TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE - SO 18 -TRU'ONG DAI HQC PHAM VAN D O N G
VAI TRO CUA BAI T ^ DOI V d l VIEC PHAT TRIEN NANG LlTC CHO H p c SINH TRONG DAY HOC VAT LI
Nguyin Hdi Nam *
TOM TAT
Cd ly lugn vd thuc tiin diu cho thdy trong dgy hpc Vdt li trung hpc phd thong, bdi tap Vgt li la mgt cdng cy hiru hieu, no cd vai tro quan trpng trong viie phdt triin cdc ndng Iuc eho hpc sinh Npi dung bdi viet tap tnmg phdn lieh, ldm ro vai tro ciia bdi tgp vgt li trong phdt trien mgt sd ndng luc cot loi eho hge sinh, ddng th&i de xudl mgt sd quan diim khi xdy dimg vd sic dung bdi tgp di ndng cao hiiu qud viie phdt triin ndng luc cho hpc sinh trong dgy hpe Vdt li, dap img yiu cdu eda chuang trinh gido dye phd thong m&i.
Tix khoa: Phat triln ndng Iuc, nang Iuc cdt loi, bai tap vat li 1. Mfr dau
Trong bdi canh the gidi cd nhieu thay ddi nhanh vd phiic tap, todn cau hod vd h0i nhap qudc te ve giao due da ttd thdnh xu tbd tat ydu. Xu the chung cua the gidi khi budc vao thi ki XXI la tiln hanb ddi mdi manh me gido due. Cimg vdi nhung chii truang phat triln chung vl kinh te - xa hpi; doi mdi giao due la mot ttong nhirng ehii truang Idn ciia Dang, Nha nudc. Trong ddi mdi giao dye ndi chung, ddi mdi gido due phd thdng Id mpt bp phdn khdng the tdch rdi vd cdn thuc hidn rapt each hidu qua.
Tren thd gidi va d Viet Nara, da cd nhilu nhien ciiu vl day hgc Vdt li theo dinh hudng phat triln ndng lyc hpc smh va cd nhieu each tilp can khac nhau. Viec sii dung bdi t§p ttong day hpc Vdt li dl phdt tridn nang luc cho hpc sinh Id mdt hudng di ma nhieu nha nghien cuu giao dye da rat quan tdm.
2. N$i dung
2.1. Mgt sd kit qud nghiin cuu vi viec sit dyng bdi tap vdt li nhdm phdt triin ndng luc cho hpc sinh
2.1.1. Khdi qudt nhiing kit qud nghien euu & nu&c ngoai
Tren thi gidi, day hpc theo dinh hudng phdt ttiln nang Iuc hpc smh da dugc nhieu nudc dl cap din tii nhiing nam cudi ciia thi ky XX va nay da ttd thanh xu budng giao dye mang tinh qudc tl. Vdn dk dgy hpc ndi chung vd day hpc Vat li ndi rieng theo dinh hudng phdt ttiln nang lyc hgc sinh da dugc rdt nhilu td chiic, ca nhan cac nha nghien ciiu quan tdm va da cdng bd nhilu cdng trinh nghien cuu cd gid ttj. Dudi ddy Id mpt sd nghien cum:
Dk cap din vdn de phdt ttiln ndng lyc chuyen nganh dac thii ctia Vdt li nhu ndng Iuc tim hilu ty nhidn thdng qua vipc sir dung bai tap vat li, cdc tdc gid Ismo T. Koponen (University of Helsmki), Terhi Mantyla (University of Tampere) ttong bai phdn tich
• JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 145
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 18 - T R U O N G DAI HQC PHAM VArv ^ U j j G _ _
"Generative Role of Experiments in Physics cmd in Teaching Physics: A Suggestion for Epistemological Reconstruction " (Vai tro eda thi nghiim trong dgy hpc Vdt li: Mpt di xudt cho tdi cdu true nhdn thirc) da khang dinh: Trong gidng day Vgt H, vide dua thi nghiem va loai bdi tap thi nghiem vao gidng dgy la dieu cdn thiet, giiip hpc sinh cd cdi nhin tryc quan hon ve hien tugng vdt li, phdt tridn nang lyc chuyen ngdnh dgc thu ciia Vat li [12]. Cac tdc gid Eugenia Etkina, Michael Gentile (Dgi bpe bang New Jersey), Aaron Warren (Dai hpc Purdue Northwest) khi nghidn cim vl "Vai ttd cua md hinh"
{The role of models in physics instruction) da phdn tich chi tiet viec sir dyng md hinh, cdc dang bdi tap vl md hinh ttong day hpc Vdt li vd hidu qua tich cue cua nd vd phat trien ndng luc cho hpc sinh [10]. Trong khi dd, cac tac gid Paul Francis (Dai hpc qudc gia Uc), Aidan Byrne (Hdi ddng nghien ciiru Uc) cho rang vide sir dyng loai bai tap nhdp vai cung lara tang tinh tuang tdc ttong Idp hpc, tgo sy hiing thu cho hpc sinh va phat trien nang lyc giao tiep vahgp tac cung nhu nang luc tun hidu thi gidi tu nhien cho hpc sinh [13].
