NGHIEN c u u & UNG DUNG
TO CHOC BAI HOC UCH SUf TAI BAO TANG TONG HOP H THANH H 6 A CHO HOC f INH P H 6 THdNC
PGS. TS. Hodng Thanh Hdi Trudng Dgi hpc Hong Due Thanh Hda SUMMARY
Thanh Hoa is one of the first provinces which have the bluest provincial museum. It also is the ideal place to hold history lessons for high-school students with two basic kinds of forms: visiting and teaching lessons on topic. Teaching history at local museum is very meaningful in different aspects:
contributing to establishing historical symbols which are specific, truthfxil and accurate about historic events; training students capability of logically thinking major practicing skills; creating students' sense ofexcitement andpassionfor learning history; raisingtheirpride of national tradition, awareness of respect and preservation cultural heritages, etc. Schools need cooperate with local museum and use scientific method of conducting to get effective results in the above form of teaching.
Nh^n hii ngiy 2/12/2013, ngiy duy^d&ng 25/12/2013
1, Md dau.
d nude ta, ngodi h? thing bdo tdng (BT) trung uong, hdu nhu moi tinh, thanh deu cd BT dja phuong, Ddy thudng la BT tong hgp, cd chdc ndng suu t$p, trung bdy nhihig tdi li$u, hi^n v^t vl vdn hda vgt chat, tinh than, ve tien trinh ljch sd va nhihig sy ki^n ljeh su tieu bieu cua dja phuong. Vi vgy, day ciing Id dja dilm ly tudng dl to chdc bdi hgc ljch sd eho HS pho thong (HSPT). Tuy nhiSn, vi nhieu ly do, hi?n nay Igi the ndy van chua dugc phat huy. Dk to chdc ed hi?u qud cdc bdi hgc ljch sd tgi BT dja phuong cho HSPT, can ed ede hinh thuc, phuong phdp khoa hgc vd sy kit hgp ch$t chS hon giiia nhd trudng vdi BT...Thyc tien dgy hpc d Thanh Hod, mgt tinh cd bdo tang dja phuong khd Idn, da chdng minh thih hinh ndy.
2. N$i dung trung bdy ciia bao tdng tong hgp Thanh Ho& co thi t l chuc cdc bdi hgc ljch sir cho HS phi thong,
Thanh Hda Id m$t tinh Idn, cd truyen thing ljch sd, vdn hoa ldu ddi, vi v§y, BT Thanh Hda la mgt trong nhihig BT dja phuong Idn, ra ddi sdm hong ed nude. BT Thanh Hda la mgt qudn thi kiln trdc dgc dao, dugc xay dyng tu nam 1955 d trung tam thanh "phi. Day Id noi tuu giiJ,
bao qudn, trung bay vd phat huy nhihig gia trj di san qu;^ bdu cua xd Thanh ndi ri^ng va Yx^X Nam ndi chung. Todn bg h$ thong trung bay gom 7 phong, di$n tich trung bdy tren 1.200 m2, vdi hon 2.600 hi$n vat, hdng nghin hue tranh, dnh, tu li?u khoa hgc... H? thong tnmg bay chinh eda BT Thanh Hda duge trinh bay theo tiln trinh ljeh sd, tu thdi so sd den dgi thdng mua Xudn 1975, trong mgt khong gian gom 3 phong trung bay ton, 4 phdng trung bdy chuyen de rieng:
Phdng tnmg bay "Van hda Ddng Sam &
Thanh Hda ", gidi thi^u sy ra ddi, phdt trien va thdnh tyu rye rd cda nIn vdn hda Ddng Son trgn dat Thanh Hda, gom nhihig suu t|ip ndng cy, cdng cy san xudt, do dung sinh hogt, vii khi vd nhihig chiec tring ding, thap ding tieu bilu eda vdn hda Ddng Son.
Phdng trung bay "Co vgt Thanh Hoa"
trung bay nhihig bdo vgt quoc gia, nhihig cl v§t qui gid, nhihig suu t^p hi?n vgt dpc dao vdi cdc chat li$u dong, da, ddt nung... phdn dnh nhung net dac trung nhat trong kho tang van hoa vgt till xd Thanh.
