KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
KET QUA THUC HIEIM IVIO HIIXIH 5AI\I XUAT LUA CHAT LUOIXIG CAO THEO HUOIXIG VIETGAP VOI S U LIEIXI
KET BOIXi IXIHA TAI HUYEIXI DO LUOIXIG, TIIXIH IXIGHE AIXI
Phan l l i i Tliu Hi^nS Ngd Thi Mai Vi^
T6MTAT
Xuat phat tir nhu cau tieu diing liia gao chdt lirgng cao a Viet Nam va vdi mong mudn h5 t r a nong dan trdng Ida tr^n dia ban huyen Do Luong. tinh Nghe An, Tap doan TH va Trudng Dai hoc Vinh da phdi hpp lien ket voi nong dan va chinh quyen dta phirong de phat t n e n gidng lua chat lugng cao. Tap doan TH la don vi dau tu nguon kmh phi cho san xuat va bao tieu san pham ddng thai tham gia giam sat, danh gia hieu qua du an.
Tnrdng Dai hpc Vinh true ti^p khao sat, dieu tra va lua chon dia diem trien khai d u an; tap huan va chi dao qui trinh ky thuM canh tac lua chat luong cao. Chinh quyen dia phuang phdi hop trong viec giam sat va chi dao, ki^ra tra cac bien phap ky thuat canh tac ma ngiroi nong dan tbuc bien; giao, ban san pham lua hang hoa dung theo quy each ve pham chat. Mo hinh san xuat lua chat lupng cao theo hirong VietGAP dirpc thuc hien trong vu xuan 2017 tai 3 xa Yen Son, Thmh Son va Hoa Son. qui mo 10 ha. Thong qua mdi lien ket nay ngudi nong dan diroc tap budn khoa hoc ky thuat, biet each quan ly cham soc ruong lua tdt hon. Moi tnrdng dat, nuoc khong hi 6 nhi^m. San pham lua do nguoi dan lam ra dam bao an toan duac bao tieu het vdi gia thu mua cao hon 1,4-1,5 ldn so voi binh thudng, nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi nong dan.
Tu khoa: Liia, VietGAP. gao chat luong, ben ket 4 nha.
1. DAT VAN BE
Viet N a m la dat n u d e ed n d n v a n m i n h lua n u d e tir lau ddi, h i e n nay t r e n 70% d a n sd vdn d a n g l a m ndng n g h i e p . T u y n h i e n san p h a m lua g a o c u a n u d e ta chira m a n g lai gia tri t u o n g x i m g voi sice lao d d n g cua ngudi n d n g dan; lua g a o l a m r a cd n a n g suat, s a n lugng cao n h u n g gia tri h a n g h d a c d n r a t t h a p . Nguyen n h a n chii y e n la d o liia g a o ciia Viet N a m chua d a m b a o v e c h a t l u a n g c l i n g n h u m a n m a k h d n g d d n g d d u d o s a n x u a t n h d le. Vi vay, d e l u a gao Clia b a c o n n d n g d a n cd c h d d i i n g t r e n thi trudng, t a n g gia tri h a n g h d a va n a n g c a o t h u n h a p cho ba con n d n g d a n cdn p h a i cd s u t h a y d d i t r o n g quy tiinh san x u d t lua. San x u a t lua V i e t G A P vdi s u tham gia tich c u e c u a "4 n h a " c h i n h la giai p h a p h i e u qua hien nay.
T o n g dien tich g i e o t r d n g liia t r e n dia b a n t i n h N g h e An hien la 186,6 n g h i n h a , n a n g s u a t t r u n g binh dat 5,42 t a n / h a , s a n l u g n g d a t 1.007,5 n g h i n t a n / n a m (Cue T h d n g k e N g h e A n , 2016). D d L u a n g la mpt t r o n g n h u n g viing t r p n g d i e m lua c u a tinh Nghe An vdi dien tich t r d n g liia h a n g n a m k h o a n g 15.000 ha, n a n g s u a t liia d a t 4,4-6,1 t a n / h a . N g u d i dan t h u d n g sic d u n g c a c g i d n g lua p h d b i e n n h u :
Vien Nong nghiep va Tai nguyen, Trifdng Dai hpc Vinh
K h a n g D a n , Q 5 , T h i e n U u 8 va m p t sd g i d n g lita lai p h u c vu c h a n nudi, n a u r u g u , l a m biin, b a n h d a n e n c h u a t h e trd' t h d n h h a n g h d a cd gia ti-i. Vu x u a n n a m 2017, h-en c a n h d d n g cita c a c x a Y e n Son, T h i n h Son, H d a S o n c u a h u y e n D d L u o n g , b a con n d n g d a n d a d u p e tiep c a n m d h i n h s a n x u a t lita VietGAP, t o a n b d sdn l u g n g lua tuoi l a m t h e o m o h i n h nay d u g c d o a n h n g h i e p t h u m u a tai r u d n g va t r d t h a n h h a n g h d a cd gia tri. D a y la m d h i n h s a n x u a t liia V i e t G A P cd s u h e n k e t 4 n h d d a u tien t r e n dia b a n tinh N g h e An. D e s a n x u a t lua an t o a n b e n v u n g t h e o tieu c h u a n V i e t G A P , s u g d n k e t giira N h a n u d e , n h a n d n g , n h a k h o a h p c va d o a n h n g h i e p la vd c i m g q u a n t r p n g . T r o n g d d , c a c b u d e t h u c h i e n q u y t r i n h san x u a t lita t h e o tieu c h u a n VietGAP d d n d u a c vdi ngu'di d a n , giiip h p h i e u va n d m r o c d n cd s u c h u y e n g i a o q u y t r i n h k y tiiuat c h o n g u d i n d n g d a n m d t e a c h k y i u o n g . 6 day, c h i n h e a c g i a n g vien ciia K h o a N d n g l a m n g u (nay la V i e n N d n g n g h i e p va Tai n g u y e n ) , T r u d n g Dai h o c V m h la n h i m g n g u d i d u a ede k y t h u a t d e n tan h i n g h d d a n .
