I * - - - TRU'DNG D«l HOC s y PHAM TP HO CHl MINH
L | y TAP CHi KHOA HOC
ISSN KHOA HOC XA HQI VA NHAN VAN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 Tap 16. S6 5 (2019)' 94-107 Vol. 16. No. 5 (2019) 94-107
Email: [email protected]: Website: httpj/lckh.ticmue.edu.vn
QUYEN Lire CHINH TRI TRONG LICH SLT TRIET HOC PHUO^JG TAY VA NHUNG BAI HOC XAY Dl/NG QUYEN LlTC CHINH TRI HIEN NAY
Nguyen Thi Minh Huang'', Li Ddc Sffn^
Trudng Dqi hoc Bach khoa - DHQG Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Trudng Dai hgc Su pham Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh Tdc gid lien he: Nguyen Thi Minh Huong - Email: [email protected]. vn Ngaynlian bai: 04-3-2019; ngay nhan bai si>a 07-4-2019; ngay duyet dang: 10-5-2019
TOM T A T
Khi xd hdi lodi ngudi phdn chia thdnh hai luc luang ddi khdng nhau: giai cdp thdng tri vd giai cdp bi tri, phgm trii quyen luc chinh tri duac cdc nhd tu tudng vd cdc triet gia phuang Tdy quan tdm sdu sdc tren cd phuang dien li ludn Idn thuc tien nhdm xdy dung mgt xd hoi v&i cdc mdi quan he cdng dong tot dep. ddm bdo quyen lai, nghia vu. khd ndng phdt trien cua mdi cd nhdn.
Viec tim hieu quyen luc chinh tri tren quan diem triet hoc de rut ra nhirng bdi hoc phii hop vai thuc tien cua mdi qudc gia. mdi ddn tdc Id vdn di cdn thiet trong moi thdi dai.
Til khda: quyen luc chinh tri, tri6t hpc phucmg Tay, bai hgc xay dung quyen luc chinh tri.
1. Quyen lyc chinh tri trong lich su- triet hpc phirong T3y 1.1. Khdi niem quyen luc vd quyen luc chinh tri
Quyen luc la mot van de ducrc nghien cuu tu xa xua trong ljch sii phat trien cua nhan loai, nhung cho tdi nay van con la mot van de dang dugc tranh cai. Quyen lire la mot khai niem co nhieu nghTa, neu xem quyen lire tren phuang dien nhan each dao ddc thi giong nhu tam quan trong va anh hudng cua mot nhan vat hay cua mgt to chuc nao do nhd co nhung pham chat uu tu, nhijng cong lao to Idn, ma dugc mgi ngudi tu nguyen cong nhan va tuan theo. Neu xem xet tren phuang dien mau thuan, xung dot, dau tranh giua cac chu the, vdi nghia don gian nhat, quyen luc la kha nang ma chu thg nay cd the ap dat y chi va bugc chu the khac phai thuc hien theo y chi ciia minh bang mot sue manh cudng ch§ nao do. Hay noi each khac, quyen luc la cai ma nhd no chii the nay (chu thi co quy^n luc) co thg ap dat y chi cua minh len ehii the khac (chu the bi quySn luc chi ph6i). Ngu xet tren phuong dien dgng ca lgi ich thi quyen lire giong nhu dgng lyc thiic day nhung hoat dgng ciia con ngudi dat dirge nhiing muc tieu da de ra. Theo Tic dien bach khoa triit hoc (tigng Nga), "Quygn luc hieu theo nghia chung nhat la nang luc va kha nang ciia ngudi nSm quygn, bugc nhiing ngudi khac thuc hien muc tieu cua minh de ra vdi nhung phuang tien khac nhau nhu luat le, quygn uy, siie manh, su cudng buc" (A. M. Flpoxopoe, 1989, tr.92).
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rru-dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thi Minh Hwang vd tgk
Chinh tri, tiing Hi Lap la politika - co nghia ia nghe thuat quan li nha nude hay la sir tham gia vao cac cdng viec nha nude, la viec quy dinh nhung hinh thiic, nhiem vu, ngi dung hoat dgng cua nha nude. Tir do cd the hieu rang, quyen lyc chinh tri la nang lyc, kha nang va nghe thuat kheo leo cua chii the quyen lyc trong viec quan li siic manh nha nude nh&m thyc hien nhirng muc tieu nhit dinh theo y chi chung da dl ra tmdc do. Nghien cuu quygn luc chinh tri tren phuong dien triet hgc la tim ra nhirng quy luat khach quan ciia quygn lyc chinh tri, ban chat, nguon goc sau xa, nen tang ciia quyen lyc chinh tri, cac ygu to cau thanh he thong quygn lyc chinh tri, su tac dgng bien chiing ciia cac bg phan trong he thong quyen luc chinh tri va anh hudng ciia chiing doi vdi ddi song con ngudi, d6i vdi su van dgng va phat trign ciia xa hgi. Trong rat nhieu nhimg van de nhu vay, van de quan trgng nhat ciia quyen luc chinh hi van la nghien ciiu siic manh nang luc - kha nang, nghe thuat lanh dao, dieu hanh, quan li ciia chii thg quyen luc vdi nhieu phuong tien khac nhau nham muc dieh bat bugc nhiing hoat dgng ciia cac chu thg khac hudng dgn muc tieu chinh tri nhat dinh da dugc dg ra trudc do.
Van de quygn lyc chinh tri dugc quan tam rat sdm d ca phuang Tay va phuong Dong. Trong triet hgc chinh tri Trung Hoa co dai, thuyet Chinh danh vdi cac quan diem tam cuong, ngu thudng, tu tudng "tg gia, tri nude, binh thien ha", tu tudng "than dan" ciia Nho giao; luan thuygt noi tigng ve the, thuat va phap ciia Han Phi Tu; quan digm "vo vi nhi tri" cua Lao Tii la nhimg minh chung ro net. Trong lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, vg quygn luc chinh tri chua dugc xay dung nhu nhung hgc thuygt vdi day dii khai niem, pham tni, quy luat ciia no, tuy nhign, trong lich su hang ngan nam dyng nude va giii nude, cha ong ta da tich lijy dugc biet bao kinh nghiem quy bau ve xay dyng va quan H nha nude, dugc phan anh trong Dai viit sir ki todn thu, Lich triiu hiin chuang loai chi hay trong cac bg luat noi tigng nhu Hinh thu (ddi Ly), Qudc trieu Hinh ludt (ddi Tran), Hdng Dire (ddi Lg).