Phdng trung bay "Trdng ddng phdt hi^n &
Thanh Hod" Id phdng trung bay duy nhat hi?n TAP CHl THlfTBIGZAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 • 31
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nay d Vi?t Nam gidi thi?u ve mgt logi co vgt, dac sdc, qui hilm phdt hi?n tren dat Thanh Hda - trong dong eo. 0 vj tri trang trgng nhat, phdng trung bay gidi thi^u suu tgp trong dong logi I Heger, vdi sy hi|n di$n cua nhihig ehilc tring dep Qudng Xuong, trong Cdm Giang, tring Ma Ngudi ed niSn dgi sdm, trong Thieu Thinh e6 kich thudc Idn...cdng nhihig hga tilt hoa vdn trang tri tuy^ my cua nghe thugt trang tri dl dong Ddng Son. Qua suu tgp tring minh khi (do chdn theo ngudi chet), dnh chyp cde ngdi m0 eo Dong Son ed ebon theo trong ding cCmg nhihig vdt dyng khde, BT tnmg bay, gidi thif u dl khdch tham quan hilu rd hon gid tri eda trong dong trong ddi song vdn hda tinh than cda cu ddn Dong Son. Phdn tiep noi, phdng trung bay gidi thi^u nh&ng thu tjeh co, thdn tich, sdc phong edng vdi sy ed m?t cda suu tap trong dong logi II Heger (trong Mudng), da phdn dnh rd moi quan h? Vi^t - Mudng.
Phdng trung bdy "Truyin thdttg cdch mgng Thanh Hda" (giai dogn 1858-1945) phdn dnh mgt giai dogn quan trgng trong I jch sd Vi?t Nam td lue thyc ddn Phap xdm luge (1858) din Cdeh mgng Thdng Tam ndm 1945. Phdng trung bay dd gidi thi$u nhilu hi^n v§t phan anh sy ki?n trgng dgi trong ljch sd Thanh Hda, nhu vi§c tiidnh I^p Ddng bO Thanh Hda ngdy 29-7-1930, nhu chile mdm xd ddng lam ban in tai lifu cua Ddng, suu tfp vQ khi cua du kich Ngpc Trgo (1941), hinh dnh ngdi nhd m? Tom va trdp cdt tdc cda eon trai m? Tom dung dl cat gidu tdi lifu, nudi gidu dong chi T I Hihi va cdc can bg edch mgng, ehilc trong t$nh dung trong khdi nghia Hodng Hda ngdy 24- 7-1945, cdng vdi suu tap vu khi thd so nhan dan ta da dung de gianh chinh quyin Cdch mgng...
Phdng trung bay "Thanh Hoa trong si/r nghiep xdy dymg vd bdo v^ Td qudc " (giai dogn 1945-1975), gidi thi?u khdi qudt nhung cd h?
thing vl tinh thdn chiin ddu anh ddng, nhihig ddng gdp to Idn cua Dang b^ va nhdn dan Thanh Hda qua hai cuOc khdng chiin ching Phdp, chong My vd xdy dyng chu nghTa xa h^i.
Phdng tnmg bay "Ddc tnmg vdn hoa ddn tdc Mu&ng & Thanh Hda ", vdi hon 300 hinh dnh, hi^n vgt glc dgc sdc, tieu bleu dugc lya chgn, da gidi thieu cupc sdng, sinh hogt vd m0t so ddc tnmg vdn hda eiia ddn t0c Mudng xd Thanh.
Phdng trung bdy "Ddc trung vdn hda ddn tgc Thdi & Thanh Hda", gidi thi$u cu0e song, sinh hogt va mot s6 dde trung vdn hda cua dan tgc Thdi xd Thanh.
Ngoai 7 phdng trung bdy cd tinh chuyen dl trSn, ngogi thdt cda BT cdn Id noi trung bdy cac tdc phdm m5^ thu^t dieu khde dd tieu bilu thdi Le - Nguyen, nhiing hien vat cd thi khii Idn nhu sdng thdn cdng thdi Nguyen, mdy cay DT24 ciia Bac Hi t^ng hgp tac xa Yen Trudng, mdy bay Mic 17 edatrung dodn khong qudn 921 tham gia chiin ddu d Ham Rong ngdy 3-4/4/1965... theo mOt logic ch^t che, tao cdnh quan khudn viSn BT rdt sinh dgng va bl thi.
