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uc tieu lanh dao the gidi, ldi ich qud'c gia cd pham vi toan ciu, va theo dd la sti bae bd chti nghla biet lap, dd Id nhQng yeu to' tUdng ddi bat bien trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai cda My tQ giQa the ky XX tdi nay.Dieu ndy dam bao rang ehinh sach ddi ngoai ctia My cd t i m quan trpng dac biet trong chUdng trinh nghi sii ctia cic tdng thd'ng My. Tuy nhien, qui trinh hoach dinh v i trien khai chi'nh sach doi ngoai ctia My dang ed nhQng bien so' mdi: tinh hinh the gidi da cd nhQng thay ddi ldn, p h i n i n h tQdng quan lilc iQpng dang thay ddi giQa cdc nQde ldn dQdi tic dpng cua cac xu the van ddng trong quan he qud'c te va sii phat trien ciia cupc khiing hoing tai chinh - kinh te dang diin ra theo hUdng bat ldi hdn ddi vdi My; chinh sich ddi ngoai ctia Chinh quyen Bush da td ro nhQng han che ldn trong viec dam bao an ninh v i vi the eua My tren the gidi; Tong thd'ng My Obama l i ngQdi cd it kinh nghiem ddi ngoai; vd nQdc My dQdi thdi Obama phai chQ trpng hdn vao cac van de ddi npi, nha't la vao viec xii ly cupc khiing hoang kinh te chQa tdi diem ddy. Dd la nhQng xuat p h i t diem mdi ciia chinh sich ddi ngoai My sau khi Obama bUdc vao Nhd Tring.
" ' • '> T s . N g u y d n Vvi T u n g 1. . 1 Hoe vien Ngoai giao
Trong qua trinh van ddng tranh cQ, Qng cti vien Obama da nha'n manh tdi sii thay ddi. Chung ta deu biet rang:
du cdng khai hay khdng, mdi chinh sich deu cd cd sd ly luan ciia nd. Dc dd, cdu hdi dat ra la trdng giai doan hien nay, chinh saeh ddi ngoai cua My dupe diia tren nen t i n g ly luan nao.
v a nhQng thay ddi va dieu chinh tren thiic te trong chinh sich ddi ngoai cua My tQ khi Obarha len cam quyen tdi nay cd nhat q u i n vdi cd sd ly luan dd khdng. Tren cd sd dd, chung ta mdi cd the ddnh gia eung nhQ dil bao chieu hudng chi'nh sdch va quan he ddi ngoai eua My vdi cie khu vUc va cdc nUde khdc nhau, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Day l i nhQng diem ehinh ma bai viet nay cd' gang tra ldi.
1. SQc manh khon ngoan: Tii Nossel t6i Nye
De bd khuyet cho sU thieu kinh nghiem ve chinh sich ddi ngoai vd ngoai giao, Tong thd'ng Obama da nhanh chdng dat dQdc thdi thuan vdi ddi thii cu trong dang Dan chti trong cudc chay dua vao Nha trang - ThUdng nghi si Hillary Clintdn - va cii b i vdd chQc Bp trQdng Ngoai giao.
Day l i mdt sii liia chpn da nhan dQdc
t i n ddng ciia nhieu ngQdi. Ngay ca ciiu Ngoai trQdng Kissinger cung cho rang day l i mpt sQ bo nhiem d i n g gid.' Khdng ke den nhan sQ mdi v i khdng khi lac quan mdi trong Bp Ngoai giao My di cung vdi sti bd nhiem niy,^ dieu ding ndi la Ngoai trQdng Clinton da nhanh chdng ldm sing td cic cd sd ly luan ciia chinh sich ddi ngoai ma My se theo dudi.
Trong cupc dieu tran trQdc Uy ban Ddi ngoai ThQdng vien My trQdc khi dQpc bd nhiem chinh thQc, b i Clinton p h i t bieu: "Chung ta p h i i sii diing dieu da dQdc gpi l i sQc manh khdn ngoan (smart power) - tQc la mpt loat cic cdng Cli ma ta cd trong tay."'' NhQ vay, sQc manh khdn ngoan, mpt thuat ngQ khoa hpc do hpc gii Joseph Nye srl dung, dd tim dQdc dQdng vao trong ngdn ngQ chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My. Dieu dd cung cd nghia Id chung ta cd the xic dinh dupc ed sd ly luan ciia chinh sich ddi ngoai m i Ngoai trUdng Clintdn dUa ra.^
Cdng bing m i ndi, chUa chic Nye la ngQdi diu tien dUa ra thuat ngQ "sQc manh khdn ngoan." TQ nam 2004, Suzanne Nossel, lue dd l i Phd Dai sQ My tai Lien hdp qud'c da dung thuat ngQ nay lam nhan de cho mdt bai bdo ciia minh dang tren tap chi Foreign Affairs.'' Phat trien lap trQdng chi trich chinh sach ddi ngoai Tan bao thii ctia Bush (con), Nossel viet: "Khac vdi nhQng ngQdi Tdn bio thu (neoconservative) coi sQc manh quan sU la cdng cu chinh ciia phep tri qud'c, nhQng ngQdi thed thuye't Qud'c te tQ de (liberal internationalism) coi thQdng mai, ngoai giao, vien trd nQdc ngoai, va sQ lan tda ctia cic gii tri My cung cd t i m quan trpng ngang hing."*^ Sau khi d i n h gii thi't bai cua chinh sich doi ngoai ctia Bush, Nossel tuyen bd': "Mpt chinh sich ddi ngoai theo hudng quan sti hda v i ddn phQdng khdng cdn t i c
dung va biet lap cung khong cdn la giai p h i p thay the. TrQdc khi cac nguyen tac cua chii nghia Tii do bi ap dung sai hdn nQa, trQdc khi sQ tQ man quay lai, trQdc khi he thd'ng quo'c te do Roosevelt va Truman diing len hi xdi mdn tdi mQc khong the phuc hdi, gid da de'n luc chung ta phai bd di sQ ap dung mpt each hung hang chu nghia qud'c te til do, lam so'ng lai cic chie'n iQdc da dQdc thii t h i c h de ddi phd vdi bdng loat thach thQc mdi. NhQng ngQdi thQa ke chan chinh di s i n ctia Wilson p h i i t i i khang dinh di san tQ do ctia Wilson va l i m nd manh len thdng qua viec sQ dung sQc manh mpt cich khdn ngoan (smart use of power) va diy quyet tam."'