Van de td chiic day hpc Vdt Ii vd ddnh gia qua ttinh hpc tap cua hpc sinh nhu the nao dd vide phdt ttien nang lyc cho hpc sinh dat hidu qud ciing dugc nhidu nha nghien ciiu quan tam. Tai Hpi nghi qudc td ve khoa hoc gido due do Vien phdt trien gido dye Hdn Qudc td chiic nam 1997, tac gid Aikenhead Glen da cdng bd nghien cdu cua minh ve khung danh gia chung va cac tieu chi ddnh gid hogt dpng day va hpc ttong mpt ldp hpc mpt each cu the thdng qua bdi viet "A famework for reflecting on assessment and evaluation" [9]; Trong bai viet "The Impact of Classroom Evaluation Practices on Student" (Tdc dpng ciia viic ddnh gid l&p hpe ddi v&i hgc sinh) dang tten tap chi Nghien ciru gido due ciia Hiep hdi nghien cuu giao due My, tdc gid Terence J. Crooks da phdn tich, tdm tdt kdt qua tir 14 linb vyc nghidn cuu cu thi v l mdi quan he giixa ddnh gid cua giao vien va ket qud hpc tap cua hpc sinh. Ket ludn chinh Id danh gia cua gido vien tdc ddng true tilp vd manh me (cd thi la tieh eye hay tieu eye) din kit qud hpc tap ciia hpc sinh, dodd viec ddnh gia ciia gido vidn cdn dugc len kl hoach va thyc bidn cbu ddo [14].
Cdc tac gia William Dylan vd Paul Black Iai cd each tilp can khac khi chi ra nhiing bdng chiing viing chdc ve cdc hogt ddng td chiic day hpc dugc thilt k l theo budng tang cudng cae phan hdi, cdu tta Idi td cde bai tap vat li cua hpc sinh thi chdt Iugng hgc tap ciia hgc sinh duge tang len ddng kl; hieu qua cua boat dpng day vd hpc cdn dugc ndng cao khi ngudi hpc ty nhdn thuc dugc vai ttd ciia cd nhan vd cd kha nang ty danh gid ban tbdn ttong qua ttmh hpc tap [15]. Ngodi ra, cac tac gid John J. Hoover vd James R. Patton Cling cdng bd nhirng kit qua nghien cuu quan trgng v l vdn dd vl bdi dudng ki nang hpe tap cho hpc sinh [11]; cdc tdc gia Philip Bell, Bruce Lewenstem, Andrew W. Shouse, and Michael A. Feder ttong ndi dung nghien ciiu "Leaming Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, cmd Pursuits" d Hpc vien quoe gia bao chi, Wasington DC cung khdng djnh viec hinh thanh vd phat triln cho hpc sinh ndng lyc tim hilu ty nhien tir tren ghi nha ttudng thdng qua vide xit Iy cdc loai hinh bdi tap khac nhau la viec lam can thiet vd tdc ddng ttyc tilp din sy phdt ttiln kinh t l xa hpi ttong tuong Iai.
146 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY *
_ TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 16 - TRU'ONG BAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
2.1.2. Khdi qudt mpt so nghien ciru trong nu&c
6 Viet Nam, vdn dl day hpc tbeo dinh hudng phat ttiln ndng luc da dugc nhilu nha nghien cdu khoa hpc giao due quan tdm, nhilu cdng ttinh nghien ciiu da dupc triln khai va dgt dugc nhixng thanh cdng nhdt dmh. Ddc dilm chung dl nhdn thdy ttong nhilu cdng trinh nghien cuu da cdng bd la viec dl xuat cdc bidn phdp nhdm phdt ttiln mdt ndng lyc cy thi cho hpc sinh ttong day hpc Vdt H. Dudi ddy la rapt so nghien ciiu:
Vdi cdc lugn an tiln sT ciia minh, tac gid Dd Van Nang tap trung dl xudt cac bien phdp de phdt ttien nang lye lam vide vdi sach gido khoa cho hpc smh [3]; Tdc gia Luang Thi Ld Hdng dl cap ddn vdn d l phdt ttien nang lyc gidi quylt van dl [4]; Dac biet, tdc gia Phgm Xuan Qui ciing vdi cac cpng su da bien soan tai lieu tap hudn vl kilm tta, ddnh gia trong qud ttinh dgy hpc theo dinh hudng phdt trien nang lyc hpc sinh mdn Vat li cdp tmng hpc pho thdng [8].
Mdt sd tdc gid da nghien ciiu vdn dl sii dyng bai tap vat li gdn liln vdi vide phdt ttien ndng Iuc cho hgc sinh. Tac gid Phan Xudn Cat de cap den viec xdy dyng h? thdng bdi tgp vgt li dl ren luyen nang lyc van dyng kiln thiic vao thyc tiln [7]. Nhilu tac gid nghien ciiu theo hudng su dung bai tap sdng tgo de phdt ttien nang luc cho hpc sinh nhu cac tac gja Pham Thi Phii, Nguyen Dinb Thudc dd cap den viec xay dyng va su dung bdi t^ip sang tao vl Vgt li [6].