Vdi h? thong trung bay tren, chdng ta c6 the tl chdc eho HSPT den tham quan, hpc tgp tgi BT ve cdc chd de Idn cda lich sd ddn t0c vd Ijch sd Thanh Hod, nhu "Vdn hod Dong Son & Thanh Hod", " Kh&i nghta Bd tri^u ndm 248", "Kh&i nghia Lam Son & Thanh Hod", "Thanh Hod trong phong trdo Cdn Vuong cudi thi ky XIX dduXX", "Qud trinh vgn dgngcdch mgngthdng Tdm 1945 & Thanh Hod", "Thanh Hod trong cugc khdng chiin chdng Phdp 1946-1954",
"Thanh Hod trong cugc khdng chiin chdng I^
1954-1975", "Nin vdn hod cdc ddn tgc thiius6 o Thanh Hod"...
3. Hinh thirc, phmrag phdp t l chirc bai hgc Ijch sir cho HS pho thdng tgi bao tdng
Qua dilu tra thuc te tgi BT Thanh Hoa cho thdy, hi?n nay mdi khodng 30% cdc hudng tieu hge, THCS, THPT trong tiidnh pho dua HS den tham quan, hgc tap tgi BT (Nhieu nhdt vln la eac trudng tieu hgc). Cac trudng d huy^n xa thdnh phi, ty 1? cdn it hon nhilu. Hinh thdc hpc t$p chd ylu Id eac trudng dua tung dodn HS din BT nghe thuylt minh, gidi thifu khdi qudt vl ngi dung trung bay trong khodng 45 den 60 phut.
Vdi cdeh thdc nay, kit qud cua vi^e hge ljeh sd
32 • TAP CHl THlfTBIGlAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014
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tgi BT dT nhiSn edn hgn ehe. Cling da cd trudng PT d tiidnh pho Thanh Hod tl chdc dgy hpe bdi iieh sd dan tdc, dja phuong tgi BT, nhung cdn rat it. Td thyc tiln tren, chung toi trinh bay m^t so van dl vl hinh thde, phuong phap to chdc bdi hgc ljeh sd tai BT dja phuong.
Thu nhdt, tham quan tgi bdo tang: Tham quan tgi BT la hinh thde pho biln hi$n nay, vi nd de thyc hiSn, nhdm myc dich minh hog, cy the hda nhiing kien thde da dugc hgc, "dl lai m^t dn tugng mgnh me, nang eao hdng thd hgc tap va ren luy?n kha ndng quan sdt, phdn tich cua HS" [3, Tr 287]. Vi dy, dua HS Idp 6 den tham quan phdng trung bdy "Trdng ddng phdt hi$n & Thanh Hda", HS dugc tgn mdt quan sdt nhdng chiec trong ding thgt, vdi nhdng hoa vdn trang tri tinh xdo, kit hgp vdi ldi gidi thi?u eda cdc hudng dSn vien. Dieu dd 1dm cho cae em hilu rd hon ve dot song vgt ehdt, tinh thdn cda ngudi Vi?t co, bo sung rat nhilu cho bai dgy trSn Idp, hay nhihig hinh anh tu li^u trong SGK ma cdc em da dugc hge. Duge tham quan BT, cdc em cang ty hdo Thanh Hda khdng chi la noi ddu tien phat hi^n ra tring dlng-m^t di vat tieu bieu cda nen vdn hda Ddng Son, md con la noi cd bO suu tgp tring ding Idn nhdt trong ca nude. Cdc nha ly lugn dgy hpc b§ mdn dd chi ra cd hai logi tham quan: mpt Id, "tham phyc vy tryc tiep ngi dung bdi hpc npi khoa, va cd the Id bdi gidng trong nhd BT", hai la nhirng cugc tham quan cd tinh chat mpt hogt dgng ngogi khda d nhd BT" [3, Tr 283]. Sy phdn chia ndy chi mang tinh ehdt tuong dii, vi hai logi nay thudng dan xen lan nhau. 6 day, chung toi chd yeu trinh bdy phuong phap tien hanh buli tham quan tgi BT dja phuong cd ti'nh chat ngogi khda.
