Hdi Dia 1^ Vigt Nam Dai h 9 c Thdi Nguyen
" C H I M Y E N d N A M T R U N G B O : D A C D I E M P H A N B O V A H i r d N G B A O T O N , P H A T T R I E N
D a n g V a n B a o ' , N g u y l i i C a o Huan', Nguyen Hiru Xuan^, Huynh Cao Van ^ Abstract
White-nest Swiftlel (Colloccalia fiiciphaga germamOustalet) is species of very high economic value, adapted to hot and humid climatic conditions, naturally distributed mainly in the coastal islands. In Vietnam, they are mainly distributed in the coastal islands of the south central coast Today residents in Nha Trang and other provinces have conducted Whtle-nest Swiftlel in coastal areas. In South Central, the climatic factors, water resources, food resources have been meeting the ecological requirements of the swift.
While-nest Swiftlel are always resident in Ihe cave developed m magmatic (intrusive or volcanic) on the slopes of the coastal islands, typically Cu Lao Cham Island m Quang Nam, Phuong Mai Peninsula m Quy Nhon and the coastal islands of Nha Trang city.
Coastal area of Binh Dmh has natural conditions favorable for swift's life and their development.
Swift's caves in Phuong Mai Peninsula including 16 caves with 4 clusters of major caves (hang Ca, KyCo, Vung Bau, Hang Doi) and some scattered caves are inhabited of the White-nest Swiftlet Currently, each year Currently, each year about 500 - 600kg swift nest has been reaped by local operators.
1 G l O l T M E U
0 Vipt N a m cd hai loai chim yen gidng Collocalia Gray cho td an duac la Collocalia Fuciphaga Germaini Oustalet goi la chim yen hang va Collocalia maxima (Hume) gpi la chim yen den, trong dd to ciia chim yen hang cd chat Iupng cao vd sdn lupng ldn, rat cd gia tri xuat khau, dupc cdc nude trgn thi gidi ua chudng vd sii dung de che biln thyc pham cao cap
Duyen hdi Nam Trung Bd la khu vyc phan bd chu yeu ciia Ioai chira yen ddo (yin hang - Colloccalia fuciphaga germamOustalet), chiing lam td trong hang d cac ddo da ven bign Nha Trang, Binh Dinh, Cu Lao Cham. Ngoai ra, mot so ddo d Cdn Ddo, Kign Giang cung cd chim yen sinh sdng.
Dilu ki^n ty nhign ddi ven bien Binh Dmh thu|n lpi cho phat triln chim yen, nhat Id khu vuc bdn dao Phuang Mai, vimg ddng bang hg luu sdng Kdn - dam Tlii Ngi. Ddy la vimg duy nhat cd chim yen hdng lam td ngodi ty nhien
Td yin (yen sao) la sdn pham cd gid tri kinh tl rat cao, duoc tigu thy manh trong va ngoai nude. Nhu cau yin sao ty nhign vd yin nudi trong nha d nude ta rat cao De phat huy hem nang, thi mgnh ciia chim yen d Binh Dinh mpt cdch bin viing, can chu trpng nghign ciiu mdi trudng sdng, ddc tinh sinh thai, quy md, dieu kien khai thac vd dinh hudng phdt trien chim yin cua dia phuong.
2. PHU'ONG PHAP VATU LIEU
Phtfong phdp phdn tich tu liiu: Dya tren nhung ngudn tai h^u cua de tdi "Nghiin cuu nudi tha nghiim chim yin trong nha di lay td tgi bdn ddo PhuongMai Binh Dinh".do Sd KHCN Binh Dmh tiln hdnh, tu lipu dia chat, khi hau, thiiy van cua "Dia chi Binh Dinh", luan dn PTS "Ca s&
smh hgc ciia viic khai thdc hop lp, bdo vi vd phdt trien ngudn lai chim yen hdng (collocalia fitciphagq germani Oustalet) a Viit-Nam" cira Xac gid Nguyen Quang Phach, chiing tdi da. lam ro dilu kipn sinh thdi, su phan bd va dgc diem sinh sdng ciia Ioai chim yen hang d Binh Dinh. Cac tai lieu ve hang Yin d Cu Lao Chdm (Qudng Nam) dupc tham khdo tir bao cao de tai cap nha nude ma sd KC.09.12/06-I0 thupc chuang tiinh bien do GS. Lg Diic To chu tri.