Mdt sd tdc gia da nghien cuu chuyen sau vd viec sir dung bai tap dinh tt'nh ttong dgy hpc Vat li, tieu bieu la tac gia Nguyen Thanh Hdi [5].
Tbdng qua viec cap nhdt rapt sd tai lieu n^ien ciiu, cdng bd khoa hpc ttong va ngoai, CO thi ndi vdn d l td chiic day hpc theo dinh hudng phdt triln nang lyc thdng qua viec su dung bdi tdp ttong day hgc Vat Ii la vdn de dugc rat nhieu nha nghien cuu khoa hpc giao dye quan tdm va day vdn cdn la vdn dl phai tiep tuc nghien cuu de cd thd van dung trong day hpc phu hgp vdi yeu cdu va dieu kidn thyc tien.
2.2. Ndng luc vd cdc ndng luc cot loi eua hpc sinh
Chiing tdi cho rdng vide hilu diing ban chat cua "nang lyc" sd la ca sd ly ludn de giai quylt dupe vdn dl "phdt ttiln ndng luc cho hpc sinh". Hien cd rdt nhieu each phdt bieu khac nhau vl nang luc, chiing tdi thong nhdt vdi edcb phdt bilu dupc ghi ttong Chuong trinh giao dye phd thdng tdng tbi: "ndng luc la thude tinh cd nhdn dugc hinh thdnh, phdt triin nhd td chdt sdn eo vd qud trinh hpe tap, ren luyen, cho phep con ngu&i huy dgng tdng hgp cdc kiin thue, jfcy ndng vd ede thude tinh cd nhdn khde nhu hung thii, niim tin, y chi,... thue hien thdnh cong mdt logi nhiim vu nhdt dinh. dgt kit qua mong mudn trong nhimg diiu kiin cu thi". Theo dd, nang lyc la "edi bin 0-ong", "cdi khong nhin thdy dugc " vd cung la "cdi kho co thi do dim duge "; nd dugc bilu hien thdng qua nhimg "cdi bin ngodi", "cdi nhin thdy dugc" vd la "edi co thi do dim duge"n)\\i: kien thiic, ky nang, thai dp.
Viec phdt ttiln nang luc cho hoc sinh trong day hpc thyc chdt la giiip cho hpc sinh dgt dugc nhixng yeu cdu nhdt dinh tu "edi bin ngodi", dd la tich luy kiln thuc, ren luyen
• JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 147
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 18 -TRU'ONG DAI HQC PHAM VAN ijiiUG__
ky ndng bdi dudng tinh cdm, thai dp,...; tir do bmh thdnh vdphdt ttiln duge nhflng eai bin trong", do la nhixng pbam chdt cbu ylu vd nhung nang lyc cdt loi can thiet.
Cd ly ludn va tbuc tiln diu cho thdy budc chuyin tir chuang ttinh giao due tiep can ndi dung sang tilp can nang lyc, gdn chat vdi sy thay ddi ve quan dilm: chuyen tir chd chu ylu quan tam din viec hoc sinh hpc dugc cdi gi din chd quan tam hpc sinli van dung dugc cai gi qua vide hpc; chuyin tir phucmg phap day hpc tbeo ldi chay tbeo khdi Iugng kiln thiic, it chu y day each hpc, nhu cau, hiing thii cila ngudi hgc... sang day cdch hpc, cdch van dung kiln thixc, ren luyen ky nang, hmh thanh ndng luc va phdm chdt; cbuyen hi each danh gia kit qud giao dye nang v l kidm tta tri nhd sang kiera tta danh gia ky nang, nang lyc van dung kiln thiic gidi quylt vdn dk, coi ttpng ca kidm tta danh gid ket qud hpc tap vdi kilra tra danh gia qud trinh... Cach tiep can nang lyc khdng nhiJng ddi hdi hpc sinh ndm viing nhirng kiln thiic, kT nang co ban, ma cdn cbii ttpng ydu cdu van dung kiln thire, kT nang vao thyc hdnh, giai quyet cdc tinh hudng ttong hpc tap vd cudc song. Nbiing phdm chdt chu ylu va nang Iuc cdt Idi cdn hinh thanh va phat ttien cho hgc smh da dugc xac djnh ttong Chucmg trinh giao dye phd thdng tdng thi (2018) gdm:
Nhiing phdm chdt chu ylu: yeu nudc, nhan ai, cham chi, trung thyc, ttdcb nhiem; Nhiing nang lye cdt loi gdm nhdm 3 nang lye chung la nang lyc ty chu vatu hgc, ndng lyc giao tilp va hgp tdc, nang lyc gidi quydt van de vd sdng tao; nhdra 7 nang lyc chuyen mdn Id nang lyc ngdn ngu, nang lyc tinh todn, nang luc khoa hgc, nang luc cdng nghd, nang lyc tm hoc, ndng lyc thi my, nang lyc the chat [1], [2],
v l nguyen tdc, tat ca cac mon hpc deu phai dinh hudng phat ttien ddy dii 10 ndng luc cdt loi, tuy nhien do tinh ddc thu ma mdi mdn hpc se cd uu the rieng dd phdt ttien nhirng ndng lyc cy the. Ddi vdi mdn Vdt Ii, chiing tdi thdng nhdt vdi mdt sd ket qua nghien ciiu ciia cdc nhd nghien cuu giao dye, ddng thdi bd sung them nhflng bieu hidn khac cita nang lyc de hoan cbinh hon; tten ca sd dd, cd thd tap trung vdo nhiing bieu hipn cua rapt sd ndng lyc sau (rieng nang lyc tham my va nang lyc the chat khdng ttinh bay dudi ddy):
Bdng 1. Mgt so bieu hiin cda cde ndng lue ehinh trong mdn Vgt li TT
1 Nang luc
Nang luc tur hpc
Bieu hien nang luc trong mon Vat IJ
- Ty lap dugc kd hogch tu hpc, cd thd didu chinh, thyc hien kl hoach cd hieu qud.
