak. N., McShea, W. J., 2010. The history of Rehahihtation Project for Eld's Deer Population in Huay Kha Kheng Wildlife Sanuary, Uthaithany, Thailand (m Thai).
6. Bukeo, S., Thamasenanupap, P., Thani, T..
2009. Plant Diversity and Utilization of Forest Products in Khok Yai Community Forest, Wapi Pathum District, Maha Sarakham province. Environ.
Nat. Resour. 7,36 - 50 (m Thai).
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https://doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v26i0.662.
8. Dasraann, R F., 1964. Wildlife Biodiversity.
John Wiley & Sons, h i c , USA
9. Ding, J., Liu. Z., Song, Y., Zeng, Z., Zhang, Q., Bravery, B. D., 2012. Rut-mduced changes m the activity budgets of male tiopical ungulates: Eld's deer on Hainan Island. Curr. Zool. 58. 536 - 540.
10. Hartiey, M , 2014. Burmese Brow Antiered Deer Rucervus e/rfi/thiamin. 1st Edition, ed. Zoo and Wildhfe Solutions Ltd.. Umted Kingdom.
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KHOA HOC CONG NGHl 11. Kent, M., 2012. Vegetation description and
data analysis: a practical approach, 2nd ed. ed. Wiley- Blackwell. Chichester, West Sussex. UK; Hoboken.
NJ.
12. Khotpatiioom, T.. 2011. Home range and bibitat utilization of Kha Nyou (Laonastes aenigmamus Jenkins, KUpatiick, Robinson &
Tunmins, 2005) in Phou Hm Poun national biodiversity conservation area, Centi-al Lao PDR (M.Sc). Kasetsar University, Bangkok, THAILAND.
13. Khotpathoom, T., Southakone, K., Vorasan, H., 2018. Forest Ecology, first ed. Faculty of Forestiy Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR (hi Lao).
14. Lekagul. B., McNeely, J. A., 1988. Mammals of Thailand. 2th ed. ed. Bangkok Kurusapa Ladproa Press, Bangkok.
15. Marod, D.. Kutintara, U., 2009. Forest Ecology. Faculty of Forestiy, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Thailand (mThai).
16. McCorab, B. C , 2008. WildUfe habitat raanageraent: Concepts and Apphcations in Forestry.
CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group, London.
London, UK
17. McShea, W. J., 2003. Ecology and Available Habitat of Eld's Deer m Southeast Asia, in: Ecology and Available Habitat of Eld's Deer in Southeast ^ l a . Presented at the Workshop on Eld's Deer Conservation and Restoration. Smithsonian's National Zoological Park Zoological Park Organization Thailand. Wildlife Conservation Society, Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Chonbun, Thailand, pp. 31-35.
18. Mohammadi, A , Kaboh, M., 2016. Evaluating Wildlife_Vehicle CoUision Hotspots Usmg Kemel- Based.pdf. Hum.-Wildl. Interact. 10.103-109.
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Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
21. Ounmany. S., Stenhouse, R, Nouansyvong, S., Johnson, A., McShea. W. J., 2004. Second Annual
Meetmg of the Eld's Deer Interest Group on Eld's Deer Conservation and Restoration, m: Collaborative Approach to Eld's Deer Conservation and Research in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR Dusit Zoo.
Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 16-20.
22. Pan, D., Song. Y.- L, Zeng. Z.- G., Bravery, B.
D., 2014. Habitat Selection by Eld's Deer following Relocation to a Patchy Landscape. PloS One 9.
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Dependent Habitat Selection by Reintroduce Eld's
DISTRIBUTION OF ELD'S DEER (Rucervus eldii)
IN XONNABOULY ELD'S DEER SANCTUARY, SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE, LAO PDR Thananh Khotpathoom^ ^ Vu Tien Thinh^' ^
^Faculty of Forest science. National University of Lao
^Faculty of Forest resource and Environmental Management, Vietnam National University of Forestiy
^Institute for Tropical Biodiversity and Forestry Summary
Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii) or Ong - Mang is an endangered species of Lao PDR. It's disbibution is confined to South Asia, but extinct from the wild in some countries. The study on the distribution of Eld's deer was carried out in the Xonnabouly Eld's deer Sanctuary, Savannakhet province, southern Lao PDR from 2017 to 2019, usmg systematicly selected line tiansects. The study focused on the western part of the Sanctuary.
Data were collected from 5 - 10 am and 13 - 17 pm in both dry and rainy seasons. The vegetations were sampled in 10 plots in each habitat. We used ArcGIS 10.1 to project the distribution of the species. Our results showed that the Eld's deer distributed mainly in the southwest of the Sanctuary, especially in the core zone where welfare factors such as food sources and salthcks are available. There are 7 types of habitat in the Sanctuary, including dry deciduous forest, semi - evergreen forest, evergreen forest, grassland, urban area, agricultural land, and water bodies. Most of the observation of Eld's deers were made in the dry deciduous forest. However, the species also favors grassland and dry decidous forest because the number of observations per 01 km transect are highest in these habitats. The habitats that are not frequendy used by Eld's deer in the dry season and the rainy season were agricultural land and mixed deciduous forest, respectively. The result of this study is important for future sustainable conservation Eld's deer and their habitats.
Keywords: Distribution, Eld's deer, habitat, habitat utilization, Xonnabouly Eld's deer sanctuary.
Ngudi phdn bi^n: TS. Nguyen Vmh Thanh Ngdy n h | n bdi: 6/4/2020
Ngdy thdng qua phan bifin: 6/5/2020 Ngdy duy^t dang: 13/5/2020
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 8/2020