Trong bai vigt nay, chiing toi chi co thg khai quat mgt so net chinh ve quyen luc chinh tri trong lich sii tiigt hgc phuong Tay.
1.2. Van di quyen lire chinh tri trong lick su- triet hpc phuong Tay
Con ngudi la dgng vat xa hgi va co thg nhan thay quyen lyc da xuat hien trong tat ea cac moi quan he xa hgi do. Nam dugc quyen lyc trong xa hgi la nam dugc kha nang chi phoi nhirng ngudi khac, bao ve va thyc hien dugc lgi ich cua minh trong moi quan he vdi lgi ich eua nhirng ngudi khac. Chinh vi vay, xung dot quyen lyc trong xa hgi la mgt hien tugng khach quan va pho biSn. Tuy nhien, khong phai mgi xung dot quyen lyc trong xa hgi deu mang y nghia tieu cyc ddi vdi su phat triln. Chang ban, dau tranh giai cap la mgt hien tugng xung dot quyen lyc ph6 biin trong xa hgi co giai cap. Su xung dot quygn lyc nay lai dong vai tro quan trgng trong viec thuc d§y sir phat triln cua xa hgi va do do mang y nghia tich cyc. Quyen luc chinh tri duge hinh thanh va phat triln trong xa hgi co phan chia giai
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tncdng DHSP TPHCM
cap doi khang nhu the, do do eac quan dilm, hgc thuylt vl quyin lyc chinh tri luon gan vdi lap trudng giai cap, dia vi xa hgi, lgi ich va boat dgng thyc tien cua cae nha tu tudng-
6 thdi ki Hi Lap c6 dai da xuSt hien nhung nha tu tudng tiln bg tim higu quyen lyc chinh tri vdi tu each la nhiing quan dilm vl viec thyc hien chiic nang cai each he thong chinh tri va quan li ddi sing xa hgi. Solon (khoang 638-558 TCN) - nha lap phap, chinh kliach va nha nho ciia Athena c6 dai - diing tren quan dilm xem quygn lyc chinh tri nhu mgt pham tni cua boat dgng thuc tiln va da md dhu boat dgng nay bang viec xay dung
"Dai hgi nhan dan", ma tir do co cdu chinh tri ciia nha nude Athena phat trign theo huong dan chii. Ephialtes (khong ro nam sinh va mk) da eu the hon khi xac lap quyen eiia eac to chiic dan cii, trong do quyin lap phap thugc ve Dai hgi nhan dan, quyen tu phap thugc ve Toa an nhan dan, quyen hanh phap thugc ve Hgi dong nhan dan va bg may hanh chinh. Sau boat dgng dan chii ciia Ephialtes, kl tilp ong, Pericles (khoang 495-429 TCN) doi hdi md rgng dan chu, tao ca sd eho cong dan tham gia quan li nha nude, mgi chuc vu cua nha nude phai theo chi do bd nhiem bang phuang phap hoc tham, cong chiic phuc vy bg may nha nude phai dugc tra luong, quyin lgi chinh tri cua cong dan phai dugc pho cap rgng rai.
Dung tren quan dilm khac, trilt gia Platon (khoang 427-347 TCN) xay dyng nha nude \i tudng vdi nhilu yeu t6 khong Urdng trong van dg cong dong tai san va huyet thong, tuy nhign vdn co thi nit ra mgt s6 ylu tl tich cue khi ong cho rang quyen lyc chinh tri la nghe thuat cai tri, khong phai cai tri bang siic manh - do la dgc tai, ma phai cai tri bang su thuylt phuc - do mdi dich thyc la quyen lyc chinh tri. Platon xem nguygn tac toi cao ciia to chiic nha nude phai la sy thong thai, ngudi nam quygn phai biet hi sinh nhu cau va lgi ich ca nhan, san sang bao ve lgi ich chung va gia tri chung ciia toan xa hgi.
Sy tong hgp van de quyen lyc chinh tri mgt each khoa hge, he thong dugc the hien bang quan diem triet hgc chinh trj ciia Aristotle (384-322 TCN). Khac vdi quan digm duy tam khach quan ciia Platon, Aristotle dung tren quan digm duy vat tien bg khi dat quyen luc vao chinh ban than sy vat hien tugng. Tac pham Chinh tri Athena ciia ong da xem su phan ehia quygn lyc dua theo so lugng ngudi nam quyen (ca nhan, mgt so ngudi va so dong), tu do dua ra cae loai ehinh phii chan chinh (quan chii, quy tgc, cong boa) va loai chinh phii bign chat (dgc tai, qua dau, dan chii tri). Trong viec thuc thi quyin lyc, Aristotie dg cao nguyen tac "trung dung": quyen luc nha nude phai the hien dugc quyen lgi chung ciia cong dan. Cung vdi no, mgt budc tien nGa trong tu tudng chinh tri ciia Aristotie la nh§n manh quygn lire nha nude phai tap trung thong nhat tren ngn tang phap luat vdi nhiing quy tac khach quan, chinh true, vo tu, phii hgp vdi lgi ich quoc gia. Mac dii, ban chg bdi muc tigu giai cap, bdi quan niem hep hoi ve cong dan, bdi ehu nghTa tmng dung, nhung vdi bg 6c thien tai, vdi phuong phap quan sat thyc tl ddi song chinh tri mgt each bien chung, tu tudng chinh tri cua Aristotie tren nhigu phuang dien la sy tong kit va khai quat boa nhirng gia trj co ban eua tu tudng trilt hgc chinh tri phuong Tay c6 dai.
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Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Minh Hwcmg vd tgk
Budc sang thdi ki hinh thanh va phat trign ciia chi do phong kiln, cac tu tudng trilt hgc ton giao ra ddi da anh hudng Idn len ddi song xa hgi noi chung va tu tudng quyin luc chinh tri noi rieng, bieu hien nhu hgc thuygt ve mat trdi va mat trang vdi phuong cham
"mat trang tda sang nhd mat trdi, vuong quyen choi lgi nhd giao hoang" hay giao li hai guom "nha vua cd dugc guom bau ciia minh, tiic la chinh quyin, nhd co giao hgi va do vay phai phuc tiing giao hgi" (Pham Hong Thai, 2001, tr.l33). N6i tilp tu tudng 6k eao quyen lyc toi thuong eiia Chiia, Thomas Aquinas (I225-I274) xay dyng ra bin loai luat:
Luat vTnh ciin la tri tue ciia Chiia dieu hanh thg gidi; luat ty nhign la sy phan chilu luat vinh Clin bang H tri con ngudi bigu hien nhu nhirng quy luat chung sing ciia con ngudi;
nhan luat la luat thanh van va than luat la Kinh thanh nhlm muc dich hien thuc hoa quyin luc ciia giao hgi trong ddi song xa hgi. BChi nhan luat trai vdi than luat, thi vi vua "dgc tai"
phai xem lai va quay vg tuan thii giao hgi. Luan digm thong tri ciia cac dao luat giao hgi, suy den cung la y do cua nha thd Thien Chiia giao muon thu phuc giai cap phong kiln quy tgc, va thg hien quan diem "trigt hgc phai la day td ciia than hgc".