- Ty tim kiem thdng tin vl nguyen tdc cdu tao, hogt dpng ciia cde iing dung kT thugt ttong Vdt Ii; tu ddnh gia dugc miic dp chinh xac ngudn thdng tin.
- Ty dat dugc cdu hdi ve sy vat, hidn tugng xung quanh.
- Ty tdm tat dugc ndi dung vat li ttpng tdm ciia cdc tdi lieu Vdt li (gido khoa, tham khdo ...)\ ty tdm tat thdng tin bdng sa dd tu duy, bdn do khdi niem, bang bidu, so dd khdi...
- Ty ddt cdu hdi, thiet ke, tien hanb dugc phuang dn thi nghiem dl ttd Icri cho cdc cdu hdi do.
148 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY •
=> CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 18 - T R U O N G BAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
TT Nang luc BiSu hidn nang luc trong mon Vat Ii
Nang luc giao tiep
- Sii dung dugc ngdn ngir vat Ii de rad ta hidn tugng.
- Lap dupc bang va md ta bang sd lieu thyc nghiem.
- Ve dugc dd thi td bang sd lieu cho trudc.
- Ve dugc so do thi nghidm.
- Md td dugc so dd thi nghiem.
- Dua ra cac lap lugn Id gic, bidn chiing.
Nang luc hgp tac
- Tien hdnh thi nghiem tbeo nhdra.
- Tiln hanh thi nghiem theo cdc khu vyc khac nhau.
Nang luc giai quyet van de
Nang tuc sdng tao
Nang luc ngon ngii'
- Dac bipt quan ttpng la nang luc tbuc nghiem, dung thyc nghiem dd gidi quyet van de.
- Dat dugc nhimg cau hdi va dua ra dugc cdch tbiic tim ra cau tta ldi cho cac cdu hdi dd dat ra v l nhiing bien tugng tu nhien (hiin tugng... diin ra nhu ndo? V&i diiu kien ndo thi hien tugng ... diin ra? Hiin tugng ... eo mdi quan hi gi v&i kiin thire vgt li? Cdc dyng cu CO nguyin tde cdu tgo vd hogt ddng nhu thi ndo? ...).
- Tiln hanb thyc bien cac cdch thuc tim cau ttd ldi bdng suy ludn Ii thuylt boac khao sat thyc nghiem.
- Khai quat hda nit ra kit ludn tir kit qua thu dugc.
- Danh gid dp tin cay va kit qua thu dugc.
- Neu phuong dn va thilt ke dugc phuang dn tbi nghidm de kiem tta gia thuylt (hoac du doan).
- Lya chpn dugc phucmg dn thi nghiem tdi uu.
- Gidi dugc bai tap sang tao.
- Lya chgn dugc each thixc tdi uu d l giai quylt van dd.
Nang luc finh toan
Nang luc lim hieu flie gidi t u
nhien
- Sit dyng ngdn ngu khoa hgc de dien td quy ludt vdt li.
- Sii dyng bang bilu, dd thi ^^ didn td quy ludt vdt Ii
- Dpc hilu duge dd tbi, bdng bilu, sa dd vat li. ^ - Chuyin dupe tir ngdn ngfl thdng thudng sang ngon ngu vat li de
md td va vgn dung diing kiln thiic vat li vao nhung ttudng hgp cy thd.
- Tinh toan chinh xdc cdc thdng sd vat li tir cdng thdc, bieu thuc cua djnh lugt vat li.
- Md hinh hda quy luat vdt li bdng cdc cong thiic todn hoc.
- Su dung toan hgc dl suy ludn tii kiln thixc da biet ra he qud boac ra kiln thiic mdi. ^ - Quan sat, thu thap thong tm; phfeTtid, xu ly so lieu; du Soan KIF qua nghien cuu; giai thieh dugc mot s6 hien tuong vat li don g.an, gdn gui vdi cudc sdng. , , - -ntuc hien duoe mOt si ky nang tim toi, Idtam pha teo hen trmh:
djt cku m eho van Si nghi6n ciru, xay dpig gia tuyetJ»pkeho?eh
• JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 149
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CpNG NGHE - SO 18 -TRU'O'NG BAI HQC fnnm v ^ . . - - - j g _
TT
7
8
Nang tuc
Nang luc tin hpc
Nang luc cdng nghd
Bieu hien nang luc trong mdn Vat li
va thuc hidn kl hoach gidi quydt vdn de, ttinh bay kdt qua nghien cdu ...