Lau n a y , m d i h e n k e t g i u a c a c n h a t r o n g c h u o i "4 n h a " d a n g t h i e u v d n g t h a n h td tien q u y e t d o la d o a n h n g h i d p . Vi t h e , x u a t p h a t tir n h u c a u s u d u n g g a o c h a t l u a n g c a o v a vdi m o n g m u d n d u a cay lita t r d t h a n h c a y ti-dng h a n g h d a cd g i a t n c a o ti-en dia b a n h u y e n D d L u a n g va m d t sd v i i n g t r d n g lita k h a c c u a tinh.
131
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl Tap doan TH va Tnrdng Dai hpc Vinh da phoi hgp
hdn kdt vdi nong dan va chmh quyen huyen Dd Luong de san xuat va tidu tiiu cac gidng lua chat lugng cao vdi phuang tinic ho ti-g ddu vao va bao tieu ddu ra san pham. Thdng qua mdi Uen ket "4 nha"
khdng chi khidn cho ngudi ndng dan yen tam san xuat ma chinh quyen dia phuong cung nhan thay nhiing uu diem vugt b-gi cua chuang tiinh nay.
2 . VAT UEU VA PHUONG PHAP NBHIBU CUU 2.1. V§t li^u nghien cutu
Gidng lua Bde Thom 7, chat lugng hat gidng dat cap nguydn chimg, do Cdng ty Gidng cay ti-dng Thai Binh san xuat, dugc Cdng ty Cd phdn Gidng cay trdng Nghe An phan phdi. Gao Bde Thom 7 dugc ua chuong sir dung d mien Bac (Nguydn Trpng Khanh, Nguydn Van Hoan, 2014).
Phan bdn: phan chudng, voi bdt, supe ldn Lam Thao (16% P.O5), dam Phu My (46% N), kah Canada (60% K2O), silic sihcamon Ddng Son (sdic tdng >45%, sihc hiru hieu - Si02 > 25%, sdt trao ddi > 10%, magie hiiu hidu > 5%).
2.2. Tlidi gian vd dia di^m nghidn ciiu Md hinh san xudt liia Bde Thom 7 theo hudng VietGAP tai huyen Dd Luang dupe thuc hidn trong vu xuan nam 2017, qui mo 10 ha trdng tai 3 xa: Viing Ddng Tha, xa Yen Son (3,6 ha), vimg Ddng Cham, xa Thinh Son (2,8 ha), vimg Cica Eo, xa Hda Son (3,6 ha).
2.3. Npi dtmg nghiSn ciiu
- Dieu tra thuc trang san xuat lua tai huyen Dd Luong.
- Danh gia cac chi tidu ve dat, mdu nude tai cae vimg trdng lita cua huyen Dd Luong, lua chgn dia diem san xuat.
- Ddnh gia kha nang smh trudng, phat trien, kha nang chdng chju sau benh hai va nang suat, hieu qua kinh te a i a md hinh gidng lua Bac Thom 7 theo hudng VietGAP.
2.4. Phtrang thiic thuc hidn
- Van de hen ket san xuat theo chudi gia tii duoc thuc hien thdng qua hgp ddng va duge the hien bdng cac didu khoan cu the ti-ong hgp ddng. Dd la hgp ddng 3 ben duoc ky kdt giiia Tap doan TH - ben A, Trudng Dai hpc Vinh - hen B va chinh quyen dia phuong - ben C (dai dien la lanh dao UBND xa hoac
giam ddc cua cac hgp tac xa dich vu ndng nghiep);
hgp ddng 2 hen ky ket giiia ben A va bdn C. Trong do hen A ddng y tai trg cac chi phi Uen quan den giong, vat tu san xuat de ben B va ben C phdi hgp trien khai xay dung md hinh; phdi hgp vdi ben B giam sat va danh gia qui trinh san xuat liia. Ben B cu can bd ky thuat hd trg ben C trong qua trinh san xuat lua, Uen he don vi cung cap gidng va vat tu phuc vu san xuat dam bao yeu cdu cita san xuat lua theo tieu chuan VietGAP; phdi hop vdi ben A va ben C to chiic cac bien phap thu mua phit hop vdi thdi gian thu hoach, chiu trach nhiem vd nang suat, san lugng va chat lugng lua theo qui dmh. Ben C ddng y hgp ddng san xuat va ban liia hang hda cho ben A theo diing thdi gian, dien tich, san luang, chat lugng, gia ca qui dinh;
lap danh sach hg vd so dd dai thica cita ndng dan tham gia lien kdt san xuat; chiu trdch nhiem cac hd dan tham gia Uen ket san xuat tuan thii qui trinh ky thuat do ben B phd bien vd tap huan; phdi hgp chi dao hd dan ghi chep lai qua trinh san xuat theo ho so san xuat liia tieu ehudn VietGAP.
2.5. Phuong phdp nghidn ciiu
- Didu tra thu thap cac sd Ueu thu cdp ve dien tich, do phi dat dai, nang suat, san luong tir cac don vi chire nang.
