Tap chi khoa hoc TrUdng Bai hoc Quy Nhan - So 2, Tap IX nam 2015
XAY DI/NG BAI TAP TH^fC NGHIEM HOA HOC THEO DINH III/6NG PHAT TRIEN NANG LlJC CHO HOC SINH
LE THI DANG CHP
1. Ud DAU
Bai tap hda hpc dffdc xem la mpt phffdng phap day hpc tich cffc. Viec giai quyd't cac bai tap thffc nghiem trong bd mdn hda hpc giup hpc sinh tim ra kie'n thffc mdi mdt each vffng chac va cd niem vui cua ngffdi kham pha, lam phat trid'n cac nang Iffc can thid't cffa hpc sinh. Chffdng trinh day hpc dinh hffdng nang Iffc dffde xay dffng tren cd sd chuan nang life ciia mdn hpc, nang Iffc chu ye'u hinh thanh qua hoat ddng hpc ciia hpc sinh. He thd'ng bai tap dinh hffdng nang life chinh la cdng cu de hpe sinh luydn tap nham hinh thanh nang Iffe va la cdng cii de giao vien va cae can bp quan ly giao due kiem tra, danh gia nang Iffc cua hpe sinh va bie't dffdc mffc dp dat chuan ciia qua hinh day hpc.
2. N O I DUNG 2.1. Nhiing dac di^m cua bai t$p theo dinh hifdng nang life
Dd'i vdi giao vidn, bai tip la yeu td' dieu khien qua trinh giao due. Dd'i vdi hpc sinh, bai tap la mdt nhiem vu cin thffc hien, la mpt phan ndi dung hpc tap. Cac bai tap cd nhi^u hinh thffc Idiac nhau, cd the la bai tap lam mieng, bai tap vid't, bai tap ngan ban hay dai ban, bai tap theo nhdm hay ca nhan, bai tap trac nghiem ddng hay tff luan md. Bai tap cd the dffa ra dffdi hinh thffc mdt nhiem vu, mpt de nghi, mdt yeu cau hay mdt cau hdi.
Cac thanh to' quan trpng trong viec danh gia viee ddi mdi xay dffng bai tap la: Sff da dang eiia bai tap, cha't Iffdng bai tap, sff long ghep bai tap vao gid hpc va stf hen ke't vdi nhau cua cac bai tap.
Nhffng dac diem cua bai tap dinh hffdng nang Iffc:
a) Yeu eau cua bai tap - Co mffc dp khd khae nhau.
- Md ta tri thffe va ky nang yeu eau.
- Dinh hffdng theo ke't qua.
b) Hd trd bpc tich luy
- Lien ke't cac ndi dung qua sud't cae nam hpc.
90 LE THI BANG CHP
- Nhan biS't dffdc sff gia tang cua nang life.
- Van dung thffdng xuyen cai da hpc.
c) Hd trd ea nhan hda viee hpc tap - Chan doan va khuye'n khich ca nhan.
- Tao kha nang trach nhiem dd'i vdi viee hpc ciia ban than.
- Sff dung sai lam nhff la cd hpi.
d) Xay dffng bai tap tren ed sd chuan - Bai tap luyen tap de bao dam tri thffe cd sd.
- Thay ddi bai tap dat ra (md rdng, chuyen giao, dao sau va ke't nd'i, xay dffng tri thffc thdng minh).
- Thff cae hinh thffc luyen tap khac nhau.
d) Bao gdm ca nhffng bai tap cho hdp tac va giao tie'p - Tang cffdng nang Iffc xa hpi thdng qua lam viec nhdm.
- Lap luan, li giai, phan anh de phat trien va cung cd' tri thffc.
e) Tich eife hda boat dpng nhan thffc - Bai tap giai quye't va'n de va van dung.
- Ket nd'i vdi kinh nghiem ddi so'ng.
- Phat trien cac ehid'n Iffdc giai quye't va'n de.
g) Cd nhffng con dffdng va giai phap khac nhau - Nudi dffdng sff da dang cua cac con dffdng, giai phap.
- Dat va'n dl md.
- Ddc lap tim hieu.
- Khdng gian cho cac y tffdng khac thffdng.
- Diin bid'n md cua gid hpc.
h) Phan hda npi tai
- Con dffdng tie'p can khac nhau.