- Thyc hidn dugc viec phdn tich, so sanh, nit ra nhiing ddu hieu ehung va rieng ciia mgt sd su vat, hien tugng vat If; bilt each sir dung cdc chiing cii khoa hpc dl ly gidi va nit ra ket ludn.
- Su dung mdt sd phdn mdm chuyen dyng (maple, coachs, Crocodile Physics, thi nghiem ao vat li . . . ) d l m d hinh hda qua ttinh vat Ii.
- Sii dung phdn mim md phdng de md ta ddi tugng vat li.
- D I xudt dugc nhirng gidi phap, bien thuc hda va kidm nghidm dugc giai phdp ddi vdi nhflng vdn de tii nhiing bdi cdnh cy thd cd lidn quan din Vdt Ii.
- Nhdn tbuc dugc vdi ttd, tdm quan ttpng cua thilt kl, xdy dung dugc quy trinh thilt kl vd su dung cac cdng cu ttong thidt ke.
- Van dyng dugc tu duy thiet ke trong tira tdi, sang tgo thupc ITnh vyc Vat li, Ky thudt.
2.3. Vai trd cua bdi tap vdt li trong viie phdt triin ndng lire eho hge sinh
Trong qua ttinh dgy hpc Vdt li, bai tap gift mpt vai trd rdt quan ttpng, nd la phuang tien giiip giao vien hoan thanh cac chiic ndng giao dudng, giao due va phat trien tu duy cho hgc sinh. Vide giai bai tap giiip hpc sinh dn tap, ddo sdu, md rpng kien thixc mgt cdch vung chdc, giup hpc sinh ren luyen tdt kT ndng, kT xdo, van dyng li thuylt vao thyc tien cudc song, ren luyen thdi quen van dyng kien tbiic khdi quat, giiip hpc sinh Iam viec vdi tinh thdn tu lyc cao, ddng tbdi gdp phdn quan ttpng vdo vide phdt ttidn ndng Iuc cho hpc sinh; ddng thdi nd dugc sii dyng vdi nhilu myc dicb khac nhau:
- Bdi tap vgt Ii la phuang tidn dl nghidn cuu tdi lieu mdi. Khi trang bi kiln thiic mdi cho hpc sinh, bdi tap giiip ddo bdo cho hpc sinh ITnb hpi dupe kien tbiic mdi mdt each sau sac va vung cbdc.
- Bai tgp vgt li la phuang tien ren luydn cho hpc sinh kba nang van dyng kiln thiie, lien he li thuylt vdi thyc td, hpc tap vdi ddi sdng.
- Bai tap vgt li la phuong tidn cd tdm quan trpng dgc biet ttong viec ren luyen tu duy, bdi duong phucmg phdp nghien cuu khoa hpc cho hpc sinh. Bdi vi giai bai tap la rapt hinh thirc lam viec ty lyc can ban ciia hpc sinb. Trong khi gidi bai tap hpc smh phai thyc hien cdc thao tdc du duy nhu phan ticb dieu kien ttong de bai, ty xdy dyng nhirng lap ludn, thyc hien viec tinb todn, khi can thidt pbai tien banh cac thi nghiem, thyc hien cac phep do, xac dinh sy phu thudc ham sd gifla cdc dgi lugng kilm tta cdc kit ludn ciia minh. Trong nhimg dilu kien dd tu duy logic, tu duy sang tgo ciia hgc sinh dugc phdt trien, ndng luc ldm viec dpc lap cua hpc sinh dupc nang cao.
- Bai tap vat li la phucmg tien de dn tdp, ciing cd kiln tbiic da hpc mpt cdch sinh dgng vd cd hieu qud. Khi giai cac bai tap ddi hdi hpc sinh phai nhd Iai cac cdng thiic.
150 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY i
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE - S 6 18 - T R U Q N G SAI HOC PHAM VAN B O N G
djnh lugt, kiln tbiic da hpc, cd kbi ddi hdi phdi van dung mpt cdch ting hgp cac kiln thiic da hpc ttong ca mpt chuang, mot phdn, qua do hpc sinh se hilu rd hon va ghi nhd vihig chdc nhung kiln thuc da hpc.
- Thdng qua viec gidi bai tap cd thi ren luyen cho hpc sinh nhung dire tinh tot nhu tinh thdn ty lap, tinh cdn than, tinh kien tti, tinh thdn vupt khd.
- Bdi tap vat li la phuong tien dl kilm tta, ddnh gia kiln thiic kT nang cua hpc sinh mpt cdch chinh xdc.