Chong lai sy long quyen cua than hgc trong ddi song chinh tri xa hgi la tu tudng trigt hgc chinh tri phi ton giao ciia Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - triet gia chinh tri ngudi Italia giai doan Phuc Hung. Ong da dung phuong phap lich sii giai thich dgng lyc ciia ddi song chinh tri va nguygn tac chinh tri nham xay dung chinh quygn nha nude tap quyen, thii tieu phan lap phong kien di den thong nhat nude Italia, ciing nhu la co sd cho viec thong nhat cac quoc gia phong kien phan quyen d chau Au. Trong tac pham noi tieng Qudn vuong (The Prince) cua minh, ong da mieu ta cac phuong phap thyc te ciia ngudi cai tri de gianh va giii quyen luc. Khi lap luan cho muc tieu quan trgng hang dau la trang thai on dinh thong nhat quoc gia, ong tranh luan rang, theo tmyen thong, pham chat tot dugc xem la khat vgng mang tinh dao diic - nhu tinh do lugng, nhan ai, khoan dung, da khong dugc ua thich doi vdi ngudi lanh dao va co thg dan den viec mat quyen luc chinh tri, Vi vay, theo ong, dao diic khong phai la nen tang, la tigu chi cho viec sir dung quygn luc hgp phap hay bat hgp phap, muc dich mdi la yeu to quan trgng bien minh cho phuang tien, nha cai tri CO the dung mgi phuong tien, ke ca phi dao diic de gianh va giii viing quygn cai tri. Vi le do ong thudng dugc xem la ngudi xay dung hinh anh Quan Vuong thuc dung, muu mo, Cling ran, tan bao, phi dao diic. Hgc thuygt cua ong da dugc cac lanh dao hgc tap va thyc hanh, trong do co ca nhirng nha lanh dao chuygn chi toan tri nhu Benito Mussolini hay Adolf Hitier, hg da dya tren tu tudng Qudn Vuong dl bien hg cho viec hanh dgng tan bao ciia minh la vi muc dich an toan qu6c gia (Niccolo Machiavelli, 1997, p. 17).
Dai dien cho giai cdp tu san tien bg, khong chi chong thdn quyen, ma con chong ca che do chuygn che cua cac ong vua phong kiln, nha tu tudng triet hgc chinh tri Idn, mgt trong nhiing ngudi tien phong cua phong trao khai sang - Charies Montesquieu (1689- 1775). Xuat phat tir co sd dl cao cac quy luat ty nhign: binh dang, hoa binh, khat khao thoa
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM
man nhu cau ton tai va mong muon sing trong cong ding, ong phan ddi hinh thuc chinh tri chuyen che, vi no bieu hien tinh chdt long quyin, chuyen quyin, khiing bo ciia quyen lite chinh tri va thira nhan hinh thiic chinh tri quan chii lap hiln hay cong hoa se tot ban. M^c dil cho ring cac hinh thiic nha nude la pham tin lich su, gin vdi dien tich lanh tho quoc gia, nhung vdi tinh thdn ty do chinh tri, ong dac biet iing hg hinh thuc chinh trj cong hoa, vi theo ong, hinh thiic nay bao dam tit nhdt quyin tu do va quygn an ninh ciia cong dan dua tren viec tuan thu nghigm minh phap luat, dua tren he thing quygn lyc dugc phan chia thanh lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap, chiing ban chi, can bang va tap tmng trong cac co quan khac nhau. Day la mgt cong hien mang tinh chat khoa hgc trong ITnh vyc triet hgc chinh tri ciia Charles Montesquieu. Nhiing li luan khoa hgc vg quyen lyc ehinh trj dya tren cac quyin co ban ciia con ngudi nhu tu do, binh dang da dugc chuyen thanh cac che dinh phap luat, dugc ghi nhan bdi Tuyin ngdn nhdn guyin vd ddn quyin cua Phap nam 1789 va Tuyin ngdn ddc lap cua Hoa Ki nam 1776. Do la mgt budc tiln Idn trong viec xac dinh muc tigu ciia quyin luc chinh trj, phuong thirc thyc hien va thg hien co hieu qua trong thyc tien bdng nhung cugc each mang xa hgi, nhirng cugc dau tranh gianh quyen lyc chinh tri thanh cong cua giai cap tu san chong lai chg do phong kien.
Trong budc chuyin tu can dai sang hien dai, tiep can vdi van dg quygn lyc chinh tri trgn quan dilm lich su cu thi, Karl Marx (I818-I883) khong tuyet doi hda bat cii mgt hinh thiic quyin lyc nao (quyen lyc kinh tg, quygn lyc chinh tri, quyen lyc van boa, quygn lyc khoa hgc, quyen luc quan sy, quyen luc ngoai giao...), ma luon dat chiing trong moi quan he bien chiing vdi nhau, trong do quyen luc kinh tg dong vai tro chu dao quyet dinh quygn lyc chinh tri, giai cap nao nam dia vi thdng tri kinh tg thi cGng nam dia vi thong tri chinh tri. Thong qua bg may nha nude, giai cap thong tri cd cong cu hieu qua de bao ve lgi ich kinh te va quyen luc chinh tri cua giai cap minh. Md rgng ban, Karl Marx xem quygn lyc chinh tri la quygn lyc cua mgt giai cap hay ciia lien minh giai cap, tap doan xa hgi (hoac cua nhan dan trong dieu kien chii nghia xa hgi) dya tren bao lyc de thyc hign va bao ve lgi ich ciia giai cap nam quyen "quygn lyc chinh tri, theo diing nghia cua no, la bao lyc co to chiic cua mgt giai cap dg tran ap mgt giai cap khac" (Karl Marx va Friedrich Engels, 1995, tr. 628).