- Phan hda ben trong.
- Gan vdi cac tinh hud'ng va bd'i canh.
2.2. Cac bac trinh dp trong bai tSp theo dinh hffdng nang life
Ve phffdng dien nhan thffc, ngffdi ta chia cac mffc qua trinh nhan thffc va cac bac trinh dp nhan thffe tffdng ffng nhff sau:
Dffa tren cac bac nhan thffc va chff y de'n dac dilm cua hpc tap dinh hffdng nang
Cac mitc qua trinh 1. Hoi tffdng thdng tin
2. Xff ly thdng tin
3. Tao thdng tin
Cac b$c trinh do nh^n thu'c Tai hien Nhan biet lai Tai tao lai Hi^u va v§n dung N a m bat y nghia Van dung Xil li, g i a i quyd't vein d e
Cac d$c did'm
- Nhan bie't lai cai gi da hpc theo each thffe khdng thay doi.
- Tai tao lai eai da hpc theo each thffc khdng thay doi.
- Phan anh theo y nghia eai da hpc.
- Van dung cac ca'u triic da hpc trong tinh hud'ng tffdng tff.
- Nghien ctfu cd he thd'ng va bao quat mpt finh hud'ng bang nhffng tieu ehi rieng.
- Van dung cac ca'u tnic da hpc sang mdt tinh hud'ng mdi.
- Danh gia mpt hoan canh, tinh hud'ng thdng qua nhffng tieu chi rieng.
Iffc, ed the xay dffng bai tap theo cac dang:
- Cac bai t^p dang tai hidn: Yeu c l u sff hieu va tai hien tri thffe. Bai tap tai hidn khdng phai trpng tam cua bai tap dinh hffdng nang Iffc.
- Cac bai t^p vSn dung: Cac bai tap van dung nhffng kie'n thffc trong cac tinh hud'ng khdng thay dd'i. Cac bai tap nay nham cung cd' kie'n thffc va ren luyen ky nang cd ban, chffa ddi hdi sang tao.
- Cac bai tSp giai quyd't va'n de: Cac bai tap nay ddi hdi sff phan tich, tdng hdp, danh gia, van dung kid'n thffe vao nhffng tinh hud'ng thay doi, giai quye't van d e . Dang bai tap nay ddi hdi sff sang tao ciia ngffdi hpc.
- Cac bai t$p gan vdi bd'i canh, tinh hud'ng thffc tidn: Cac bai tap van dung va giai quye't va'n de gan cac va'n de vdi bd'i canh va tinh hud'ng thffc tien. Nhffng bai tap nay la nhffng bai tap md, tao cd hdi cho nhieu each tie'p can, nhieu con dffdng giai quyd't khae nhau.
2.3. XSy dtfng bai tap thtfc nghidm hda hpc theo dinh htfdng phat trid'n nang Itfc cho hpc sinh
Ban than bai tap hda hpc da la phffdng phap day hpc hda hpc tich cffc, song tinh tich cffe cua phffdng phap nay dffdc nang cao hdn khi dffdc sff dung nhff la nguon kie'n thffc de' hpc sinh tim tdi chff khdng phai de tai hien kie'n thffc. Vdi tinh da dang cua minh, bai tap hda hpc la phffdng tien de tich cffc hda boat ddng cua hpc sinh trong cac bai day hda hpc, nhffng hieu qua cua no edn phu thupc vao viec s^ dung cua giao vien trong qua trinh day hpe hda hpe.
LE THI BANG CHP Trong muc tieu mon hpc co nhan manh den viec tang cifSng ren luyen ky nang hoa hgc va ky nang van dung kien thilc hoa hoc vao thtfc t i l n . B a i tap thtfc nghiSm la mot phtfdng tien co hieu qua cao trong viec ren luyen ky nang thtfc hanh, phtfdng phap lam viec khoa hgc, dgc lap gop phan hinh thanh cho hgc sinh nang life thtfc hanh hoa hgc, nang Itfc ttf duy hga hgc,... Giao vien co t h i s i dung bai tSp thtfc nghi$m khi nghien ciJu, hinh thanh kie'n thiJc mdi; khi luyen tap, ren luyen ky nang cho hpc sinh; khi kie'm tra, danh gia kiS'n thtfc, ky nang cua hpc sinh.