Z 4. Su dyng bdi tap di phdt triin ndng luc cho hpe sinh trong dgy hoc Vgt li So vdi day hpc Vgt li truyin tbdng, day hpc dinh hudng phat triln nang luc ddi hdi viec thay ddi myc tieu, ndi dung, phuang phdp day hgc va danh gid; trong do viec thay ddi quan nidm vd cdeh xdy dyng cdc nhiem vu hpc tap, djnh hudng xay dyng va sd dung bai tgp cd vai ttd quan ttpng. Dd cd the six dung bai tap nbdm phdt ttiln ndng luc cho hpc sinh ttong day hpc Vdt li mdt each hieu qua, chiing tdi cho rdng cdn phdi chu y nhflng quan dilm sau:
2.4.1. Tiip can bdi tap dfnh huangphdt trien ndng luc
Cdc nghien cuu thuc tien vd bai tap ttong day hpc da nit ra nhung ban chl ciia vide xdy dung va sir dung bai tap vat li kiiu truyen thdng la: Tilp can mdt chieu, it tbay ddi trong vi6c xdy dung bdi tap, thudng la nhixng bai tap ddng; thudng thilu vl tham chilu img dung chuyen giao cai da hgc sang vdn de chua biet ciing nbu cac tinh hudng thyc tien cudc sdng. Kiem tta thudng chii ttpng cdc thanb tich nhd va hidu ngan ban; khdng dn tap thudng xuydn vd bd qua sy ket ndi gifla cai da biet va cai mdi; Tinh tich liiy cua vide hpc khdng dupe luu y den mdt cdch ddy du.
Doi vdi vide tiep can nang luc, bdi tap vat li can cd nhirng uu diem ndi bat Id nd phdi dugc xdy dyng sao cho:
- Trpng tam ciia bdi tap khdng phai la cac thanh phdn tti thiic hay ky nang rieng le ma la sy van dung cd phdi hgp cac thanb phdn ridng khac nhau tten ca sd mdt van de mdi ddi vdi ngudi hpc.
- Npi dung bai tgp khdng dinb hudng theo ndi dung hpc trim tugng, ma ludn bam theo cac tinh hudng cudc sdng cua hpc sinh, theo "thir thach ttong cupc sdng". Ndi dung hpc tap vacac bai tap vdt Ii phdi mang tinb tinh hudng, tinh bdi canh va tinh thuc tien.
2.4.2. Nhimg dae diim cdn liruy ddi v&i bdi tap dinh hu&ng phdt triin ndng luc Cac thdnh td quan ttgng ttong viec ddnh gid viec ddi mdi xdy dyng bdi tap la: Su da dgng cua bdi tap, chdt lugng bai tap, su Idng ghep bai tap vao gid bpe va su hen ket vdi nhau ciia cdc bai tap. Chiing tdi tbdng nhdt vdi nhilu nha khoa hgc gido dye vd nhixng 3gc dilm c4n chii y khi xay dyng vd sii dyng bdi tap theo dinh budng phat ttiln nang luc, dugc neu dudi ddy:
- Ve yeu cdu ciia bai tap: cac bai tap phdi cd muc dp kbd khac nhau; md ta tti thixc, ley nang, ydu cau vd dinh hudng theo kit qua.
• JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 151
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 18 -TRU'ONG BAI HOC PHAM V A H t^wNG__
- v l ho ttg hpc ticb luy: bai tgp pbai lien kit cac ndi dung qua sudt cac nam hoc;
Iam nhdn bilt dugc sy gia tang, phat ttiln ciia ndng lyc; bai tap can dugc van dyng thudng xuyen nbiing kien thuc da hpc.
- v l hd ttg cd nhdn hda vide hoc tap: bai tap cdn cd npi dung mang tinh chan doan va khuyin khich ca nhan; tao kha nang ttaeh nhiem ddi vdi viec hgc ciia ban than hpc smh; giao vidn va hpc sinh cd the sir dung sai ldm tir vide gidi quylt cac bdi tap nhu Id ca bdi dl ty dieu chinh va phat trien.
- Xay dyng bai tap tten ca sd chudn: bdi tdp luyen tap phdi bao ddm dugc tri thiic CO sd; ludn thay ddi dang, loai binb bai tap ddt ra cho hpc sinh (md rdng, dao sdu va ket ndi, xdy dyng tri thiic tbdng minh), thu cac hinh thiic luyen tap khde nbau.
- Cac loai hinh bdi tap cdn bao gdm ca nhiing bdi tap nhdm din vide ren luyen nang lyc hgp tdc va giao tilp thdng qua ldm viec nhdm; lgp luan, li gidi, phan dnh de phdt trien va Cling cd tri thixc.
- v l tich cue hda hogt ddng nhan thirc: tang cudng cdc logi bdi tgp giai quylt vdn dl va van dyng; kit ndi vdi kmh nghiem ddi sdng; phdt ttien cac cbien luge gidi quyet vdn de.
- v l con dudng va nhung gidi phap khac nbau trong xdy dyng vd sur dung bai tgp:
nudi dudng sy da dang ciia cac con dudng, gidi phdp; ddt van de md; dgc lap tim hieu;
khdng gian cho cdc y tudng khac thudng; diln bidn md eua gid hpc.
- Vd phdn hda ndi tgi: bai tap phai dugc xay dyng sao cho cd nbieu each tiep can khac nhau; phan bda ben ttong; gan vdi cdc tinh hudng va bdi cdnh.