Sau Karl Marx, dac biet tir nira cuoi thg ki XX den nay, quyin lye ehinh tri dugc xem xet tir nhigu each tiep can khac nhau. Theo tigp can cua li thuygt tinh hoa, quygn lyc chinh tri va sy thay doi xa hgi dien ra thong qua nhiing qua trinh cai each cua gidi tinh hoa chii khong phai ddu tranh giai cdp hay each mang xa hgi. Chi co gidi tinh hoa, dii la thilu s6, mdi CO kha nang kiem soat phan Idn cac nguon luc va cai tri xa hgi, cdn quan chiing nhan dan khong thi cai tri dugc ehinh minh va xa hgi. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) cho rdng xa hgi nen do nhiing ngudi quan li nam kien thiic thyc nghiem (cac nha khoa hgc thuc nghiem, cac trilt gia thyc chung) lanh dao, hg co vi tri nhu giao hoang, giao chu, tdng Idp
Trifdng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Minh Huang vd tgk
quy tgc tmng co. Nhiing nhan vat kiet xuat nay la hien than ciia toan xa hgi, dilu khiln giao due, hinh thanh du luan, tham gia chinh tri... Cong dan trong xa hgi cdn man theo mgt cac vo dieu kien nhimg nguyen tac do nhiing ngudi nay dua ra. Ngoai ra, con co each tilp can cua li thuygt da tri, li thuyet hanh vi, each tiep can the che, each tilp can cdu tnic - chiic nang. Chiing co nhirng gia tri nhat dinh, my nhien, khac vdi cac quan dilm trilt hgc hi san vg quyen lyc chinh tri, Karl Marx cho rang trong pham vi khac nhau cua ddi sing xa hgi va d nhirng giai doan lich sii khac nhau, phuang thiic dat tdi quyin lyc ciing khac nhau, nhung tren quan diem xa hgi phat trien, mgt phuong thiic dat quyin luc xa hgi dugc xem la tot nhat, khi bang each nao do nhan dan trd thanh chii thi mgi trong quyin luc xa hgi, tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho viec giai phong nhung nang lyc sang tao cua con ngudi d tdt ca cap do ton tai ciia no.
Xem xet mgt each khai quat van dg quyen luc chinh tri trong lich sii trilt hgc phuong Tay cho phep chiing ta nit ra 5 tinh chat sau ciia quyin luc chinh tri: tinh giai cdp, tinh khoa hgc, tinh dan chii, tinh tri tue va tinh nghe thuat ma thong qua do co thi dua ra mgt so bai hgc trong qua trinh xay dyng quyen lyc chinh tri hien nay.
2. Mot so bai hgc trong qua trinh xay dung quyen lyc chinh tri Men nay Hien nay, boi canh chinh tri quoc te khong phai la bl tic, nhung hit siic phii'c tap:
toan cau boa tac dgng manh me Ign mgi quoc gia; bao lyc va nguy ca chien tranh gia tang;
nan khiing bl vin tilp diln; cugc dau tranh chinh tri doi dan chii, dan sinh ciia nhan dan lao dgng cac nude ngay cang gay gat; viec ducmg dau, canh tranh giira eac cudng quoc tu ban chii nghia vdi cac nude chii nghta xa hgi, giCia khIi NATO va Nga, giira Hoa Ki va Trung Hoa... ngay cang cang thang; viec dimg quygn lyc chinh hi dg xam hai lgi ich cua cac quoc gia, dan tgc, cae cong dong ngudi, cac nhom ngudi hay cac ca nhan rigng le dugc che day dudi nhieu mau sac chinh tri - xa hgi khac nhau; viec tham nhap ciia khoa hgc - kT thuat - cong nghe, dac biet cugc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 (The Fourth Industrial Revolution) anh hudng to Idn dgn ddi sdng chinh tri. Vi vay, can tuan thii nhung nguyen tac khoa hgc trong van de xay dung, thuc thi quyen luc chinh tri de dam bao lgi ich chinh dang va nhiing quyen lgi hgp phap ciia mgi thanh vien trong xa hgi. Tu gia tri lich su tij tudng trigt hgc ve quyen lyc chinh tri cd the dua ra 5 bai hge sau trong qua trinh xay dyng quyen lyc chinh tri.
2.L Bdi hgc 1: Bdo dam tinh giai cap trong qud trinh thuc hien quyen luc chinh tri Van de gianh, giii va dung quyen luc chinh tri dl dam bao dia vi chinh tri - xa hgi va nhimg lgi ich khac nhau ciia giai cdp thing tri trong xa hgi co giai cap la mang tinh chdt quy luat. Co che thuc hien quyin lyc chinh tri khong tach rdi khoi tinh giai cap va bay thugc vao chiic nang ma no phai thyc hien. Tren nguyen tic nin tang do, co che thyc hien
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
quyen lyc chinh tri thudng dua trgn boat dgng tich cue ciia giai cdp cdm quyin vdi ba buoc nhu sau:
Budc mot, xay dung he thing Hiln phap, phap luat vdi tu each la su the che hoa myc tieu chinh tri ciia giai cdp cdm quyin thanh nhiing van ban mang tinh phap quy, thong qua do ma cai von co cua giai cdp thing tri mang hinh thiic cai pho bien va co tinh chat cudng che doi vdi toan xa hgi.
Budc hai, he thong tl chiic thyc hien lam cho nhiing quy dinh phap li co dugc sue manh trong boat dgng thuc tien, tir do muc tieu ciia giai cap cam quyen dugc hien thyc hoa trong thuc tg ddi song. D6ng thdi, quyin luc chinh tri la nghe thuat kheo leo ciia sy quan li nha nude, cho nen cdn tap hgp dugc cac thanh phan cong kliai, hgp phap iing hg boat dgng ciia nha nude nhu Dang chinh tri, tl chiic Cong doan, cac hiep hgi, di doi vdi viec xay dung su thing nhdt, su phii hgp hai boa va hoat dgng co hieu qua ciia cae tl chuc chinh tri vdi nhau. Xay dyng phuang thiic thyc hien quyen luc chinh tri, dua ra nhirng phuong phap hieu qua thilt thuc, tl chiic cac hinh thiic chinh tri phong phii da dang phu hop vdi giai cdp, nganh nghi, liia tuli... hudng cac to chiic nay vao viec boat dgng tich cyc nham hoan thanh muc tieu - nhiem vy da xay dung trudc do.
Budc ba, trong viec to chiic thyc hien Hien phap va phap luat, can giam sat kip thdi phat hien nhung khigm khuyet can bo sung, sua doi, xet xii cac hoat dgng vi pham Hign phap va phap luat mgt each cong bang, nghiem mmh nham nang cao hieu qua hien thyc boa muc tigu chinh tri ma giai cap cam quyen da neu ra.