Khi giai bai tap ±tfc nghiem, hgc sinh phai biet vSn dung kie'n thtfc de giai bang ll thuyet roi sau do tien hanh thI nghiem de kiem nghiem tinh dung dan cua nhtfng btfdc giai h thuyet va nit ra ket luan v l each giai. Giao viSn can htfdng dan hgc sinh cac btfdc giai bai tap thtfc nghiem;
Btfdc 1; Giai li thuyet, htfdng dan hgc sinh phan tich 11 thuyet, xSy dtfng cac btfdc giai, dtf doan hien ttfdng, k i t qua th! nghiem, Itfa chgn hga chat, dling cu, dtf kien each t i l n hanh.
Btfdc 2; T i l n hanh thi nghiem, chii trgng de'n cac ky nang;
- Mo ta day du, dling hien ttfdng thi nghiSm va giai thich dung cac Men ttfdng dd.
- Doi chilu ke't qua thi nghiem vdi viec giai li thuyet, nit ra nhan xet, k i t luan.
Vdi cac dang bai tap khac nhau thi cac hoat dpng cu the cCa hgc sinh cung cd the thay dd'i cho phii hdp. C^n chii y rang khi suf dung cac bai tap thtfc nghidm, cd t h i ding nhieu hinh thtfc khac nhau:
+ Suf dung cac thi nghiem hda hpc va cac dung cu hoa chat can thiet de lam bai tap (toan the hgc sinh lam hoac mdt vai e m lam thi nghiem bieu dien; k i t hdp vtfa giai bang h thuyet va cd mpt phan bang thtfc nghiem).
+ Bai tap chi dtfdc giai bang \i thuyet (mang tich chat thtfc nghiem ttfdng ttfdng).
. + Bai tap bang hinh ve, sd do (diing hinh ve de mo ta each lap dat dung cu, thu khi,... hoac ttf hinh ve, sd do cho trtfdc, phan tich cac kha nang phii hdp).
2.4. C a c d a n g b a i t § p thiic nghiem t r a c n g h i e m
2.4.1. Loai bdi tap khai thdc ky ndng thilc hanh thi nghiem
Day la loai bai tap yeu cau hgc sinh phai n a m vffng tinh an toan khi thi nghiem, phai thanh thao ky nang thtfc hanh, kiem tra dling cu t h i i t hi, hda chS't, mSu vat; tiinh ttf cac btfdc lam thi nghiem thtfc hanh va thao tac cd ban trong thi nghiem thtfc hanh. Ph^n cau hci k i l m tra va md rpng dtfdi day la nhffng gdi y btfdc ddu. Trong thtfc t i l n day hpc thtfc hanh giao vien cd the dtfa them nhieu tinh huong mdi de kich thich ttf duy cho hgc sinh.
XAY DUNG BAI T A P THIJ'C NGHIEM HOA HOC
93 Vi du: Khi lam thi nghiem, dung cap gd de kep d'ng nghiem, ngffdi ta thffdng lam theo each nao sau day:
A. Kep d vi tri 1/3 d'ng tff dffdi ldn B. Kep d vi tri 1/3 d'ng tff tren xud'ng C. Kep d giffa d'ng nghiem D. Kep d ba't Id vi tri nao.
2.4.2. lj)ai bdi tap ve each tii'n hanh, hien tUcfng thi nghi$m
Vi du: Sap xe'p theo thff tff hdp ly cae thao tac khi lam thi nghiem natri ehay h-ong khi oxi.