Trudng DH Khoa hgc t^nhiSn. DH quoc gia Hd Ngi
^Truang Dgi hgc Quy Nhim
^SdKi hogch vdBdu tu Binh Dfnh
Kpyiu Hdi nghf Khoa hgc Dia lp torn qudc ldn tha 7
Hpi Dja ly Vi?t Nam Dai hpcThaiJ*Jg|2S Phirang phap thuc dta: Da uln hanh khdo sat rapt so vimg chim yen tim kiem_ tiiirc an ^ Phudc, ddm Thi Nai, nghien ciiu moi trudng sdng, dilu kipn Iam td d mpt sd hang yen tren Phirong Mai tinh Binh Dinh. * [a
Phirong phdp diiu tra: Da dieu tra chi tiet tgi Binh Dinh Ddi tuang dilu tra, P'^^'^f,. pj^i can bp quan Ii (3 ngucri), cdng nhan Iam viec tgi dpi khai thac yin sao Binh Djuh ^'* " ^ • 'jjjng dung dieu tia phdng van ve noi d, cau tgo he thdng hang yen dpc ven bien Binh Dinfi - khai thdc yen, dudi hinh tinic phdng van tryc tiep. , ^ ^^a
Phirang phdp bdn dd: dya tren vi tri vd tpa dp cac hang yin, du ligu dia hinh va " ' " ^ j ^ ^ ^^o khu vyc, chiing toi da xay dyng bdn do khu phdn bd, ldm to ciia loai chun yen hang tre Phuong Mai.
3. KET QUA NGmfiN CUtJ
3.1. Biiu ki^ sinh ip - sink thdi eua lodi chim yin hdng d cdc ddo ven bd Vift Nam Khdi qudt vi chim yin 6 Nam TrungBd _ • en rat Hp Yen (Apodidae) la mpt hp chim cd be ngodi rat gidng vdi cac lodi "^Jf' P ' ^ j ^ ^ J p Yin phiic tgp, ranh gidi giiia cac chi vd loai cdn nhilu tranh cai, dgc bigt la d giong *-'°, . iV jL [^ v^n Apodidae cd 98 lodi tren tiie gidi, tiong do tgi Vipt Nam co 11 lodi, mot so Ioai kha pho m ^^^J_ ^ nui (Aerodramus brevirostris),yln hang, yin hong xam, yin xigm... Chim yen cho ti>
Vigt Nam cd 2 phdn lodi: Aerodramus fiiciphagus germani (Oustalet. 1878) chung^song o^^^ n B dao ty nhien va Aerodramus fuciphagus amechanus (Oberholser. 1912) chung ^ongd trong m. . Ngoai ra d cdc ddo yin Khanh Hda, Binh Djnh cd tiigm lodi Aerodramus maxmusm, {i\
Chim yin hang d Vigt Nam cd chilu ddi trang binh khoang I0-16cm, dau va duoi den dgm lung mau nau phdt den, bung mdu nhgt hon lung, hdng c6 vet nau xam, duoi co che nhung Knong sau, mat nau tdi, md den, chan den, td hhih chen txa bl ddi, ldm tir nuac da. cua chim_, co gia tr^
dinh dudng r ^ cao. Thiic dn ua tiiich ciia chim yin hang Id cdn tiling, ddc bipt la loai con tnmg co canh.
Theo Nguyin Quang Phdch (1999), chun yin da lam td tai cdc ddo d Qudng Nam (Cu Lao Cham-9 hang), Bmh Dinh (bdn bdo Phuang Mai - 17 hang), Khanh Hoa (12 ddo - hon 30^hang), Cdn Ddo (10 ddo), Kign Giang (khodng 4 - 5 dao) [3], [4]. Ffign nay, so luong ddo cd chim yen smh sdng vd ldm td tren toan qudc khodng 50 ddo vdi 219 hang yen [2].
Phan loai chim yen d dao ciia tinh Binh Dinh cd ten gpi la Colloccalia fiiciphaga germamOustalet (chim yen hdng), chiing sinh sdng, lam ^ tai cdc hang ven biln, tap trung chu yeu d khu vyc vach da phia dong tren bdn ddo Phuang Mai, tiianh phd Quy Nhon (ldm to tgi 16 hang gdm: hang Cd, hang Doi Ngodi, hang Ddi Trong, hang Siic Khde, hang Hich, Ba Nghe, Cgn, Hep, Sao Mpn, Doi, Phanh, Nhum, Rap, Re (xa Nhon Ly) va hang Rimg Cao, hang Thi Nai (xa Nhon Hdi).
Chim yin ddo Binh Dinh sinh sdn theo miia, Moi nam chim yen cd the lam tdi 3 lan to. Lan I, chim Idm td, de tning khodng 75 ngay (tu 15 -20/1 den cudi thdng 3). Lan II, chim lam to vdi toe dp nhanh hon (khodng 40 ngdy). Neu hi lay td, chim yen lgi xay td va Ah tning lan III (khoang 40 - 45 ngay, tir dau thang 6 din khodng giira thang 7).