Ve van de nay, V. 1. Lgnin chia se quan niem ciia Karl Marx va Friedrich Engels, dong thdi chi ra ban chat mdi ciia quyen luc chinh tri va bg may thyc thi quyen luc chinh tri trong thdi dai minh. Theo ong, chuyen chinh vo san mang ban chat giai cap cong nhan - giai cap da dugc giai phong khoi tinh trang no le, da trd thanh giai cap thong tri, la chii the eiia quyen lire. Cai mdi d day chinh la su gan bo mat thiet cua giai cap cong nhan vdi toan the nhan dan lao dgng trong thuc hien lgi ich va quyen lyc ciia minh. Ban chat mdi do ciia quyen luc chi xuat hien vdi giai cap vo san each mang, khi no thuc hien thanh cong each mang vo san, xac lap dugc dia vi thong tri va thuc thi quyen lyc chinh tri, quygn luc nha nude cua minh. Van dung chii nghTa Mac - Lgnin vao Viet Nam, Dai hgi XII cua Dang chi ro "tiep tuc phat huy dan chii xa hgi chu nghTa, bao dam tdt ca quyin lyc nha nude thugc ve nhan dan, Mgi dudng loi, chu tnrong ciia Dang, chinh sach, phap luat cua Nha nude phai xuat pbat tir nguyen vgng, quygn va Igi ich chinh dang ciia nhan dan, dugc nhan dan tham gia y kiln" (Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 2016, tr.38). Phat huy manh me, chii dgng, tich cyc siic manh tong hgp ciia ca he thong chinh tri, ciia toan dan vao viec kilm soat quyin lyc. Xay dyng va thyc thi co chi, chi tai dii manh dl cac to chiie bg may, ca nhan dugc giao quyen lyc thuc hien diing, day dii, co trach nhiem chuc trach, nhiem vu
Tnjdng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Minh Huang vd tgk
dugc giao, ngan chan triet dl nguy co lam quygn, long quyin, lgi dung quyin lyc vi myc dich, lgi ich ca nhan. Dd chinh la bao dam tinh giai cdp trong qua trinh thyc hien quyin lyc chinh tri ctia Dang ta hien nay.
2.2. Bdi hpc 2: Bdo ddm tinh khoa hpc trong viec giir cdn bdng cho cdc bp phan trong quyin luc chinh tri
Tir sy van dgng phat trien khong ngii'ng eiia thyc tl ddi sing chinh tri va dya tren nhiing nghien ciin vg khoa hgc chinh tri, quygn lyc chinh tri ngay cang dugc thi cbl hoa va bao dam bang luat phap, viec giii' can bdng cho cac bg phan quyin lyc khac nhau trong nghe thuat quan li nha nude dugc the hien khoa hgc hon qua ba quyin co ban: lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap.
Quyen lap phap do Quoc hgi (hay Nghi vien) lam, sira va bai bo luat.
Quyen hanh phap la quyen thi hanh phap luat thugc vl Chinh phii. Quyin nay dugc thg hien qua hinh thiic to chiic chinh phu vdi cac che do khac nhau:
Che do Nghi vien dign hinh d nude Phap, Tong thong do dan bdu ra, QuIc hgi kilm soat hoat dgng ciia Tong thong, bo phieu khong tin nhiem ngi cac ciia Ting thing va ygu cau Tong thong thay doi ngi cac; ngugc lai, Tong thong co the giai tan QuIc hgi va giao lai cho dan bau Quoc hgi mdi. Day la hinh thirc doi dau giu'a lap phap va hanh phap.
Che do ngi cac dugc ap dyng d cac nude nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, Due, Canada... Dung dau ehinh phii la Thu tudng (dai dien cho Dang cam quygn chiem da si trong QuIc hgi), Thii tudng la tmng tam quyen lyc nha nude, chii tri cugc hgp ngi cac, dua ra cac chinh sach, lya chgn nhan sy cao cap, toan quyen chi huy quan sy.
Che do Tong thong ap dung dign hinh d Hoa Ki, Tong thong dugc bau theo mo hinh pho thong dau phieu toan dan hoac do dai cir tri, Tong thong vira la nguygn thu quoc gia, vira la ngudi dimg dau ehinh phii, chiu trach nhiem tnrdc cong dan, khong chiu trach nhiem trudc Quoc hgi va co quyen phu quyet cac dy luat ma Quoc hgi da thong qua.
Che do uy vien dien hinh d Thuy ST, quygn luc chinh tri toi cao do mgt tap thg uy vien lien bang nam giir. Cac nghi quyet quan trgng do tap the thao luan va bo phieu quyet dinh, dia vi ciia cac uy vien nhu Tdng thing, Pho Tong thong, Chu tich, Pho Chii tich la binh dang.
Quyen tu phap bao gom nhiing hoat dgng xet xir va nhung hoat dgng lien quan true tiep tdi xet xii dugc thyc hien tren ca sd Hiln phap va cac bg luat, luat do lap phap ban hanh. Cac quoc gia khac nhau se co bg may quyen luc tu phap khac nhau va quy djnh khac nhau vg tham quygn xet xii, tieu chudn thdm phan va thanh vign hgi dong xet xir. Hien phap cac nude cl ging tao lap cho tu phap mgt vi thi dgc lap, tnmg lap, on dinh, khach quan phii hgp vdi chiic nang xet xir cua nganh nay.
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
Khi ban ve bg may ciia quyin lyc chinh tri d nude ta, Chii tich H6 Chi Minh da chi ro: Nha nude ta la Nha nude cua dan, do dan, va vi dan, Nhan dan giao quyin cho bg may nha nude thyc hien cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap theo nguygn tac eo sy phan cong va phoi hgp dg bao dam tdt ca quyin lyc thugc vl nhan dan va nhan dan kiem soat viec thuc thi quyen lyc ciia bg may nha nude. Chi mgt ngay sau khi dgc Tuyen ngon dgc lap, trong phien hgp ddu tien eua Chinh phii lam thdi, H I Chi Minh da dg nghi to chuc tong tuyln cu va ngay 06 thang 01 nam 1946, cugc ting tuyln cu vdi chi do pho thong dau phieu, tryc tigp va bo philu kin da bdu ra dai bilu QuIc hgi. Ngay 02 thang 3 nam 1946, Qudc hgi khoa I nude Viet Nam dan chu Cong hoa hgp phien dau tign dg lap ra cac to chirc, bg may va cae chiic vu chinh thuc ciia Nha nude hgp hien. Ngay 09 thang 11 riam 1946, QuIc hgi khoa I da thong qua ban Hiln phap dau tign ciia nude Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa giir can bang cho cac bg phan trong quyen lyc chinh tri d nude ta.