- Thu thap sd lieu so cap: su dung phidu didu tra ndng ho de ghi nhan cac thdng tin ve thtrc trang san xuat va tieu thu Ida tren dia ban huyen Dd Luong.
Chgn 3 xa san xudt lita chu luc cua huyen. Mdi xa chgn 30 hd de phdng van. Tdng sd phidu dieu ti-a la 90.
- Su dung phuong phap danh gia ndng thon cd su tham gia cua ngudi dan (PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal), nhdm cung cap thdng tin chit luc (KPD - Key Person Interviews) de phdng vdn va thu thap cac thong tin hdn quan.
- Phuong phap lay mdu dat, mdu nude va danh gia cac chi tieu vd chat lupng nude, ham lugng mdt sd kim loai nang trong dat, phuang phdp nghien ciiu ap dung theo qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve chat luong nude dimg cho tirdi tieu (QCVN 39:2011/
BTNMT) va qui chuan ky thuat qudc gia vd gidi han cho phep cua mdt sd kim loai nang trong dat (QCVN 03-MT:2015/ BTNMT). Mdu dat va mdu nude dugc giri den Cdng ty Chiing nhdn va Giam dinh Vinacert de phan tich va danh gia.
- Danh gid mot sd chi tieu smh trudng, kha nang chdng chiu sau benh hai, cac yeu td eau thanh nang NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE suat tiieo QCVN 01-55-2011-BNNPTNT. Ap dung quy
trinh thuc hanh san xuat ndng nghiep tdt cho lita tai VietNam (2998/QD-BNN-Tr/2010).
- Qui trinh cham sdc lua (tinh cho 1 ha) tai cac md hinh dp dung nhu sau: Phan chuong hoai muc 8 tan+400 kg vdi bdt-i-180 kg ure+400 kg supe lan+120 kg KC1-H120 kg silic silicamon Ddng Son. Vdi bdt bdn 100% trudc khi biia lan cudi, hdn Idt 100% phan chudng, lan, silic va 30% ure. Bdn thuc lan 1 sau khi tia, dam (cdy lua dat 3-5 la) 1/2 ure + Vz KCl. Bdn thitc lan 2 khi ti-en rudng cd 10% la ddng tiiat eo bdn lugng phan cdn lai.
- Phan tich sd lieu didu tra bang chuang trinh may tinh Excel.
3 . KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Thyc trang san xu^t Ida tai huy^n Dd Luong, tinh Nghd An
3.1.1. Dien tich trong lua va ngudn lire lao ddng Theo sd Udu tir Cue Thdng ke Nghe An nam 2016, dien tich gieo cay lita d cac nam tir 2013-2015 cua huyen Dd Luong dao dong 7.823-7.936 ha d vu xuan va 7.071-7.360 ha o vu he thu. Nang suat lua vu xuan dat 6,0-7,0 tan/ha, vu he thu 4,1-4,5 tan/ha. Cd khoang 1.500-2.000 ha liia trdng cdc gidng liia chat lugng de phuc vu nhu cdu gao ciia ngudi dan trong huyen. Trong sd 20 xa dugc quy hoach trong vimg Ilia chat lugng cao cua huyen, xa Yen Son, Thinh Son va Hda Son la cac dia diem dien hinh ve trdng lua, ed dieu kien dat dai thuan lgi vdi cay lua, nguon nude tudi cung cap cho cay lua tai 3 xa nay dugc sir dung tir ngudn niroc sdng Dao, he thdng tirdi va tieu nude hoan toan chii dgng. Ngoai ra vimg trdng lua thudc 3 xa nay ciing tren true dudng 7, giao thdng di lai rat thuan loi, thu hoach cd the thuc hien bang co gidi hda va van chuyen dd dang. Tai cac vimg trong diem lua, may lam dat cd tdi 215-230 may, may gat rai hang 50 may, may gat lien hoan 12 may, may gieo cay 30 may.
Ket qua dieu ti-a nam 2016 cho thay, Dd Luong da thuc hien thanh cdng cdng tac ddn didn doi thua.
So nhan khau binh quan hd cua cac xa la 4,56 nhan khau/hd trong do sd lao ddng chinh cita hd binh quan la 2,46 lao dgng/hd. Tdng dien tich dat canh tac cua cac hd tuong ddi ldn, trung binh 0,61 ha tuong img vdi 12,2 sao/hd, ti-ong dd dien tich canh tac lua binh quan/hp la 0,35 ha tiiong img vdi 7,0 sao/hd.
3.1.2. Ca cau gidng Ida
Ket qua dieu tra nam 2016 cho thay, ca cau gidng liia vu xuan tai Dd Luang chu ydu Id lua lai chiem 70% dien tich, gidng lua thuan ngdn ngay chiem 18% dien tich va gidng liia thudn chat lugng chidm khoang 12% dien tich. Trong vu he thu, gidng lita thuan ngdn ngay chiem 75% dien tich va khoang 25% didn tich la lita lai. Cdc gidng lita thuan ngdn ngay dugc phdt trien chu yeu trong vu xuan va he thu la Khang Dan, Q5 cd thdi gian sinh truong 120- 125 ngay trong vii xuan, 95-100 ngdy vu he thu, nang suat dat 5,8-6,4 tan/ha trong vu xuan va 4,4-4,8 tan/ha trong vu he thu, miic do sau benh hai trung binh, pham chat gao hinh thudng, com ciing. Gidng Ilia lai Nghi Huong 2308 dugc dua vdo trdng phd bien trong vu xuan, nang suat binh quan dat 6,6-7,5 tan/ha, gao chit yeu la dd phuc vu chan nudi, nau rugu lam hiin, banh da, bdnh cu da. Cac gidng Iiia chat lugng duge dua vao trdng tai huyen Dd Luong pho bien la Thien Uu 8, Huong Thom 1, Dai Thom 8, ACS cd thdi gian sinh tnrdng 120-130 ngay vu xuan cho nang sudt 6,0-6,5 tan/ha, pham chat gao tdt, dugc su dung de an hang ngdy va mdt phdn d^ ban.