_ .Sqhr^gcajhd cua quan ^ chim yen hang d Bmh Dinh hipn cd khodng 150.000 con (theo khao sat ciia Sd NN&PTNT Binh Djnh), cdn theo Cdi^ ty yen sao Binh Dinh, qua vi$c thu hoadi iupng td yin hdng nam, udc tinh trgn ban ddo Phuong Mai cd khodng 49.000 con [U],
Biiu kifn sinh thdi cua chim yen hdng:
Cac dilu kipn nhipt dp, gid, Iupng mua dnh hudng rat ldn ddn dilu ki§n song va lam td cua chim yin Chim yen hang thich hop vdi khi h§u ndng, am (nhiet dp hang yen thich hpp nh4t la tir 27 - 29°C, dp am tir 80 - 90%) - bdi vay, tir 17°B trd ra, rat it ggp lodi chim nay, dnh sang tir tdi din md tdi 0-2 Lux, c6 ddi luu khdng khi, tiioang mat vdi biiu khdng khi trong sgch. Q Trung
Kpyiu Hdt nghf Khoa hgc Dia lp toan gudc iS^^^^
Hdi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hpc Thdi Nguyen Trang Bp va Nam Trung Bd da hinh thanh 2 quan the chim yin khac biet. Quan the phia Bdc (Qudng Nam, Binh Dinh), chim yen cd kich thudc ldn han chim yin d qudn the phia Nam (tir Khanh Hda trd vao). Nhiet do tac dpng manh tdi su lam td cua chim yen trong' nam nao ttdi l ^ (nhat la giai doan tit thang 12 den thdng I nam sau, thi chim lam td mudn, ngupc lgi, trdi am hon, tiii chim yen lam to sdm
Lupng mua va thdi gian bat dau miia mua hang nam la mdt trong nhimg yiu td quan trpng tac dpng gian tiep den su lam to cua chun yen. Luang mua nhilu hdng nam tao cho hp thyc vat phdt trien, cdn trimg trong ty nhign nhilu hon, lara tang ngudn thuc dn cho chim yen. Chira yen hdng Id loai bay lupn bat moi trong khdng khi. Do dd, gid ciing tac dong din tdc dp Idm td ciia chiing. Neu gid Idn (cap 6-7) trd len thi luong cdn trimg trong khdng khi bi gidm manh, ddng thdi nang lupng md chim tieu hao ttong qua trinh bay nhieu hon ngn chim yen Idm td cham, chat luang td gidm.
Cau tnic va vi khi hgu trong hang ciing tdc ddng rat din dan chim yin, den qua trinh xay td cua chiing, Cac hang cd day nude ham Iupng oxy khgng khi trung binh cao hon d hang kho. Hang day nude khong khi luu thdng nhilu nhd sdng ngn tao duoc sy thdng thoang thich hpp vd nhiet dp trong hang rat it thay ddi,Mieng hang la yiu td quyet dinh dieu kipn vi khi hau ttong hang Niu mipng hang quay vl hudng bdc thi dp am cao vdo mua gid ddng bdc (do am tuong ddi 80-90%) va gidm vao miia gid ddng nam (dp am tuong ddi cdn 65-75%) khdng thich hpp cho yin xay td.
^^^ic,j|^*^'w?fc^''"*
Anh 1. Hang Yin tren tgo bdi khe ndt hin tao trin dd granit tgi ddo Cii Lao Chdm Chim yin rat can tdm vd udng nude ngpt sach (cac budi chilu, khodng 16-17 gid) vd mang nude dd vl cho chun con udng vdo chieu mupn.
3,Z Phdn bd chim yin d Nam Trung Bd
Cac kit qud nghign ciiu cho thay chim Yen thucmg cu tni trong cac hang da d bd phia dong cac ddo dd ven bd. Hang cao nhieu chyc met chu yeu dupc tgo thanh do khe niit md trong da granit, da phun trao axit. Qua trinh mai mdn, do Id i^ rad rdng cac khe mit nguygn sinh dl tao nen cac hang. Phuang cua cac khe mit tgo hang chii yeu Id ddng bac-tay nam, tay bac-ddng nara, c ^ gan thdng diing, hogc nghieng 60-70°, dja hinh hiem trd, Tren Cii Lao Chdm, chim yin ldm to d phia bd dong nam cda ddo, noi ed dudng bd djnh hudng bac-nam va noi phat triln nhilu khe nut ldn (Anh I). Ngoai ra d Hdn Tai vd Hdn Cd (Kho) ciing cd to yin.
Dieu kipn sink thdi (nhu vi khi hdu, sdng, gid, nhi^t dp, dp am khdng khi trong hang, anh sdng) noi yin lam td chua dupc ro, song vl mat dia mgo-dia chat co the cd nhan xet sau.
Tmdc hit, yen lam td d nhting noi hang da tro trpi, noi dau sdng ngpn gid, nhat Id tgi cdc hang cd day nggp nude biln, d cac ddo da biet Xap giiia biln ven bd, md khdng gap tren dat liln.
Fhdi chdng do la each ty ve de bdo tdn ndi gidng, chdng lai mpi kg thu san bdt? hay day Id tap tmh, la moi tnidng smh thai thich hpp cho phdt trien?
Kp yiu Hdi nghf Khoa hgc Dta lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hdi Dia ly Viet Nam DaihpcThii5:!!!
Tren Cii L M Cham, chim \^n Iam td tai bd ddng nara hudng vl^dong, nod bo °}^^^^^w manh do sdng gid. Tai day phdn bo chii yeu cac sudn mdi mdn - do Id doc diing, oup ^^ ^jg^
net tten ban do dia mao (hinh I) [6], Do dd chi noi day (va cac dogn bd tiep phia bac) vach dd Id ldn, cao nhilu chyc
raet, cd khe mit md ldn, gan doc dimg, tao noi cu tni va lam td tdt cho chim ygn, Phia Ddng ddo cdn la nm gid mgnh, nhat la vao mua gid ddng bac Khdng biet cd phai la yeu td smh thai can thilt hay khdng?