Trudc hit, GV phdi chudn bj cho budi tham quan chu ddo, lien h? ehgt che vdi Ban Quan Iy eua BT. Thdng thudng cdc hudng dan vien cda BT Id ngudi gidi thi?u, hudng dan tham quan, nhung GV can trao doi ky nhihig yeu cdu, ngi dung chu yeu cua buli tham quan, M5i buli tham quan thudng dien ra tu 60 phut den 90 phut
(ddi vdi cae Idp nhd) din 90 phut den 120 phut (ddi vdi cdc Idp Idn). Trudc buli tham quan, GV can nSu ro myc dich buoi tham quan, nhiing n$i dung ljeh su can tim hieu ky. Md dau buli tham quan, hudng dan vi6n gidi thi?u so luge vl vj tri, nhimg phdng tnmg bdy chinh cua BT, sau do Ian lugt gidi thieu cdc hi?n vat trung bdy theo ngi dung, chu dl cua phdng trung bdy. Mac dau hudng din vi6n Id ngudi gidi thi?u chinh, nhung GV phdi cd sy kit hgp chgt ehe, nhu hudng dan HS quan sdt, tim hieu nhihig hi^n vgt, tdi li^u chu ylu, nSu cae cdu hdi vl nhihig van dl chua rd, duy tri dung tien hinh, ke hogch cua mgt buli tham quan. Culi buli tham quan, GV giao bdi tgp ve nha cho HS, thudng Id vilt thu hogch ve mgt van dl chu ylu cda buli tham quan dudi dgng cde bdi tgp nhgn thuc. Sau buli tham quan, G V cd the tl chdc cho HS trao doi, hogc viet thu hogch mgt so van de nhdm nang eao nhgn thde cua cdc em.
Thu hai, tiln hdnh bai hge Ijch sdtheo chd de tgi BT: Day Id hinh thdc dgy hgc khd, doi hdi chudn bj cong phu han, nhung neu thyc hi?n dugc, hi?u qud gido dye rat Idn. Trudc het GV can tya chgn cdc ehu de phu hgp vdi ngi dung chuong trinh vd trinh dg HS. Thdng thudng do la cde chu dk vl ljch sd dja phuong, nhu "Vdn hod Ddng Son & Thanh Hod", hogc sy ki?n Ijch su dan tpc nhung xay ra d dja phuong, nhu " Kh&i nghia Bd Tri^u ndm 248 "
Cdc ehu dl chdng tdi neu d tren deu la nhttng chu dl quan trpng, dugc nganh GD&DT quy djnh trong chuong trinh Ljeh sd dja phuong d trudng THCS va THPT.
Khdc vdi buli tham quan, thudng do hudng dan vien BT gidi thi?u la chinh, bai hpc theo chu dk tgi BT thudng do GV tiln hanh, ed sy phoi hgp vdi hudng dan vien. Trinh ty bull hgc cung giong nhu tien hanh hen lap, nhung tgp trung vdo vi?c hudng dan HS quan sdt cdc hi?n vat, tai Ii?u, tt-anh anh ljch sd tieu bieu ma BT trung bay, sau do hudng dan HS tim hieu cdc ngi dung lich sd. Vi dy, tl chdc cho HS Idp 10 hpc tgp chu de
" Vdn hod Ddng Son & Thanh Hod ", GV hudng
TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 • 33
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dan HS tgp trung quan sdt, tim hilu, thao ludn 3 vdn dl sau:
MOt Id, hudng dan cae em quan sdt bdc tranh "Lang cd Bong Son ". Cac em dugc biit rang, day Id mgt lang cl cd tu thdi Dong Son ben bd sdng Ma, thuOe phuong Ham Rdng thdnh pho Thanh Hoa. Ndm 1924 mgt ngudi ndng dan cda Idng trong luc ddo giun cdu cd da phat hi$n ra m$t so do dong do dat song Id lam Ig ra. Sau dd, trudng Viin Ddng Bac Co u^ nhi?m eho vien Thuong chinh Thanh Hod Id Pajot tiln hdnh khai qugt tu 1924 din 1928. Cde hi§n vgt khai qugt dugc dua ve trung bdy, nghien cdu tgi trudng Viin Dong Bdc Ch. Mgc dau vdi quan dilm thyc dan vl nguIn gle cua nIn vdn hda nay la td ben ngodi, nhung cdi ten Vdn hod Dong Son, vdn hod tiidi dgi dong thau dd cd td khi dd.
Td nhihig ndm dau 1960 din nay, sau nhilu idn khai qugt chinh thde vd dieu tra thdm sdt, cdc nhd khoa hgc Yi^X Nam da thu thdp duge hang vgn di vgt phong phd cdc loai, d^c bi$t tring dong Ddng Son. "Tdt cd dd phdn dnh mgt cdch sinh dgng khdch quan trinh dg ciia ddi sing vgt chat- tinh than cda ngudi Ddng Son. Ddy chinh la trung tam cua Vdn minh luu vyc song Ma thdi kyHiingVuong"[l,Trl2].