Gia ban tren thi trudng cho 1 kg gao Thien Uu 8, Huong Thom 1 chi dat 11.000-13.000 d/kg.
Trong khoang 3 nam trd ve trudc tai Dd Luang da phat trien 2 gidng lua chat luong la AC5 vd Bac Thom 7. Gidng AC5 do Cdng ty Gidng cay trdng Vinh Hda dua vao phat tndn, da cd nam dien tich ti-dng gidng ACS len den 1.700 - 2.000 ha. Mac dii gao cd chat lugng khd nhung sau vai nam trdng, AC5 da hi nhidm henh dao dn c6 bdng rat nang trong vu xuan tuy nhidn Cdng ty Vinh Hda da khdng cd giai phap khde phuc benh hieu qua. Gidng Bde Thom 7 la gidng nhap ndi tir Trung Qudc, do Trung tam Khao Idem nghiem Gidng cay trdng Qudc gia de nghi cdng nhan va phat trien tai Viet Nam. Gidng Bde Thom 7 cdng da duoc dua vdo thii nghiem tai Dd Luang, gidng cd kha nang thich ling tdt vdi didu kien dat dai va khi hau cua vimg, khdng dinh duge hieu qua qua 2 vu trdng, gao ngon dugc ngudi dan ua chudng. Tuy nhien trong thdi gian dd gia thanh lua gidng Bde Thom 7 (120.000 d/kg) cao hon nhidu so vdi cac gidng phd bien khac do vay ngudi dan da khdng ddu tu de md" rdng dien tich. Tir nhidu nam nay, ngudi dan trdng liia chii yeu de phuc vu nhu cdu luong thuc gia dinh va chan nudi, mdt lugng nhd lua thudn dugc ban tai chg dia phuong de lam luong thuc, lam banh da, lam bitn.
133
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHl
3.1.3. Phuong thire gieo tidng
Tai Dd Luong do didu kien dat trong bdng phdng, nude tudi hoan toan chu ddng va ngudi dan da cd kinh nghiem san xuat liia gieo thing do vay phuang thiic gieo trdng liia hien dang ap dung tai huyen Do Luang gdn 100% dien tich trdng liia dugc ap dung gieo thdng.
Bang 1. Tinh hinh su dung phan bdn cho cSy liia ciia cac hp san xuat
Don vi tinh: k g / sao (500 m^
3.1.4. Bdn phan eho eay lua
Didu tra cac hd dan vd qui trinh bdn phan cho cay liia (Bang 1) cho tiiay: Lugng phan bdn dugc sii dung ti-en mot sao (500 m^ gdm: 350 kg phan chudng + 21,2 kg voi bdt + 9,3kg ure + 20,4k g super lan + 6,7 kg KCl + 12,2 kg NPK 16:16:8.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Loai phan Voi Phan chu6ng Ure Superlan KCl NPK16:16;8
Yen Son 22,1 357,1 9,0 14,0
6,6 12,6
Thinh Son 21,4 307,1
9,4 21,4 6,6 13,4
Hoa Son 20,0 385,7 9,6 25,8
6,9 10,6
Trung binh 21,2 350,0
9,3 20,4
6,7 12,2 Phuong phap hdn cho cay lita dupe dp dung: Bdn
idt 100% (vdi bdt, phan chudng, super lan va NPK) + 30% ure. Bon thuc ldn 1 khi cay lua bat ddu de nhanh 40% ure va 40% KCl. Bdn thiic lan 2 vdi lugng phan cdn lai - bdn nudi ddng (30% ure + 60% K2O).
So vdi quy trinh bdn phan dugc khuyen cao hien nay cho cay lua thi lugng bdn phan vd co cao hon va ti le phan bdn sic dung o cac lan bdn chua hgp ly so vdi qui trinh khuyen cao cua Bo Ndng nghiep va PTNT (QCVN 01-55/2011 - BNNPTNT) va qui trinh bdn phan cho cay lita do So Ndng nghidp va PTNT Nghd An han hanh (liia thuan trong vu xudn bdn 180-220 kg ure + 400 kg supe lan -H 90-100 kg KCl/ha).
3.1.5. Hidn trang su dung thudc bao ve thuc vat trdn cay Ilia
Tren cac vitng trdng lua cua huyen Dd Luong, ngudi dan chu yen sir dung thudc trir cd de phun cho cay Ilia tir 2-3 ldn vao thdi diem sau khi gieo hat 1-2 ngay (phun thudc trir cd tien nay mam), khi cay lua dang de nhanh hoac lam ddng (chu yeu phun thudc ti-ir cd Idng vuc). Nhin chung ngudi dan cd thdi quen dimg thudc hda hoc de phun khi tren cay lua xuat hien hp ti-i, hdnh dao dn, benh khd van... va thudng vtit bo bao bi tiiy Uen d- tren ddng rudng. He luy cua phuong thicc canh tac ndy ve lau dai cd the gay di nhidm den mdi trudng dat, nude va chat luang lua gao anh hudng den sire khde ciia con ngudi.