Phdi chang phia ddng dao la noi khuat nang budi chilu ngn thuan lpi cho sinh trudng ciia chim yin? (d Khdnh Hod, hang yin ciing phan bd d phia ddng ciia mptsd ddo),
Theo cdc kit qud tdng hpp, cd thi nit ra mpt sd nhgn xet ve sinh thdi chim yen hang d vimg ddo biln ven bd Vipt Nam nhu sau:
- Chim yen hang phdn bo trgn cac ddo dpc ven bd Vigt Nam til Qudng Binh den Kien Giang, trong do td yin
dupc khai thdc tip trung d cdc - . i, • ,innni, tinh Khdnh Hod, Bmh Dinh, Qudng Nam vdi tdng sdn lupng hdng nam khoang 4tiU0kg (1800USD/kg yin hdng, 1994) (bdng 1)
Bdng 1: Cdc dfa phucmg cd chm yin ldm td [5]]6]
Hinh 1: Ban dS dia mgo dao Cit Lao Chdm
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cic tmh c6 chim yin ldm td Qudng Binh Qudng Nam Qudng Ngai BmhDyih Phii Yen KhdnhHoa Ninh Thudn BinhThugn Con Ddo Kien Giang
Sl lu^rng hang YID Idm td
C6 3 hang tgi H6n Chua, Hon La, H6n Ninh Son C6 3 hang tgi ddo Cii Lao Chdm: gom H6n Lao, H6n Kho, Hon Ong
C6 ) hang d niii Sa Hi^nh
Co 7 hang trgn ddo Phudc Mai, Hon Cau, Hon Cd, H6n Xfl, Thj Ngi, Hon Ngang, Cu Lao Xanh
C6 3 hang tgi Ginh Bd, mui 6ng Digu, mfli Dien Co 30 hang d Hon Ngogi, H6n Npi, Hon Mun, Hdn Nop; Hdn Dyn, H6n Ho, H6n Chd Ld, H6n Ddi M&i..
Co 2 hang tren mii da vach Co 1 hang d ddo Phii Quy Cd9hang
Cd 7 hang tren ddo Phu Qudc, Hon Hdi
Sdn lugmg j 50kg/nam j 650kg/nam
RAtit 560kg/nam Rat it 2500kg/ndm Rat it Rat it lOkg/nam R&it Chim yin chi ldm td ttgn cac vach da cheo leo ciia cac dao ven bd Chim yen mpt nam tudi cd thi sinh sdn, thdi gian lam td tii thang 12 din thang 8 nam sau va ca chim dye vd. chun cai ' Kpyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dfa lp todn qudclSiTik^
H$i Dja 1^ ViSt Nam Dai hpc Thai Nguyen deu tham gia xay td. Tii Binh Dinh ird ra chim yen bit dau Iam td sdm hon khodng niia thang. Khi tdc dd gi6 cao, thdi gian lam td ciia chim ygn cham lai, khi td bi mat chiing lam td lgi lan thii hai nhung khdi Iupng chi bang 70% to lan tmdc, the hien tinh "bao thu" cao ttong vipc ldm td cua chim yen,
- Trong tu nhien chim ygn hang de hai Iiia mdt nam. Khu vuc phia nam tir Khanh Hoa ttd vao chim yin hdng bat dau de vao cudi thang 3, khu vuc tir Binh Dinh trd ra chiing bit dau de vao ddu thdng 3. Yin hang chii yiu an cdn trung kich thudc be bay trong khong khi nhu kiln canh (Formicidao) 61,6% va moi (Isoptera) 14,7%. Chun ygn non duac chim bd me mdm mdi hai lan trong ngay vdo 6h30-7h30 va I8h-20h, mdi chii yeu la bp ray (Homostera) 50,5% vd bp hai cdnh (Diptera) 20,5%, Noi kiem mdi cua chira d rimg nui phia ttong dat liln xa noi ldm td khoang 30- 100km cd khi din 250-300 km.
- Hang yen la khdng gian gidi hgn qudn the chim yin sdng, ddng thdi cung la ygu td lam giam ty lg sinh san Lupng mua thap ciing lam giam ty lg sinh sdn ciia chim yen d liia de thu hai Ke thu ciia chim yen hang la doi va chim yin cd, chiing canh tranh cho lam td d cac hang yen.
Nhung "ke thii" ldn nhat ciia chiing van la con ngircri vdi sy khai thdc qud nhilu (3-4 lan trong mdt nam) lam suy gidm ttpng lupng co thi chim ygn.