1. Dot chay natri tren ngpn lffa den e6n.
2. Cho 1 Iffdng natri bang hat ngd vao mudng la'y hda cha't.
3. Md nap lo dffng oxi.
4. Dffa nhanh mudng cd natri dang chay vao lp dffng khi oxi cd san mdt Idp cat.
5. Khi chay xong day nap lp lai.
6. Quan sat hien tffdng, viet phffdng trinh phan ffng va xac dinh vai trd eiia cha't tham gia phdn ffng.
A. 1,2,3,4,5,6 B. 2, 1,3,4,6,5 C. 2, 1,3,4,5,6 D. 3, 1,2,4,5,6 2.4.3. Cdc dang bdi tap thUc nghiem co sii dung sd do, hinh ve
Cic dang bai tap nay hien nay edn it dffdc sff dung trong day hpc, viec sff dung dang bai tap nay se gdp ph^n hinh thanh cho HS nang life quan sat, nang life tff duy hda hpc. Viec sff diing md hinh, hinh ve nen thffe hien mdt each da dang dffdi cac hinh thffc nhff:
2.4.3.1. Dung md hinh. hinh ve. sd do.... cd diy du ehu thich la nguon kie'n thffc di hoc sinh khai thac thdng tin, hinh thanh kie'n thffc mdi
Vl du: Cho hinh ve md ta thi nghiem dieu ehe' khi Cl, tff MnO^ va dung dich HCl dac.
_dune dich HCl d$c
bdng tim dung dich NaOH
Blob (2)
94 LE THI BANG CHT Kh! Cl, sinh ra thtfdng cd l l n hdi ntfdc va hidroclorua. B e thu dtfdc khi Cl^ kho thi binh (1) va binh (2) lan Itfdt dtfng;
A. Dung dich NaOH va dung dich H^SO, dac B. Dung dich H,SOj dac va dung dich NaCl C. Dung dich H,SO^ dac va dung dich AgNOj D . Dung dich NaCl bao hda va dung dich H^SO^ dac
2.4.3.2. Dirng hinh v e . sd do,... khong cd day du chd thich giup hgc sinh kiem tra cac thcng tin cdn thiiu
Vi d u : Cho hinh ve md ta thi nghiem dieu che clo trong phdng thi nghiem nhtf
Dd HCl (Sc
NaCl dd HzSO, dac Hda chat dtfdc dung trong binh cau (1) la;
A. MnOj B . KMnO^
C. KClOj D. Ca 3 hda chat tren.
3. BCET LUAN
Cac bai tap thtfc nghiem hda hgc dem lai nhtfng gia tri cu the giup khang dinh them tinh dling dan ve ly thuyet ma lau nay chiing ta huge hpc sinh phai chap nhan mdt each may mdc, dem lai cho hgc sinh stf tin ttfdng ve bg mon thtfc nghiem. Ttf dd, hgc sinh cd the van dung kien thtfc da hgc vao thtfc te ddi sd'ng nham ren luyen ky nang ttf duy sang tao trong cdng viec. Bai tap thtfc nghiem trong day hpc ren cac k i l n thtfc kl nang thtfc hanh thi nghiem gdp ph^n phat triin nang life thtfc hanh hda hpc chp hpc sinh. Cac dang bai tap thtfc nghiem cd suf dung sd dd, hinh ve gdp phan hinh thanh cho hgc sinh nang life quan sat, nang Itfc ttf duy hda hpc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Chudn ddu ra trinh do dai hoc khd'i nganh sU pham dao tao giao vien trung hgc phd thong, H., (2011).
[2] Bd Giao due va Dao tao, Nghien ciiu khoa hgc sU pham iing dung, Nxb Dai hpc sff pham, (2010).
[3] Dff an phat trien giao vi6n Trung hoc pho thdng va Trung ca'p chuy6n nghiep - B6 Giao due va Dao tao, Tai lieu hudng ddn tdng cudng ndng luc sU pham cho cdn bg gidng day cua cdc ca sd ddo tao giao vien THPT vd TCCN, H., (2010).
[4] Tran Quoc Dac, Hudng ddn thi nghiem hoa hgc 10, Nxb Dai hpc sU pham, (2006).
BUILDING UP CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT EXERCISES ORIENTED BY STUDENTS' CAPABILrrY DEVELOPMENT
Le Thi Dang Chi Capability orientation curriculum is built up on the basis of the subject capacity standard which is mainly formed through students' active learning. Experiment exercises sharpen students' practice skills, contributing to developing students' ability in chemistry practice. The experimental forms of exercise that uses diagrams and drawings contnbute to the formation of students' observation capacity and chemistry thinking capacity. This paper presents the characteristics and forms of capacity orientated exercises.
"Khoa Hoa hoc, TnTcfng Dai hoc Quy Nhdn Ngay gtji bai: 26/12/2014; Ngay nhan dang: 02/6/2015