3.2. K^t qua xdy dung mo hinh san xuat Itia chat lugng cao theo hirong VietGAP tai huyfin Dd Luong
3.2.1. Danh gia va lua chon vung san xuat liia VietGAP
Sau khi lira chgn 3 xa san xuat mo hinh lua VietGAP la Yen Son, Thmh Son va Hda Son, tien hanh lay mlu dat, nude tai rudng va lay mdu nude tudi cho cay liia tir song Dao de phan tich mdt sd chi tidu cdn thiet ddi vdi quy trinh san xuat lua VietGAP.
Ket qua dugc the hien d cac bang 2 va bang 3.
Kdt qua phan tich 14 chi tieu trong mau nude tai ruong thudc cac xa xay dung md hinh va nguon nude tudi tir sdng Dao cho thdy: Tdt ca cac chi tieu phan tich deu rat thap so vdi quy chuan QCVN 39:2011/BTNMT, dac hiet cac chi tieu khn loai nang nhu asen, caduni, ddng, kem, thiiy ngan deu khdng phat hien trong cac mdu phan tich.
Kdt qua phan tich cac chi tieu chat lupng dat a bang 3 cho thay: Khdng phat hien ham lugng cac kun loai nang nhu chi, asen, cadimi trong cac mlu dat d ca 3 xa duoc lua chpn san xuat md hmh lua VietGAP, ham luong kim loai kem dao ddng 7,67 - 23,00 mg/kg, rat thap so vdi quy dinh la 200 mgAg va ham lugng crom dao dpng 1,13 - 2,18 mg/kg so vdi quy dinh la <150 mg/kg.
Nhu vay, chat lugng nude ngam, nude tirdi va chdt lugng dat trdng lua tai cac dia diem duoc lua chon dam hao de san xuat lua theo tieu chuan VietGAP.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Bang 2. K^t qua phan tich mOt s6 chi tifiu chat luguR nude tai cdc vimg tr6nE lu£
Chi tieu Borat (tinh theo B) Ch^t ran hoa tan Clorua Oxi hoa tan (DO) pH
Sunphat (SO,^' Dong (Cu) Kem (Zn) Asen (As) Cadimi (Cd) Chi (Pb) Crom (Cr) Natri (Na) Thiiy ngan)
Donvi mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
Yen Son
<0,002 172,00 24,80 5,207 7,72
<3,3 KPH KPH KPH KPH
<0,002
<0,01 7,00 KPH
Thmh Son
<0,002 109,00 12,10 5,00 7,68
<3,3 KPH KPH KPH KPH
<0,002
<0,01 2,6 KPH
Hoa Son
<0,002 126,00 27,70 5,60 7,05
<3,3 KPH KPH KPH KPH
<0,02
<0,01 4,95 KPH
Song Dao
<0,002 79,00
<5,00 5,40 7,54
<3,3 KPH KPH KPH KPH
<0,02
<0,01 1,45 KPH
Tieu chuan (*)
3 2000
350
>-2 5,5-9 600 0,5 2,0 0,05 0,01 0,05 0,1 9 0,001
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chi tieu Chi (Pb) Kem (Zn) Dong (Cu) Asen (As) Cadimi (Cd) Crom (Cr)
Donvi mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/1 mg/1 mg/kg
Yen Son KPH 19,29 KPH KPH KPH 2,18
Thinh Son KPH 23,00 11,98 KPH KPH 1,13
Hoa Son KPH
7,67 5,97 KPH KPH 1,80
Tieu chuan (**) 70 200 100 15 1,5 150 Ghi chu: (**): Theo QCVN03-MT:2015/BTNMT
Ngoai viec dam bao cac didu kidn ve dat trdng, ngudn nude tudi, cac dia didm duoc lua chpn dap iing cac qui dmh khac theo qui trinh san xuat liia VietGAP dd la viing trdng lua d xa cac nha may, henh vidn, khu cdng nghiep, nude thai va khu rac thai sinh hoat; viec sii dung cac loai phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat (BVTV) b-ong danh muc, thdi gian each ly dam hao an toan khi su dung thudc BVTV, ghi chep
KPH: Khdng phat hidn
nhat ky ddng ruong va tham gia giam sat ndi bd cua ndng dan.
3.2.2. Kha nang sinh trumig, chdng chiu va nang suat cua gidng lua Bde Thom 7
Kha nang smh trudng cua gidng liia Bde Thom 7: Kha nang sinh ti-udng cua gidng lua Bac Thom 7 trong vu xuan nam 2017, dp dung theo tieu chuan VietGAP (Bang 4).
Dia diem
Yen Son Thinh Son
Hoa Son
Gieo - 4 la 24 25 26
Thoi gian sinh truong Bat dau de nhanh -
Lam dong 41 40 39
qua cac thoi ky (ngay) Bat dau lam
dong. Tr6 30 30 31
Tr6- Chin 30 29 30
Tdng TGST 125 124 125
Chieu cao cay
(cm) 98,1 97,2 95,0
135
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl Thdi gian sinh tnrdng cua gidng liia Bde Thom 7
tai 3 vimg ti-dng dao ddng 124-125 ngay, tiiudc nhdm giong cd thdi gian sinh trudng ngdn, gidng cd chidu cao cay dao ddng 95,0 - 98,1 cm. Viec bdn phan can ddi va phil hgp vdi giai doan smh trudng phat trien cua eay giiip cho rudng lua tai cac md hinh cd kha nang chdng dd tdt.