3.3. Bdnh gid diiu kifn t<r nhien vung ven biin Binh Binh eho phdt triin chim yin Biiu kifn ^a chdt, dia mao bdn ddo Phaffng Mai vd hf thdng hang yin
Phia dong ban ddo Phuong Mai la day mii an ngu chay dai ven biln chimg 15 km, thupc cac xa Nhon Ly, Nhon Hpi, Nhon Hdi (thanh phd Quy Nhon). Mpt sd dinh cao nhu mii Den, Hdn Mai, Hdn Yin, hon Chdp Vung, cd dp cao tir 200-300m Vach nui ven biln nhilu dogn da dyng diing hogc dam ra sat bien, tgo thanh nhihig vung, bai cat nhd, hep
Nlii dd thupc xd Nhon Ly chu yeu la hp tdng Nha Trang vdi cac logi dd riolit, dacit, andesit va tuff ciia chiing, chieu day hp tang tir 450 - 600m d khu vyc mii Don, mii Ddc Ngya,,. Dan xen trong da phun trao cdn cd cac khdi da gramt, granosyenit biotit (hoihlend) hgt viia den hgt ldn thupc phuc hp Deo Ca, Nui da d xa Nhon Hdi thudc he tdng Don Duong, phiic hp Deo Cd: cac tang da granit biotit hat nhd mau vdng sang thuoc phiic hg Deo Cd pha 3. Dan xen cdn cd cac pha da mach thudc phiic hp Deo Cd, gdm cac da granit ^lit, granit porphyr, pecmatit... Khu vyc Hai Minh va day niii dd. ven dam Thi Ngi cd cdc da granit, granosyenit biotit (horblend) hat viia din hat ldn thupc phiic hp Deo Ca, pha 2 [7].
Chinh sy dan xen ciia nhilu logi da vdi cac pha kiln tao khde nhau da hinh thanh nhiing vach bien dung diing, da bi mit ne vd biln tinh manh, tao digu kien cho hogt dpng mai mdn, thdi mdn ciia nude bien va gid, hinh thdnh chudi hang hep d phia ddng bdn ddo Phuang Mai,
Bon (4) cym hang yen tgo thanh mdt quan thi dpc vach da ddi 3,5km (tii hang Ky Co den hang Ddi), vdi 13 hang. Do deu la nhiing hang cd cua rat hpp va kha cao. Cym hang Ky Co gdm 5 hang, ciia hang hpp, tran hang cao nhung chilu sau Idng hang rat ngan; Cym hang Cd cd 4 hang, rong nhat la Hang Cd, hang sau hun hutjnieng hang rong gan 10m, ttan hang cao khodng 20 - 22m, chieu sau tdi gan 40m, ldm chdm da, vach hang dyng diing, cheo leo, hiem trd,day hang nude sau 5-7m, sdng vo quanh nam. Hang Hich cd chilu sau ldng hang ldn nhat, tdi 60m. Cum hang Viihg Bau va hang Ddi deu cd 2 hang. Ngoai ra, tten ban ddo Phuang Mai cdn cd 3 hang yin ngng bipt la hang Ddi, hang Thj Ngi va hang Riing Cao (bdng 2, hinh 2).
Vi§c khdo sat cac hang ylh dya trdn nhung~dgc tinh cau tnic hang nhu sau:
Hudng cua hang: Hang yin tren ban ddo Phuong Mai cd 3 hudng, trong dd hudng nam - ddng nam la chii yiu (10/16 hang), hudng bac vd ddng bac chilm 6/16 hang, Chim yin hang thudng chpn hang cd ciia hudng ddng, ddng namde Idm to nhieu ban bdi chiing cd lien quan den sy thich nghi ve thai gian va chu ky chieu sang. Hang Ca quay mat hudng ddng nam mat me nen lupng chim yin sinh sdng ddng nhat.
Kpyiu Hdt nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc lan tha 7
Hdi Dia ly Viet N a m D^i hgc Thai Nguye Chiiu rdng cun hang Cac hang cd ddy la nen da, cdt thi chilu rpng cua hang rat hpp v thudng nhd hon hang day nude, dilu dd cd hgn quan din vigc phdng ttinh ke tini, bdo ve tnmg chim non trong miia smh san cua loai chim ygn. - M ^
Chiiu sdu long hang: Mpt sd hang Idn nhu hang Cd, hang Hich, hang Etoi, ^ ^ ^ J ^ ° ! jf^' cd chilu ddi ldng hang kha ldn (tu 30 - 60m), cac hang cdn lgi tiiudng ngin hang Phanh, Rimg Cao ldng hang chi sau 5m.
Nin ddy:C6 2 kieu la nen ddy da, cat va n i n day nude, Trong do, k i l u hang ddy nuac co o 10/15 hang, kieu hang day da, cat chiem 6/15 hang va 1 hang k i l u hon hpp* VS chieu dai hang p ngoai la nude, % hang phia ttong la nen cat (hang Ddi Ngoai).