2.3. Bdi hpc 3: Bdo dam tinh dan chii trong quyin luc chinh tri
Ba bg phan quyin lyc chinh tri nha nude dugc bieu hien bang ba mo hinh: mo hinh phan quygn ciing nhdc (lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap dgc lap va doi trgng lan nhau); mo hinh phan quyin mim deo (lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap tac dgng qua lai, lien he chat che vdi nhau); md hinh quygn lyc nha nude la tap tmng, thong nhat, khong phan chia, Quoc hgi la co quan quyen luc nha nude toi cao, nhung khong thau tom toan bg quyen hanh trong thyc thi quyen lyc, cac co quan thyc hien quygn lyc nha nude theo phap luat va Hign phap vi myc dich chung thyc hien quyen luc thugc ve nhan dan. Hien nay, trong trao luu dan chii phat trien manh me d khap cac quoc gia, quyen lyc chinh tri can md rgng cho mgi cong dan trong xa hgi, cho nen mo binh thii ba dugc nhieu quoc gia quan tam hudng tdi, ke ca khi thyc hien quyen lye chinh tri cua cac nude tu san thi van rat la khac nhau. So sanh mgt each dign hinh Tong thong Nga, V. Putin, da timg nhan xet: "Q MT, ban se phai di bau dai cir tri de hg lya chgn Tong thong con d Nga, Tong thong dugc bau theo mo hinh pho thong dau philu toan dan. Do do, bau cir d Nga dan ehii hon d MV {https://www.theguardian.com/).
He thong chinh tri dan chu khong chi the hien d van dg tranh gianh dia vi thing tri ciia giai cap, tap doan, nhom ngirdi hay ca nhan nao do, ma quan h-gng hon la ndm d van de chong lam quyen, long quyen ciia chii the nam quygn. Xay dyng he thing chinh tri dan chii nham thyc hien ngi dung nay, tuc la can xay dyng co che kiem soat quyen lyc vdi qui mo va miie do hieu qua khac nhau cua no He thong kiem soat quyin lyc cang dugc hoan thien bao nhieu, thi nguy ca chuygn tir quyen lyc tap trung sang long quyen cang ban chi bdy nhieu. Viec hoan thien he thong kiem soat quyen luc la mgt bien phap dl nang cao dan chu trong xa hgi. Tinh chdt va trinh do dan chii trong xa hgi dugc qui dinh bdi ban chdt giai cdp, tuong quan lyc lugng giira cac giai cdp; bdi trinh do phat triln ciia san xudt, ciia
Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thj Minh Humg vd tgk
kinh tg, trinh do phat trien ciia khoa hgc - cong nghe; bdi trinh do van hoa cua nhan dan, tmyen thong ciia ddt nude... Ndi each khac, hinh thiic td chirc quyin lyc nha nude khong chi dugc quy djnh bdi ban chat giai cap ciia chu thi quyin lyc; bdi muc tigu ciia quyin lyc;
no con dugc quy dinh bdi trinh do van minh ma chi do xa hgi do, thdi dai do da dat dugc;
bdi dac dilm tmyen thing chinh tri ciia dat nude; bdi dac dilm ra ddi va tin tai ciia cac tl chii'c chinh tri - xa hgi. Cac doan the chinh tri - xa hgi tdt ylu cdn dan chu hoa va da dang hoa cac phuong thiic to chiic va hoat dgng. Phai xem viec ddu tranh bao ve cac lgi ich chinh dang cho nhiing thanh vign trong hgi la muc dich co ban cua tl chiic chinh tri - xa hgi. Tign hanh dan chii hoa chinh tri trgn nen tang ciia dan chu hoa kinh tl, lam sao bao dam quyen lyc cua nhan dan vdi tu each la chii thi sang tao ra mgi gia tri vat chdt va tinh than CO quyen duge hudng thy cac gia tri do minh sang tao ra.
Khi noi ve ban chat dan chii ciia Nha nude ta, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh da chi ro:
"Nude ta la nude dan chii... Bao nhieu quygn ban dIu ciia dan" (H6 Chi Minh, 1995, tap 5, tr.229), do do "Viec gi lgi cho dan, ta phai hit sue lam. Viec gi hai din dan, ta phai hit sue tranh. Chiing ta phai ygu dan, kinh dan thi dan mdi yeu ta, kinh ta" (H6 Chi Minh, 2000, tap 4, tr.56-58). Khi khang dinh tat ca quyen lyc la thugc vg nhan dan va nhan dan la chii the kiem soat quyen lyc, Ngudi nhac nhd: nhung ngudi trong eac cong sd deu co nhieu hoac it quygn hanh. Neu khong giii dimg Can, Kiem, Liem, Chinh thi de trd nen hii bai, bien thanh sau mgt ciia dan.... Do do, kigm soat quyin lye chinh tri la phai thong qua viec thyc thi thyc chat, day dii va rgng rai quyen lam chu eua nhan dan, thuc hien nghiem phuong cham: dan biet, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem ha, giam sat; thong qua ehe do that su cong khai, minh bach mgi cong viec cua dat nude, cua nhan dan cung nhu cdng viec tranh cu, bo nhiem, mien nhiem can bg lanh dao, quan li, chirc nang, nhiem vu, quygn han cua tat ca cac to chiic, co quan, don vi, cac ca nhan tir ngudi giu' cuong vi cao nhat den can bg, cong chiic, vien chiic dg nhan dan kigm tra, giam sat, kigm soat viec thyc hien.
2.4. Bdi hpc 4: Tri tue, dac biet tri tue nhan tao, vdi sue mgnh quyin luc chinh tri hiin dgi
Ngay tir thap ki 40 cua the ki XX, thuyet thong tin, thuyet he thong va thuyet dieu khien da trd thanh nhirng thanh tyu khoa hge to Idn. Ba thuyet nay mang tinh chat phuong phap luan viit bo dac diem cy the va rieng biet ciia sy vat. Tir goc do tong hgp ngang, no vaeh ra moi lien he ben trong va dac tinh ban chdt cua cac loai sy vat tren the gidi, vi vay nd CO tinh thich iing phi biin. Quyin lyc chinh tri hien dai la mgt he thong, la mgt qua trinh thong tin, la mgt qua ti-inh dilu khiln. Qua trinh nay dong thdi cung tnen khai qua trinh thong nhat giiia cac ylu tl chu quan va khach quan. Hge tap, nam chac tu tudng va phuong phap ciia ba thuylt nay co y nghTa rdt quan trgng trong viec nang cao kha nang nhan thiic thi gidi, cai tao thg gidi va tang cudng hieu qua cua chii thg nim giii quyen lyc.