Dieh hai tren gidng lua Bic Tham 7 va bien phap phdng tru dich hai tren cac md hinh trong lua tiieo hudng VietGAP tai huydn Dd Luong:
Van de cham sdc cay liia, quan ly dich hai tai cac md hmh san xuat lua theo tieu chuan VietGAP ngoai viec tap huan cho ba con ndng din tham gia san xuat ndm vimg qui tirinh canh tdc, hieu biet ve cac loai dich hai lua, biet each ghi chep hd so tai cac lop hgc, cac can bd ky thuat eua Trudng Dai hgc Vinh cdn
Bang 5. Thdnh phdn sSu h ^ lua Bac Tliom 7 tai B6 Luang, vu xuan 2017
phdi hgp chat che vdi can bd dia phuang xa, huydn trong viec quan ly mo hinh, chi dao ngudi dan tuan thu qui trinh ky thuat. Viec kiem tra dong rudng duoe thuc hien thudng xuyen (7 ngay/ldn) de xac dinh dugc ddi tugng dich hai, miic do gay hai, giai doan smh trudng phat trien cua cay liia; hudng ddn ngudi ndng dan sir dung loai thudc dac hieu trong danh muc, lieu luong phun, xac dinh thdi didm phun va to chiic phun ddng loat khi dich hai ddn nguong gay hai kmh te; Thuc hidn hidn phap cham sdc cay Ilia trude, trong va sau thdi gian phdng trii.
Ket qua didu tra thanh phdn sau hai lua Bde Thom 7 vu xuan 2017 tai Dd Luang (Bang 5) cho thdy, hg tri (Stenehaetothrips biformis) la loai xudt hidn vao giai doan cay con - de nhanh - lam ddng pho bidn va gay hai nang nhat cho Iiia Bde Thom 7.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ten sau hai liia Bo til Bo xit ddi Bo xit xanh sau cudn la nhd Sau cudn la ldn Sau duc than 2 cham Sau cdn gie Chau chau lua Ray nau Rdy lung trdng
Giai doan phat sinh gay hai Cay con - de nhanh - lam ddng
Trd - chin Trd - chin De nhanh - lam ddng - trd De nhanh - lam ddng - trd De nhanh - lam ddng - trd
Trd - chin Trd - chin Lam ddng - trd - chin Lam ddng - trd - chin
Miic dd phd hien Hda Son
-H-(- -I-+
+ -H- + +^- 4- + ++
+-f-
Thmh Son -l-H-
++
-H ++
-t- + -1- -H + + +
Yen Son ++^
++
-H + + + + + + + + Ghi chu: <-"Phdbien, "-H-" It phd bien", "-i-" Rait it phd bien"
Ket qua dieu tra xac dinh benh hai lua tren gidng Bde Thom 7 (Bang 6) cd 3 lodi henh, trong dd pho bien nhdt la benh dao dn vao giai doan de nhanh - lam ddng va benh khd vdn gay hai vao giai doan lam ddng - trd - chin.
Co dai xuat hien pho bien va gay hai nhieu vao giai doan ddu ciia lita Bde Thom 7 d ca 3 xa. Ngudi dan phdng trir bdng phun thudc 1 lan vao giai doan cay con, nhung cay co mi cdn sdt lai duoc nhd/cat
Bang 6. Thdnh phan bfenh hai co dai. dc btrou vang hai Ida Bde Tham 7 tai D6 Luang, vu xuan 2017 sau dd, dam bao trude thu hoach liia khdng cdn trdn rudng.
Oc buou vang xuat hien giai doan cay con - de nhanh - lam ddng, day la mot trong dich hai pho hien va nguy hiem nhat cho liia vao giai doan cay con.
TrSn mdt sd rudng liia Bde Thom 7 tai xa Hda Son bi 6c buou vang gay hai khi tien hanh dua nude vao rudng de thuc hien khau tia dam, bdn thiic de nhdnh.
TT 1
Ten benh hai lua Benh dao dn Pyricularia oryzae
Giai doan phat smh gay hai De nhanh - lam ddng
Mice do pho hien Hda Son
-m-
ThinhSon
+ + +
Yen Son
+-H-I-
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC CONO NOHE
2 3 4 5
Benh khd vdn Rhizoctonia solani Benh vang la vi khuan Xanthomonas oryzicola Cd dai
Oc buou vdng
Lam ddng - trd - chin Lam ddng - trd - chin Cay con - de nhanh - lam ddng Cay con - de nhanh - lam ddng
+++
-H-
-H-+
+++
+++
**
-I-++
+ -H-H-
++
-l-H- -1-
Ghichw "i-H-" Phd bien. "-H-" It phd bien", "+" Rat it phd bien"
Bang 7. Phdng trir mpt sd dich hai chinh tren gidng lua Bde lliom 7 tai Dd Luong TT
1 2 3 4 5
Ten dich hai Bo tri Benh dao 6n B(;nh kho van Oc buou vang Co dai
Ten thuoc Actaone 750WP;
Beam 75WP; Filia 525SE; Bankan 600WP Anvil 5SC;Rovral 50 WP
Bosago 12AB; Apple 700W; Awar 700WP Heco 60EC; MuUai lOOWP
S614n phun 1-2
1 0 - 1
0 1
Bien phap khac Bon phan can ddi Bon phan can ddi Bon phan can ddi
Bat tay Nho/cat CO mi De dam bao chat lupng san pham, tren gidng
lua Bde Thom 7 dugc dp dung bdng bien phap phdng trii dich hai tong hgp (IPM) tir dau vu cho den khi thu hoach nhu lam dat, ve sinh ddng rudng sach se, bdn phan can ddi, thu hdt thii cdng, phun thudc khi can thiet,... Viec sic dung thudc hda hpc chi thuc hidn theo khuydn cao cita can bd ky thuat khi dich hai gay hai dat nguong kinh te, xac dinh loai thudc, lieu lugng va to chiic phun ddng loat tai cdc dia phuang. Mdt sd dich hai phai phun thudc hda hgc
gdm hg tri (1-2 lan), benh dao dn (1-2 ldn), benh khd vdn (0-1 ldn) va cd dai (1 Ian).