Anh 3. H$ thdng vach dd vd hang yin doc Eo Gio (Nhan Lp - Quy Nhan)
Hinh 2. Bdn dd he thdng hang chim yin hdng tren bdn ddo PhucmgMcu. BinhDfnh
Anh 5. Hang SOc Khde Anh 6. Hang Ba Nghi Bdng 2. cdu tgo mgt s6 hang yen trin bdn ddo Phucmg Mai - Binh Dfnh
KPyeu Hdi nghf Khoa hgc Dfa ip todn qudc ldn thu 7
H6i Dia 1^ Vi?t Nam
Xa
NhoTi Ly
Nhon Hdi
Kbu vuc
Hang Deri
KyCo
HangCd
Viing Bau
Hang Dot
Hdi Giang Hdi Minh
Ten hang
Hang Doi Hang Rgp Hang Sao Mpn Hang Phanh Hang Re HangNhiun Hang a Hang Hich HangHpp HangCgn Hang Siic Khde Hang Ba Nghe (2 migng hang) Hang DSi Trong
Hang DSi Ngodi
Hang Thi Nai Hang Rimg Cao
Hirdng cua
Dong Nam Bong nam Dong nam Dong nam Dong nam Song nam Dong Nam Bdc Bdc Dong bdc Nam Dong, dong bdc Dong bdc
Dong bdc
Dong Nam Nam
Chilu rgng cua bang
(m) 5 1,8 3 2 1,5 2 9-10 5 1,2 2 2,3 1,5 2,5
5
2,5 1,5
Chieu cao cua
hang (m) 15 6 8 3 10 5 8 15 15 8 13 7-9 10
15
1 0 - 1 2 1,3
Da Chilu
cao tr^n hang (m) IS 8 15 13 9 8 22 20 19 15 21 8 15
20
7-9 5
i hoc T h a i Nguyen Chieu
sau hang
(m) 30 9 20 5 10 10 40 60 10 15 25 18 10
30
15 5
Bay hang
Cat, da Nude ICha, da lOio, da Nudrc Nuoc Nunc Nude Nude Nude Nude Nude Nude Nude, (ben tlDUg kho) NudC, da Cil, da Co the nh§n th^y: Nhiing hang dpc vach da phia dong bdn ddo Phuong Mai cd can true ty nhien rat phii hpp vdi dilu kipn sdng va Idm td cua chim yin hang, dd la: vi tri hang diu ndm sdt biln, hau hit cua hang quay vl hudng ddng, ddng nam (trdnh dupc gid ddng bdc), chu yiu la hang cd day nude (chilm trgn 3/4 so hang) Iam tang lupng oxy trong hang, nhigt dp ttong hang khodng 30 - 31 °C, dp am tir 85 - 90%.
Kich tiiudc hang cung ddng vai trd quan ttpng. Hang Cd Id hang ldn nhat cua vimg, tao su thong thodng, phti hpp vdi dilu kipn sdng cua chim yin nen chiing tap trung dong nhat (san lupng to yen khai thae cao nhat, chiem 60% sdn luong yin sao toan tinh). Ngoai ra, tren mii da cd nhilu cay bui liip xiip, rat nhilu cd tai tupng, logi cd cd bp re am udt, la mdi trudng rat tdt de cdn trimg phat triln, tgo ngudn thiic Sn phong phii eho chun yin
Bdnh gid diiu kifn khi h^u - thdy vdn cho phdt triin chim yin
Tinh Binh Dinh nam trong vung nhipt ddi am gid mua, Vimg ven bien Binh Dinh, cd nin nhigrcao7963?''C!Si3iifi)^ nhipt dd kh'drig'khitrung binh nam Id 27,l''C, dao dpng nhipt theo miia tuong ddi thap (bien dp nhipt nam: 6,7°C), nhiet dp cyc dgi 39,9" C va cyc tieu 15,8''C, raiia he ndng, khd, miia ddng am, am [10].
Doi vdi vimg duygn hdi Binh Dinh, ^ng luong mua trung binh ndm la 1846mm, cue dai id 2658mm vi cyc tieu Id 1131mm. Miia mua tii thang 9 - 12, chiem 78,2% tong lupng mua nam, miia khd dai 4 - 5 tiiang (cac thdng 2,3 va thang 7 lat khd). Dp am tuypt ddi tmng buih trong nam 27,9 mb, dQ am tuong ddi trung binh thang dgt 79%. Tuy nhien, cd Ihoi ky chiu dnh hudng cua gid phon t ^ nam, dp am tuong ddi xudi^ rat t h ^ (40 - 50%, cue tieu Sai 31%) ^ lam gidm ngudn thiic an cua dan yin Kpyiu Hdt nghf Khoa hgcDfa lp todn qudc ldn Ihu 7
Hpi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hpc Thai Nguyen Do su phiic ti^ ciia dia hinh va mat dgm biln dot kha Idn nen gtd miia khi vao dat lien da thay ddi hudng va cudng dp kha nhieu. Tlidi ky miia ddng, phia nara ciia tinh cd gio bac va^tay a Trong thdi ky nay, hudng gid tuong ddi dn dinh, cudng dp gid mgnh, cd thi tdi cap 5, cap &• , dd, mdt sd hang yen cd mieng hang hudng bdc, ddng bac bj anh hudng kha nhieu cho \'iec lam vd smh sdn lan I ciia chim yin Tir thdng 4 - 8,Khu vyc tiianh phd Quy Nhon,gid ddng nam va | i tay chilm tan suat chu ygu. Nhiing hang yin cd mipng hang quay vl phia ddng, dong nam co va nhipt do kha cao, thich hop cho chim yin lam td lan II, lan III.