103
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tripdng DHSP TPHCM
Alvin Toffler - nha tuong lai hgc n i i tiing cua thdi hien dai da nhdn manh ba phuong thyc ciia viec gianh, giir va sir dung quyen luc la bao lye, ciia cai va tri me, trong do bao lyc la loai CO pham chat thap nhdt trong viec n i m quyen lyc. So vdi bao lyc, ciia cai co he so Ion hon, nhung cua cai cung la cai hiiu han tigu mai cung hit, d i n g thdi khong phai mgi quyen luc dgu CO the mua dugc bing tiln. Vi vay, tri tue mdi chinh la cai co pham chat cao nhat trgn con dudng di den quyin lyc, no khong bao gid can, ma con tang len khi tieu dung.
Ngay nay, dimg quyin lyc tri tue, dac biet tri me nhan tao thg hien bang cugc each mang cong nghiep 4.0, vao viee gianh, giir va sir dung quygn lyc chinh tri la ygu cau tat yeu de CO the di den thanh cong ciia mgi chii thg quyen lyc.
Nhin nhan mgt each khach quan, sy thay doi chong mat ciia cac hoat dgng xa hgi la do anh hudng Idn Iao ciia cugc each mang cong nghiep 4.0. Day la cugc each mang dugc hinh thanh vdi xu hudng phat triln dua tren nin tang tich hgp cao do cua he thong kgt noi s i boa CO sy tac dgng manh me gop phdn lam thay doi tu duy va nhan thiic cua nha quan li trong n i n hanh chinh nha nude, giiip cho hg dua ra cac dmh hudng, giai phap cai each ngn hanh ehinh phii hgp vdi ygu cdu phat friln ciia xa hgi. Su phat trign manh me ciia cong nghe thong tin, cong nghe mang xa hgi, di dgng, dil' heu Idn, van vat ket noi intemet, phan tich va dien toan dam may tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac co quan hanh chinh nha nude day manh ung dung cac thanh tyu cong nghe de nang cao hieu qua quan li ciia cac ca quan hanh chinh va hoan thien boat dgng ciia Chinh phu dien tir, dong thdi tao dieu kien thuan lgi trong viec phat trien mgt ngn hanh chinh dan chu, minh bach. Cong nghe va thiet bi ha tang so cho phep viec tuong tac hai chieu giiia ngudi dan va Chinh phii mgt each nhanh chong hieu qua, khi can xay dung the che, chinh sach, cae du thao van ban phap luat dya tren y kign gop y ciia ngudi dan. Ngudi dan co thg thuc hien cac nghTa vu cong dan va thu nhan cac quyen lgi cong dan thong qua mang intemet. Trong to chiie thuc thi chinh sach, phap luat, ngudi dan co the tham gia giam sat viec thyc hien thong qua co che cong khai, minh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh cac hoat dgng ciia co quan hanh chinh nha nude,
2.5. Bdi hpc 5: Xay dung dpi ngd cdn bp ndm gid' quyen luc chinh tri phdi cd phuang phdp va nghe thuat lanh dgo
Thu nhdt, can bg nam giir quyen lyc chinh tri can nam viing phuong cham xay dung va thyc thi quygn lyc chinh tri dya tren nhiing thanh tyu khoa hge va phii hgp vdi nhiing tigu chuan eao nhat ciia dao dire, vi boat dgng chinh tri la boat dgng chju trach nhiem cao nhdt trong cac hoat dgng xa hgi. Dieu nay thg hien sy thong thai chinh tri va doi hoi nhung ngudi nam giir quyen lyc phan biet dugc mgt each ro rang cai gi co the va cai gi khong t h i cai CO thi se dugc hien thuc boa trong ddi sdng xa hgi va anh budng sau sac Ign ddi s i n g ciia moi mgt cong dan trong ITnh vyc pham vi ngudi n i m quyen quan li. Cho nen, viec dat ra dugc muc tigu tong quat va muc tieu cy thi, tucmg iing vdi timg giai doan, timg thdi ki
104
Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Minh Huang va tgk
phat trien ciia xa hgi, tir do xac dinh nhirng nhiem vu co ban dl hoan thanh muc tieu la nhiem vu quan trgng nhat cua chii the quygn lyc.
Thu hai, trong qua trinh thyc hien quyen luc chinh tri, ngudi can bg ndm giu' quyin lyc can can cii vao thuc te khach quan, khong dugc chu quan, nong voi, khong dugc xudt phat tir dinh nghia trim tugng va tim phuong cham, chinh sach theo khuon mau dinh sin, doi hoi luon sang suot, khiem tin hgc hoi, hgc d cae vT nhan ciing nhu ling nghe tieng noi cua quan chiing nhan dan lao dgng.Ngudi can bg nam giir quyen luc chinh tri cdn biet diing thuc tign de kiem tra va phat trien chan li. Thuc tign luon luon bien dgng, ngn phai thudng xuyen nghien ciiu tinh hinh mdi, tign theo quy luat thuc tiln, nhan thiic thyc tien, tiing budc nang cao va hoan thien no.
Thu ba, trong nen chinh tri dan chii, sice manh cua ngudi can bg nam gm' quyen lyc la d nhan dan, cho nen can quan triet va thyc hien quan dilm "ldy dan lam gle", xudt phat tir nhan dan va quay vg vdi nhan dan, lay myc tigu phuc vu nhan dan lam phuong cham co ban trong qua trinh thuc hien quyen lyc chinh tri. Dong thdi doi hoi he thing quyin lyc chinh tri kgt hgp dugc sire manh eiia muc tieu chung vdi chi dao ca biet, cua can bg lanh dao chu chot vdi dong dao quan chung nhan dan.
Thu tu; ngudi can bg nam giir quygn lyc ngoai viec co gang lam tot cong tac cua minh, con can biet giao quygn cho cap dudi, khong can thiep vao cong viec ciia cap dudi.