Hai Id, hudng din HS quan sdt tam bdn do vl ede dilm di tich thugc vdn hod Ddng San dugc phdt hi^n d Thanh Hod, HS hilu dugc, Thanh Hoa khdng chi la noi ddu tien phat hi^n ra vdn hod Ddng Son, noi tim thay tring ding thdng qua khai qugt khao el, md cdn Id nen cd so lugng di tich Ddng Son nhilu nhat ca nude. Thu$e nen vdn hod nay, tren phgm vi cua tmh din nay dd ed 74 dja dilm, tu cae hang dgng miln ndi, cdc luu vyc sdng Chu, song Md, den cac vung ven bien, Ba id, hudng dan HS quan sdt phdng trung bay "Trdng ddng phdt hi0n & Thanh Hdd\ cdc em dugc chiem nguong bg suu tap tring dlng- hi^n vgt tieu bieu bilu cua vdn hod Ddng Son, Idn nhat cd nirdc (gdn 200 chile), cdc em hilu r5 hon thdnh tyu vdn hod vgt ehdt, tinh thdn cua cu dan xd Tlianh thdi Hiing Vuong
Tu 3 ngi dung co l^dn tr8n, GV hudng dan
HS thdo lugn nhihig n$i dung chinh cda bdi hpc, do Id : " Qua ede tdi lifu, hi^n vgt trung bdy tgi BT, em hdy ly gidi vi sao ndi Thanh Hda Id m^t trong nhihig trung tdm eda nen vdn hda Dong Son?"; "Boi cdnh ra dm, nhihig thanh tyu chinh va y nghTa cda Vdn hod Dong Son d Thanh Hod". Ddy ciing cd thi Id bai tdp vl nhd cho HS.
Ngi dung chinh eua bdi hgc n€n tiln hdnh tur 45-60 phdt, Sau dd GV cdn to chuc cho HS tfiam quan ludt nhimg ngi dung chinh cda cdc phdng trung bay khdc, hogc t l chdc cdc hogt dgng vui choi tgi khudn vifin cda BT. Nhihig hogt dgng nay cd the keo ddi them td 45 den 60 phdt niia.
4. Ket lugn vd kien nghj.
To chdc dgy hgc tgi BT dia phuong eo ^ nghTa nhilu mdt, 1dm phong phu hinh thde dgy Ljch sd hi|n nay d trudng PT, gdp phdn nang cao ehdt lugng mon hgc. Hinh thdc dgy hgc Ljch sd tgi BT dja phuong cd nhieu, nhung chd yeu Id t l chdc tham quan BT cd tinh chat ngogi kh6a vd to chdc dgy hge bdi Ljeh sd dja phuong, Ljch su ddn tOc tgi BT theo cdc chu dl.
De cdc hinh thde dgy hgc tren cd hi$u qud, can cd phuong phdp tiln hdnh khoa hge va cd sy kit hgp ehgt che hon niia giua nhd trudng vdi BT, trudc hit trong vi§c t l chdc dgy hgc cdc bai hge ljeh sd tgi BT. Cde BT dja phuong can co cac ehuang trinh "tim vl bdo tang", nhdm thu hut nhilu han HS cdc trudng PT din hpe tgp Ijch su tgi BT. Nganh GD&DT trong chuong trinh Ljch sd dja phucmg ciing cdn quy djnh cdc npi dung, hinh thdc hgc tgp tgi BT cho cdc tnrdng phi thdng.
TAI LI|:U THAM K H A O 1. Ban quan ly di tich, danh thdng Thanh Hda, Di tich- Danh thdng Thanh Hoa, Tgp III, NXB Thanh Hda. 2007
2. Nguyen Thj Cdi, Bdo tdng ljch sit, cdch mgng trong dgy hgc Lich sit & tnt&ngphd thdng trung hgc, NXB Dgi hgc quIe gia, Hd N^i. 1998
3. Phan Nggc Lien, Nguyen Thj Coi, Trjnh Dinh Tdng, Phuong phdp dgy hgc Ljch sir, Tgp II, NXB Dgi hgc Su phgm, Ha Ngi. 2005
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