^\55»"g
Y a i t o \ Nhipt dp
(°C) Luong mua
(nun) Do am
(%)
T6C do gid (m/s) Hudng gid thinh himh
I 23,4
53 81 2,1 N
Ba
n
24,3 26 82 1.9 N
ig3. M
m
25,9 24 83 1,8 N
Qt soyey tokh
W 27,8
25 83 1.6 SE
V 29,4
94 80 1,3 SE
h^ tri
VI 30,0
74 74 1,6 SE
mkhll
vn
30,1 37 71 1,6 W
uvngQ VIU 30,1 69 71 1.7 SW
lyNhai
«
28,7 236 78 1,2 w
i'OJ X 26,9 563 S3 2,0 N
XI 25,4 448 84 2.7 N
XU 23,8 197 83 2,8
>J Nam
27,1 1846 79 1,8 N Vimg ha lira sdng Kdn vd Ha Thanh ciing dim Thi Ngi la hg smh thdi dam pha nude lp, cua sdng ldn nhat tinh Binh Dmh, mgng ludi sdng, kgnh rgch day d§c Tgi nhiing khu vyc nay cd dong liia, CO sdng, cd dam nude ngpt, mii thap che phu bdi mdt so loai cay cao, xen ke vdi nhieu cay dn trdi, dp am cao, nhieu cdn tning... Day Id dilu kign ly tudng cho chim yen
Chim yin sau khi kiem mdi thudng tdm riia trudc khi ve td. Vdo budi chieu, tii 16 gid 30 - 16 gid 45, tai phia phdi khiic sdng Bau Au (gan Cau 20) thupc xa Phudc Thugn (Tuy Phudc), hdng ngdn chim yin tap trung xudng tdm va udng nude ngpt d dogn sdng nay. Chim tdm va uong nude khodng 30 phiit thi roi sdng, bay vl td [11]
4. DINH HU'CfNG B A O T Q N , KHAI T H A C V A P H A T TRIEN OHM YEN
Yen sdo ddo yen thien nhign cd chat Iupng cao hdng dau thi gidi.Theo thdng kg, san luong yen sao ddo yen thign d Viet Nam khodng 5.000 kg/ nam Khanh Hda la noi dan dau cd nuoc ve san Iupng khai thdc (khodng 3 200 kg/ nam). Hipn, cd nude cd khoang 2000 can nha nudi chim yen, sdn luong yin sao nudi trong nha udc tmh tren 1.000 kg/nam [2]. Viec nghien ciiu de bao tdn lodi chim yin cd gia tri, kit hap vdi khai tbac Id hit siic cap thiet.
Vigc bdo tdn va khai thac yin hgn quan vdi sinh sdn ciia lodi chim nay. Nhin chung thdi gian de tning phyc thupc tung vimg, dilu kipn ichi hgu tirag nam va cd biln ddng theo vl dd ciia moi khu vycTgi Vipt Nam, trong ty nhien chun lam td vao cudi tiiang 12 din tiiang 1, de lan I vdo giua cudi tiiang 3 den giiia tiidng 5 (hiy vimg va tiiy ndm) 70% chim tgp tiimg dg vao giiia tiidng 4, NIU bi khai thac lay td thi tiep tpc lam td din khodng 5-6.
_Miia-Ky.siDh-sdn.tyjihienJrong hang dpng cQa 3 tinh: Qudng Nam, Binh Dmh, Khanh Hoi cd khac nhau. Dilu nay lign quan din khi hau ciia timg vung va dieu kipn hang (N,B,Phach 1999) cd till cd vdi ngudn tiiiic an va khodng each hang dpng vdo dat hln(vung kilm an) .Khai tiiac 2 lan/nam nhu d (Juang Nam chim se khog mgnh, to do dgt 60 - 70 td/kg, tmng bhih 100 td/kg sd
chim tiidi tiling ra ngoai dudng sinh dye do td da bj lay mat va miia vy sinh sdn hi keo dai. Cac Kpyiu H$i nghf Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn Iha 7
Hgi Dia ly Vift Nam B?' hoc Thai Nguyen tning gia chua roi vao dng dan tning (chua hinh thanh mang lua va vd vdi), se tu thoai hoa va tai hap thu lai cho co the, dilu nay ciing cd loi cho ca thi chim Hign tuong nay khdng nhiing thay d chim ma d nhilu loai dong vat khac khi con ngudi tac ddng vdo chu ky sinh sdn ty nhien cua chiing.
Tgt Qudng Nam, hien tai van cd 2 phuang an khai thdc td chim yin: khai thac 2 ky/ndm, dudng chim ky 2 va khai thac 3 ky/ nam, dudng chim ky 3 [8]. Nham kit hop bao tdn vd phat trign ben viing dan chim yen, can xem xet dl lua chpn phuang an khai thac 2 ky/nam
Nhu vgy, dae trung sinh san cua dan chun yen d Malaysia cd nhirng khde bigt so vdi yen sdng d Viet Nam. Chiing cd 03 miia vy sinh sdn; mua vu de tning lan 01 bdt dau tii thang 08vdi ygn td trdng, thang 09 vdi yen td den; mua vu thii 02 tir thang 01 dgn thdng 03-04 va miia vy thir 03 vdo thdng 04 din thdng 08. Yin td den thudng sinh san mupn hon yin td trdng 01 thdng. Ty lg dg tning cua yen td trdng ttong miia thii 03 (vao miia he) t h ^ nhat chi khodng 60%, sd tning trong d tning va sd con nudi thdnh cdng diu thap, thdi gian de tning lai keo dai den 108 ngdy.