Giao quygn la nghe thuat phan quygn va xii li quyen theo cac hinh thirc: giao quyen bao luu trach nhiem - ngudi lanh dao giao quyen cho cap dudi, nhung khong giao trach nhiem;
giao quyen thich hgp va hgp Ii - khong giao toan bg quyen lanh dao cua minh cho cap dudi, khong giao ciing mgt quygn luc cho hai ngudi, khong giao quyen lyc khong phai ciia minh cho cap dudi; giao quyen theo nang lyc, chgn ngudi giao viee, giao quyen theo timg cap. Ciing vdi giao quyen la tang cudng giam sat khi giao quygn tranh tinh trang giao quyen ngugc lai, tiic la tinh trang cap dudi hat ngugc viec len cap hen.
Thu ndm, ngudi can bg nam giu quyen luc bigt tao dgng eo cho cap dudi, kliich le tinh than tich euc ciia cap dudi, khicb le co trgng digm tinh than tich cyc cua nhung ngudi tien tien, uon nan kip thdi nhirng hanh dgng anh hudng tigu cue ciia cap dudi va xay dung moi quan he tot dep, dan chu giiia cap tren va cap dudi. Dong thdi, xa hgi boat dgng theo xu hudng tiln bg, phat triln di Ign hay thut liii suy cho ciing la phu thugc vao moi quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngu'di, cho nen la ngirdi can bg nam giii' quygn luc dieu quan trgng nhat la phai bigt dimg ngudi, sir dung, khuyen khieh va khen thudng diing mice nhung ngudi hien tai de hg no lyc phat huy het kha nang cong hien cho dat nude.
Nhan thay tdm quan trgng ciia nguyen tic nay, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da rat quan tam den pham chat ngudi can bg khi dugc trao quyen lyc, Ngudi cho rang: can bg la cai goc ciia mgi eong viec va "due" la cai gle ciia can bg. Sau khi co dudng loi diing thi khau
105
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
quyet dinh la lya chgn diing can bg. Ngudi can dan: can bg la ngudi lanh dao, ngudi day ta that tmng thanh ciia nhan dan va de chdng lai tinh trang lam quyin, long quyin. Id* '^^"S quyen lyc vi lgi Ich ca nhan, Ngudi ddi hdi cac co quan Dang, Nha nude, cac doan thg va can bg phai chiu su kiem tra, giam sat cua nhan dan va sy kilm tra, giam sat ciia to chii'c Dang.
3. Ket luan
Xet dgn ciing, ban chdt sau xa ciia vdn dl quyin lyc chinh tri la trao quyen lyc hgp phap cua xa hgi cho con ngudi cang nhieu cang tot va con ngudi diing quyen luc do de xay dyng xa hgi ngay cang tit dep hon. Vdi li luan - thuc tien van dgng, phat trien cua ddi song chinh tri phuong Tay, viec hgc tap nhiing tinh hoa tot dep ciia hg dg van dyng vao nen chinh tri dan chu xa hgi ehii nghTa cua Viet Nam hien nay la van de can dugc quan tam dac biet, quyen lyc chinh tri phai phat huy tac dung on dinh trat tu, ki cuong trong xa hgi va hudng tdi muc tieu chung "dan giau, nude manh, dan ehu, cong bang, van minh". Dai hgi Dai bilu toan quie idn thii IX fren co sd kg thira nhung tu tudng trigt hgc chinh tri mgt each khoa hgc da khdng dmh tam quan trgng dong vai tro quyet dinh ciia chu thg quyen lyc trong ciia sy nghiep tilp tyc dii mdi va cai each chinh tri nhu "xay dung, chinh don Dang, nang cao nang luc lanh dao va siic chien dau cua Dang", "day manh cai each to chiic va boat dgng ciia nha nude, phat huy dan chu, tang cudng phap che" (Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 2002, tr.49-51), kgt hgp hai hoa va co hieu lyc phuang cham Dang lanh dao, nha nude quan li, nhan dan lam chii, thyc hien cho dugc udc nguyen ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh "Lanh dao toan dan thyc hien dan chu mdi, xay dung dieu kien de tien den chii nghTa xa hgi." (Ho Chi Minh, 1995, tap 5, tr.698). Nhan dan chinh la chii the quyin lyc, ma trudc bet la giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dgng, hg phai thyc sy la chu thg ciia mgi quyen luc trong xa hgi, thi muc tieu chii nghTa xa hgi ciia dan tgc Viet Nam mdi co ca sd ton tai va dugc hien thuc hoa.
• Tuy&n b6 vS quy^n Igi: C^c t^c gii xSc nh$n hoiih tbiin khong cd xung dgt vi quyin lgi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
K. Marx va F. Engels. (1995). Todn tdp, tap 4, Ha Noi: NXB Chinh tri QuIc gia.
Dang Cong san Viet Nam. (2002). Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu loan quoc lan thu IX. Ha Noi: NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia.
Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2016). Vdn kien Dai hoi dgi bieu todn qudc lan thu XII. Ha Noi: NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia.
H6 Chi Minh. (1995), Todn tap. tap 5. Ha Noi: NXB Chinh tri QuIc gia.
Hi Chi Minh. (2000) Todn tap. tap 4. Ha Noi: NXB Chinh iri Quoc gia.
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Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Minh Huang vd tgk
Pham H6ng Thai, Luu Kilm Thanh (dich tir tiing Nga). (2001). Lich sir cdc hoc thuyit chinh tri tren the giai. Ha Ngi: NXB Van h6a - Thong tin.
Niccolo Machiavelli. (1997). The Prince. Editor's Introduction by Angela Codevilla. MT: NXB Yale University Press.
A. M. npoxopoB (npeflceaaTejib). (1989). 0ujioco4)CKud3HifUKjionejiduHecKuii cjioeapb. MocKBa:
H3fl. C0BeTCKafl3HUHKJI0neAHSl.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/09/usa.russia
POLITICAL POWER IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY AND LESSONS IN BUILDING POLITICAL POWER
IN MODERN TIME Nguyen Thi Minh Huong'', Le Due Son^
' Hochiminh City University of Technology- VNUHCM Ho Chi Minh City University of Education
Corresponding author: Nguyen Thi Minh Huong - Email- [email protected] Received. 04/3/2019; Revised- 07/4/2019, Accepted: 10/5/2019
ABSTRACT
When human society is divided into two antagonistic forces- the ruling class and the ruled class, the concept of political power is deeply cared by Western thinkers and philosophers. In both theoretical and pratical aspects in order to build a society with good community relations and to ensure individual rights, obligations and development capabilities. Understanding political power from a philosophical viewpoint so as to draw lessons appropriate to the reality of each nation, is a critical issue at all time.
Keywords: political power. Western philosophy, lessons in building political power.