Nang suit va chat luang cua gidng liia Bde Tham 7:
Truoc khi thu hoaeh Iiia, cdc xa da to chiic danh gid nang sudt cita gidng lua Bde Thom 7 thdng qua danh gia cac yeu td can thanh nang suat (YTCTNS) va gat thdng kd md hinh (Bang 8).
BSng 8. C4c YTCTNS v4 nSng suit lila BSc thom 7 tai huyto Do Luong, vii xuSn 2017
^^^^^^^^ Chi tieu Dia diem ^~~"~-^
Yen Son Thinh Son
Hoa Son
B6ng/m^
(bong) 316,1 311,2 313,1
So hat/
bdng (hat) 122,46 124,05 123,09
Sdhat chac/ bong
(hat) 114,2 116,0 114,7
PIOOO hat (gam) 18,89 19,01 18,85
Nang suat Ilia tuoi (tan/ha) 6,53 6,80 6,32
Nang suat Ilia kho (tan/ha) 5,27 5,42 5,14 So bdng/ m^ cua gidng Bde Thom 7 dat 311,2-
316,1 bong. Gidng Bde Thom 7 hat nhd vdi khdi lugng 1000 hat dat 18,85-19,01 g, cd ti le hat chdc cao.
Ket qua thuc hien md hinh cdn duge thuc hien thong qua huoi hdi nghi dau hb cd su tham gia cua Trudng Dai hpc Vmh, Tap doan TH, lanh dao UBND huyen Dd Luang, Phdng NN va PTNT huyen Dd Luong, can bd quan ly 3 xa Hda Son, Thinh Son va Yen Son va tat ca cac hd dan tham gia san xuat lita cua du an de danh gia ket qua thuc chat. Thdng qua 2 dgt thu hoach lua tuoi tai cdc md hinh san xuat tren ddng ruong, nang suat lua tuoi tai thdi diem thu hoach tai 3 md hinh dao ddng 6,32-6,80 tan/ha. Nang suat lua khd sau khi say dao ddng 5,14-5,42 tan/ha.
Nang sudt lua tai cac mo hinh da dat duge muc tieu dat ra theo cac hgp dong ky ket giua cac ben tham gia vao chudi gia tri nay. Toan bp lua tuoi ciia md hinh tai 3 xa da dugc Tap doan TH thu mua tai ruong tiieo diing hgp ddng da dugc ky ket trudc khi mua vu hdt ddu vdi gia lua tuoi la 7.000 d/kg.
Ve chat luang: Toan hd liia tuoi sau khi thu mua dugc lam khd bang he thdng say, sau dd xay xat thanh gao liic, ddng gdi chan khdng. Man gao dugc kiem dinh bdi Chi cue Quan ly chat lugng Ndng lam san va Thuy san Nghe An. Gao khdng tdn du chat cam, khdng su dung chat hao quan, khdng ddnh bdng va dugc chiing nhan an toan thuc pham.
137
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
3.3. Hiiu qua kinh t^ ciia mo hinh tr6ng liia theo hudng VietGAP c6 s u lidn k^t 4 nha
Lgi nhuan thu dugc tii 1 ha lua Bde Thom 7 theo phuong thtrc Men ket la 23.201.750 dong, cao han so vdi md hinh canh tac liia truyen thdng la 10.710.150
ddng/ha. Ngoai ra bdng vide hen ket nay, ngudi ndng dan nang cao dugc trinh do san xuat va dac biet d- giai doan sau thu hoach hp khdng tdn them chi phi lao ddng cho viec phoi kho, lam sEich liia.
Bang 9. Hi$u qua kmh ii cda mo hinh san xuat Ilia VietGAP tai huv6n Clii tieu
/ Chi phi vat chat cho Iha 1. G i d n g
2. P h a n b o n 3. T h u d c B V F V 4. C h l p h i t h u h o a c h , b a o b i / / Chl phi lao ddng
III. Chl phi diu vao dupe hd tia (gidng, phan bdn vo co, thudc BVTV) Tong chi phi san xuat Nang suat 1 ha vu xuan Tong doanh thu Loi nhuan
Don vi tinh
ddng dong dong dong ddng ddng
kg ddng dong
Liia Bac Thom 7 13.644.000
840.000 8.404.000 1.000.000 3.400.000 14.450.000
3.522.000
22.972.000 5.277 46.173.750 23.201.750
Dd L u o n g Liia K h a n g D a n
15.908.400 900.000 9,358,400 1.500.000 4.150.000 13.600.000
0
29.508.400 7.000 42.000.000 12.491.600 Ghi chii: Gia Ida Khang Dan (S.OOOd). GialiiaBdc
3.4. K h a n a n g m a r d n g m d h i n h s a n x u a t Iiia c h a t l u g n g t h e o m d h i n h lidn k ^ t 4 n h a tai N g h e A n
S a u k h i t h i i n g h i e m d- q u i m d n h d tai D d L u o n g , m d h i n h h e n k e t ti-ong s a n x u a t l u a g a o c h a t l u p n g c a o d u p e T a p d o a n T H n h a n r d n g ti-ong s a n x u d t tai h u y e n Y e n T h a n h , t i n h N g h e A n vdi q u i m d dien tich d d n n a m 2 0 1 9 ti-en 3 0 0 h a . G i d n g Ida Q J d u g c d u a v a o s a n x u a t v a d u g e c h e b i e n t h a n h s a n p h a m g a o c h a t l u g n g c a o tieu t h u t h d n g q u a c a c c u a h d n g gidi t h i e u vd b a n s a n p h a m cita F V F , sieu thi... N g o a i r a T a p d o a n T H c d n c d k e h o a c h m d r d n g tiidm vd q u i m d d i e n tich v a d d u t u x a y d u n g h e t h d n g n h d m a y s a n x u a t siia g a o tai Y e n T h a n h , N g h e An.