Trong day hpc Vat Ii d trudng pbd tbdng, ve phuong dien nhan thiic, ngudi ta chia cac mirc qua ttinh nhdn thirc va cdc bdc ttinh dp nhdn thiic khac nhau. Dya tten cac bac nhgn thuc va chii y den dac diem ciia hpc tap dinh hudng phat trien nang lyc, giao vien cd thi xdy dyng bai tap vgt li theo cdc dgng:
- Cdc bdi tap dgng ldi hiin: yeu cdu su hieu vd tdi hien tti thiic. Tuy nhien can luu y la bdi tap tdi bien khdng phdi ttgng tdm ciia bai tap dinh hudng phdt ttiln nang lyc.
- Cde bdi tap vgn dung: cdc bdi tap van dung nhiing kiln thiic ttong eac tmh hudng khdng thay ddi. Cac bai tap nay nhdm cung cd kien thiirc va ren luydn ky nang ca bdn, chua ddi hdi sang tao.
- Cde bdi tgp gidi quyet vdn di: cac bai tap nay doi bdi su phan tich, tdng hgp, ddnh gid, van dung kiln thdc vdo nhflng tinh budng thay ddi, gidi quylt vdn dl. Dang bdi tap nay ddi hdi sy sang tao cua ngudi hgc.
- Cdc bdi tgp gdn v&i boi eanh, tinh huong thye tiin: cdc bai tap vgn dyng va gid!
quylt vdn de gdn cdc van de vdi cdc bdi canh va tinh hudng thyc tidn. Nhirng bdi tap nay la nhimg bai tgp md, tao ca hdi cho nhieu cdch tiep can, nhidu con dudng giai quylt khac nhau.
152 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY «
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHg - 5 0 18 - TRU'ONG BAI HOC PHAM VAN DONG
2.4.3. Phdn logi bdi tgp dinh hu&ng phdt triin ndng lye
Dii vdi giao vien, bdi tap la ylu td dilu khiln qua ttinh gido dye. Ddi vdi hpc sinh, bdi tap Id mdt nhiem vu cdn thyc hidn, la mpt phdn ndi dung hpc tap. Cdc bdi tap cd nhilu hmh thdc kbde nhau, c6 tbi la bdi tap mieng, bai tap viit, bdi tap ngdn hgn hay ddi hgn, bai tgp theo nhdm hay cd nhan, bdi tap ttdc nghiem ddng hay tu luan md. Bai tap cd the dua ra dudi hmh thuc mdt nhiem vu, mpt dl nghi, mdt yeu cdu hay mpt cdu hdi.
Nhung ydu cdu chung ddi vdi cdc bdi tap la: Dugc ttinh bay rd rang; cd it nhat rapt ldi giai; vdi nhung dfl kien cho tnrdc, hpc smh cd tbi tu lyc gidi dugc; khdng giai qua doan mo dugc.
Theo chu-c nang Iy luan day hgc, bai tap cd thi bao gdm: bai tap hpc vd bai tap danh gia (thi, kiem tra):
- Bdi tap hpc: bao gdm cac bdi tap diing ttong bai hpc dl linh hdi tri thiic mdi, chdng hgn cac bai tap ve mdt tinh hudng mdi, giai quylt bai tap ndy dl nit ra tri thiic mdi, hoge cdc bai tap de luydn tap, cung cd, van dgng kiln tbuc da hpc.
- Bdi tgp ddnh gid: la cdc kilm tta d Idp do giao vien ra dl hay cdc dl tap ttung nhu kilm tra chdt lugng, so sanh; bai thi tdt nghiep, thi tuyln.
Thyc te hien nay, cac bai tgp chu ydu Id cdc bdi luyen tap va bai thi, kilra tra. Bdi tap hpc tgp, ITnh hdi tti thuc mdi it dugc quan tdm. Tuy nhidn, bai tap hpc tap dudi dang hpc khdm phd cd thd giup hoc sinh nhilu ban trong Idm quen vdi vide ty lyc tim tdi vd md rpng tti thiic.
Theo dang ciia cdu tta Idi cua bai tap '•'md" bay "ddng", cd cdc dang bai tap sau:
- Bdi lap dong: la cac bai tap ma ngudi hpc khdng cdn ty trinh bay cdu ttd ldi md lya chpn tir nhirng can ttd ldi cho ttudc. Nhu vdy ttong logi bdi tap nay, giao vien da biet cdu tta ldi, hpc smh dugc cho trudc cdc phuang an cd the lya chpn.
- Bdi tap m&: Id nhung bai tap md khong cd Idi giai cd dinh ddi vdi ca gido vidn va hpc sinh; cd nghTa Id kit qud bdi tap la "md". Chdng ban gido vien dua ra rapt chu de, mot vdn de hoac mdt tai lidu, hoc sinh cdn ty binh ludn, thdo ludn v l de tai do; hpc sinb tu trinh bdy y kien theo each hilu va lap ludn ciia minh.