Tgi Binh Dinh, vigc khai thac yen sao da duac tien hdnh tii rat sdm Theo khdo sat cua Sd NN&PTNT tinh Binh Dinh cho, sdn lupng td yin khai thdc tii nam 2000 den nam 2009 dao ddng khoang 450 kg/ndm den 600 kg/nam. Hign nay, UBND tmh Binh Dinh da cho dau thau viec qudn ly, khai thac dan yin tgi 16 hang yen d khu vyc ban dao Phuong Mai, thupc thanh phd Quy Nhon vdi tdng sdn Iupng san dau thau ttong 10 ndm la 5.460 kg td [11]
De phat triln bin viing dan chim yen dao d Binh Dinh, dia phuong can:
- Tang cudng bao vg mdi trudng sdng (kilm an, Idm td) cho dan yen hang, ddc bigt Id phat trien vd bdo tdn hp thdng rimg nggp man ven dam Thi Nai,
- Khai thdc to yen phdi gan vdi bao vp dan chim nhdm duy tri va tang hi§u qud sinh san cua chiing, ddm bdo thdi gian chd chira yen dg tning, nudi con Idn bay khdi td mdi khai thac
- Tang cudng khdo sat, bdo vg hg thdng hang yen tten cac dao da dpc ven biln,
- Phat tnen quan the chun yen hdng gdn hin vdi sy hinh thdnh vd phat trien hang yin mdi bang bign phj^ ky thugt,
- Quy hoach nudi chim yen mdt each hpp Iy trong nhiing khu dan cu, chii trpng vipc phdng trir dich ciim gia cam (H5NI) tren dan chim yin.
Kpyiu Hgi nghf Khoa hgc Dia Ip todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hgi Dia ly Viet Nam D?i bpc Thii Nguy^"
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Dinh Thi Phuang Anh, Vo Tan Phong (2011), Nghiin cOu mdt sd ddc diim smh thdi hgc cita chm yin hdng trong diiu kiin tu nhien tgi ddo Cii Lao Chdm, Hdi An Qudng Nam, Tgp c ' Khoahpc va Cong nghe, Dgi hpc Da Ndng-sd 3(44). 2011.
2. Lg Him Hoang, Budc ddu nghiin cau dp nudi nhdn tgo chim yen hdng ldm ca sa khoa hgc cho vtic phdt tnin dan chim yin d tbih Khdnh Hoa Sd KHCN Khanh Hda, 2011.
3. R.Sankaran, 2001. Thestanisand conservation of the Edible - nestSwiftlet (Collocaliafttciphaga) in the AndamanandNicobarIslands. Biolo^calConservation 97(2001) 283-294. P284-294,
4 Nguyen Quang Phach (1993), Casasmh hgc cita viec khai thdc hgp lp, bdo v$ vaphat tnin ngudn lgi chim yin hdng (collocalia fuciphaga germani Oustalet) cr Viit Nam, luan an pho tiln SI, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Ndi.
5. Nguyen Quang Phach (1999), Yin sdo vd dbi sdng chm Yin hdng, Nxb Khoa hoc va ky thuat 6 U Dire To (chii tri), 2003. Bdo cdo tdng kit di tdi cdp nhd nuoc "Ludn chung khoa hoc vi md hinh phdt tnin hnh ti - smh thdi trin mdt sd eUio, cum ddo l\ea chgn vung bien ven b& Viit Nam" Ma sd KC.09.12/06 -10.
7. Tran Tinh (chu bign - 1997), Bdn dd dia chdt tbih Binh Dinh H li l:200.000.Cvc Dja chdt va khoang sdn Vigt Nam.
8 Nguyen Tri Tnmg, T r ^ Anh, 2007. Nghe khai tiiac Yin sdo, Ky yiu Cii Lao Chdm: Vi thi - tiem nang va triln vpng. Hpi An, 2007, Trg. 213-222
9, tJy ban nhan dan tinh Binh Djnh (2003), Dia chi Binh Dinh.
lO.tly ban nhan dan tinh Binh Dinh (2007), Ddc diim khi hdu thity vdn tinh Binh Dinh.
1 I.Nguyen Hong Van,Nguyen Khoa Dipu Thu, Nguyen Phuong Nam, Dgng Van Nguygn, Nguyen Xuan Mai, Nguyen Van Tuyen (2009). Nghien cau nudi thu nghiim chim yen trong nhd di ldy td tgi bdn ddo PhuangMai Bbih Dinh. Sd KHCN Bmh Dinh.
Kpyiu Hgi nghf Khoa hgc Dia ip todn qudc ldn tha 7