4.KErLUMI
Viee d u a g i d n g lua c h a t l u o n g c a o v a o s a n x u d t t h e o q u y trinh V i e t G A P tai m d t s d x a d h u y e n D d L u a n g v d i s u t h a m g i a tich c u e ciia N h a n u d e , n h d n d n g , n h a k h o a h o c v a d o a n h n g h i e p b u d e d d u d a m a n g lai n h i e u tin h i e u k h a q u a n . S a n p h a m l a m r a t h e o q u y tiinh V i e t G A P cd thi tiiay n g u y e n n g u d n g d c Clia s a n p h a m , n d n g d a n d u a c t a p h u a n k h o a h o c k y t h u a t , b i e t c d c h q u a n ly c h a m s d c r u d n g lua t d t h o n . S o n g s o n g voi viec b a o v e m d i h u d n g dat, n u d e
Thom (7000x1,25-8.750d)
vk m d i t r u d n g s d n g thi s a n p h a m d o n g u d i d a n l a m ra d u g c h a o tieu h e t vdi gid t h u m u a tai r u d n g c a o h a n 1,4-1,5 ldn s o v d i b i n h t h u d n g , q u a d d t a n g t h u n h a p c h o n g u d i n d n g d a n . Vdi m d i h e n k e t b d n c h a t cita 4 n h a t r o n g s d n x u d t l u a c h d t l u g n g c a o t h i c a y liia s e g d p p h d n n a n g c a o doi s d n g c h o n h u n g n g u o i d a n g d n b d v d i r u d n g d d n g .
TAI UB) THAM KHAO
1. C u e T h d n g k d N g h e A n , 2 0 1 6 . Nien giam T h o n g k e tinh N g h e An n a m 2015 NXB T h d n g ke.
2. Q C V N 0 3 - M T : 2 0 1 5 / B T N M T . Q u i c h u a n k y t h u a t q u d c g i a vd gidi h a n c h o p h e p cita m o t sd k u n loai n a n g t r o n g d a t
3. Q C V N 3 9 : 2 0 1 1 / B T N M T . Q u i c h u a n k y thuat q u d c gia vd c h a t l u g n g n u d e d i m g c h o t u d i tieu.
4. Q u y e t d i n h s d 2 9 9 8 / Q D - B N N - T T n g a y 9 tiiang 11 n a m 2010. Q u y e t d i n h b a n h a n h q u i tiinh tiiuc h a n h san x u a t n d n g n g h i e p tdt (VietGAP) c h o liia.
5. Q u y e t d m h s d 1 7 0 / Q D - S N N n g a y 28 tiiang 12 n a m 2013 vd v i e c p h e d u y e t q u y t r i n h s a n x u a t va d i n h mirc k i n h t e - k y tiiuat m d t s d loai c a y t r o n g c h u y e n .
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHl
6. Nguydn Trpng Khanh, Nguydn Van Hoan, chi Khoa hgc va Phat trien, tap 12 sd 8, tr 1192- 2014. Xac dinh so thich ve gao chat lugng cao cua 1201.
ngudi tieu diing viing dong bdng sdng Hong. Tap
THE OUTCOMES OF A HIGH THROUGHPUT MODEL FOR RICE CULTIVATION BASED ON THE VIETGAP METHOD UNDER FOUR-PART^ COOPERATION IN DO LUONG DISTRICT,
NGHE AN PROVINCE
Phan Tlii Thu Hien, Ngo Thi MaiVi Summary
Due to an increasing demand of high quahty nee in Vietnam and with the aim to support farmers m cultivating nee in Do Luong, Nghe An, the TH Group and Vinh University collaborated with the local farmers and the local authorities to develop high yield and bigh-quality nee. Tbe TH Group supported in both finance and product-sale, as well as supervising and evaluating the effectiveness of the project, Vinh University directly investigated, and selected location to deploy the project, as well as training and supervismg cultivation methodology to the formers. The local aulhonties cooperated in overseeing and trackmg the methodology and milestones of the project that was carried out by the farmers, and also delivered and sold the final products following standard procedures. The cultivation using the advanced Vietgap model was implemented dunng the spring season in 2017 in three villages Yen Son, Thinb Son and Hoa Son, with a total area of cultivation of lOha. Through the cooperation, the farmers equipped wiUi the new methodology, skill-set, and know-how to effectively manage theu paddy field with clean water and nutrient soil. Tbe final products were consumed 100% with the price above 1.4 to 1.5 times higher than the standard one. which significantly increased tbe incomes of local farmers.
Keywords: Rice, Vietgap. high quaUty nee, four-party cooperation.
Ngudi phan bien: TS. Nguydn Nhu Hai Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/3/2019 Ngdy thdng qua phan hidn: 16/4/2019 Ngdy duydt dSng: 23/4/2019