Trong thyc tidn dgy hgc Vat li d trudng trung hpc phd thdng hien nay, cac bai tap md gdn vdi thye tidn cdn it dugc quan tam. Tuy nhien, bdi tap md la hinh thuc bai tap cd y nghTa quan ttpng ttong viec phat ttiln ndng lyc hpc sinb. Giao vidn can kit hgp mdt each hpp ly cdc logi bdi tap dl ddm bao giup hpc sinh ndm viing kiln thtxc, ky ndng ca ban vd phdt ttiln dugc ndng luc van dung ttong cdc tinh hudng phiirc hop gan vdi thyc tiln.
3.KetluSn
Tren ca sd phan tich mdt sd kit qud nghien ciru vd vi?c gdn bdi tap vdt li vdi phdt triln nang lyc cho hpc sinh, lam ro cdch hilu vl bdn chat ciia nang lye, cac nang lye cdt 16i vd mpt so bilu hidn ca bdn ciia cac nang luc chinh doi vdi mdn Vdt li. Chung tdi da
• JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 153
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 18 - TRLfPNG BAI HOC PHAM VMIN ^^W^;JG__
phdn tich vai ttd ciia bai tap vdt Ii trong viec phdt ttien ndng lyc cho hpc sinh, ttdn ca sa dd d l xudt each tilp can vide sii dung bai tap d l phdt ttiln nang luc cho hpc sinh ttong dgy hpc Vdt Ii. Cdc kit qud nghien cixu neu tten cd thi giup giao vidn cd cai nhin tong qudt va van dung dugc viec su dung bai tap dl phat triln ndng lyc cho hpc sinh ttong day hpc Vat li mdt cdch hgp ly, dap ting dugc nhung yeu cau cua Chucmg trinh giao due pho thdng mon Vdt H.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Giao dye va Dao tao (2018), Chuang trinh gido due pho thong long the.
2. Bd Giao dye vd Ddo tao (2018), Chuang trinh gido due pho thong mdn Vgt ll 3. Dd Van Nang (2015), Phdt triin ndng luc ldm viic v&i sdch gido khoa cho hpe sinh
trong dgy hge phdn "Diin hpc" Vdt li 11 ndng eao Irung hpc pho thong, Ludn an tien sT Gido due hpc, Dai hpc Hue.
4. Luang Thi Le Hdng (2013), Td chuc hogt dpng nhgn thirc cho hpe sinh trong dgy hpc chuang "Tir tru&ng" vd "Cdm Ong diin tir" Vdl li II tnmg hgc pho thdng theo hu&ng phdt triin nang lue gidi quyit vdn di v&i sir ho trg ciia mdy vi linh, Ludn dn tiln sT Gido due hoc, Dai hpc Hul.
5. Nguyen Thanh Hdi (2010), Nghiin cuu xdy dung vd sit dyng hi thong bdi lap dinh tinh trong dgy hpc Ca hpc Vdt li 10 trung hpe phd Ihdng, Ludn dn tidn sT Gido due hpc, Dai hpc Hue.
6. Phgm Thi Phii, Nguyen Dinh Thudc, "Bdi tap sdng tao ve Vdt li d trudng trung hpc phd thdng", Tgp chi Gido due.
I. Phan Xuan Cat (1998), Phdt triin ndng luc tu duy vgt li ren luyen ndng lue van dung kien thue thong qua hi thong bdi tap eua phdn "Dong diin xoay chieu trong ehuang trinh l&p 12 Trung hpc phd thong", Luan van thac sT Giao dye hgc, Dgi hpc Su phgm Vinh.
8. Pham Xudn Que (2014), Tdi lieu tap hudn kiem tra, ddnh gid trong qud trinh dgy hgc theo dinh hu&ng phat trien ndng luc hpc sinh mdn Vdt li edp trung hpc phd thong, Bd Gido due vd Ddo tao.
Tai lieu nudc ngoai
9. Aikenhead Glen (1997), "A famework for reflecting on assessment and evaluation", in: Globalization ofScience Education: Intemational Conference on Science Education, pp. 195-199 (Seoul, Korea, organized by Korean Educational Development Institute, May 26-30, 1997).
10. Eugenia Etkina, Michael Gentile (The State University of New Jersey), Aaron Wauen (Purdue University Northwest) (2006), The role of models in physics instruction. Source: The physics teacher, January 2006.
II. Hoover, J. J., & Patton, P. R. (1995), Teaching students with learning problems to use study skills: A teacher's guide. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
154 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY <
_ TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 18 - T R U O N G BAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
2. Ismo T. Koponen, Terhi Mantyla (2006), Generative Role of Experiments in Physics and in Teaching Physics • A Suggestion for Epistemological Reconstruction, University of Helsinki, University of Tampere.
3. Paul Francis (Austtalian National University), Aidan Byrne (Austtalian Research Council) (April, 1999), The use of role-playing exercises in teaching Undergraduate Astronomy and Physics, Publication of the astronomical society of Australia.
14. Terence J. Crooks (Winter, 1988), "The Impact of Classroom Evaluation Practices on Students", Source: Review of Educational Research, Vol. 58, No. 4, (Winter, 1988), pp. 438-481 (Published by: American Educational Research Association).
15. William Dylan, Paul Black (MarI998), "Assessment and classroom leaming".
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Vol. 5, Issue 1.
•Nghien ciiu sinh Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dgi hpc Hue
L OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 155