Bai bao ctia Nossel da neu len mpt so' diem d i n g iQu tam. ThU nhdt, day Id sQ phe phan manh me yeu to' vu liic trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Bush (eon), nha't la khi vu liic lai dQdc sii dting mpt each ddn phQdng va q u i mQc (tham chi vQdt qua gidi han ran de de di tdi danh phii d i u v i chin trQdc.)® Dieu dd cung cd nghia r i n g Nossel ve nguyen t i c ddng y vdi chinh sich cua Bush, vi chinh sich do vin cd cic muc tieu mang hdi hQdng ctia chti nghla Tii do - p h i t trien dan chti trong nQdc v i ciing co' cic the che kinh te v i chinh tri quo'c te trong quan he quo'c te, va qua dd k h i n g dinh vi tri lanh dao ctia My tren the gidi. Ndi each khdc, Nossel lap luan theo hQdng tim cac bien p h i p mdi de dat tdi cic muc tieu nha't q u i n ciia chinh sich. ThU hai, lien quan tdi diem tren, nhQng Nossel ting hp mpt dang 'hien lanh hdn' cua chti nghia Tii do trong quan he qud'c te, theo dd sQc manh quan sQ khdng p h i i Id cong cu dQdc sti dung trQdc tien, va cac dang khic ciia sQc manh My lien quan de'n gii tri My can dUdc khuyech trQdng.
v a dieu nay lien quan tdi die'm thU
ba, dd la sQc manh khdn ngoan, tQc la viec sti dung ta't c i cic cdng eu ctia chinh saeh (khdng chi sQc manh quan sti) de dat dUdc miic tieu.
Dat trong boi canh ctia cupc thio luan chinh sdch, nha't la khi chinh sach ddi ngoai ctia Bush (eon) da td rd sti kem hieu qua, khai niem sQe manh khdn ngoan da dQa ra mpt each tiep can mdi tao da cho sii thay ddi trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chmh quyen mdi. Tuy nhien, dieu do cung khdng cd nghia la k h i i niem niy hoan toan rd rang va sang siia ve mat ly luan cung nhu gdi y chinh sich. Dau tien, dUdng nhQ van cd sti lan ldn ve dinh nghia.
Thiic ra, Nossel khdng dQa ra dinh nghia ve "sQc manh khdn ngoan", m i chi nha'n manh tdi viee sti dung sQc manh My "mdt cich khon ngoan."
Dieu dd cd nghia la sQc manh My van ed, nhQng cdch sti dung chung de dat dupe mtic dich mdt each cd hieu qua hdn mdi Id dieu dang ban. Ngeai ra, Nossel cung dQdng nhQ ed sii lin ldn ve ly luan. Mpt mat, Nossel khang dinh sQc manh khdn ngoan la "sin pham" cua nhQng ngQdi thudc phdi tien bd (progressives, trong so sdnh vdi nhQng ngQdi Tan bao thti), cd cdi ngudn ly luan tQ trQdng phai qud'c te tu do. Tuy nhien, chi'nh Nossel cung nhan manh r i n g viec "nam tat ea cae ngudn sQc manh hien cd vd sau dd sii dung chung mdt cdch manh dan nhUng thuc te*' la ban chat ctia viec sti diing sQc manh mpt cich khdn ngoan.^
Dieu dd lai lam lap luan ctia Nossel ndi rieng vd nhQng ngQdi thudc trUdng phii Tti dd ndi chung "hd sUdn" trUdc lap luan ciia p h i i Hien thiic: xet eho cung, nhQng ngQdi thed phai Hien thiic ludn nha'n manh viee sti dting sQc manh mpt each khdn ngoan, thtic te, vd hieu qui. NhQ vay, k h i i niem sQc manh khdn ngoan ma Nossel dQa ra
dQdng nhQ da khdng gay dQdc tie'ng vang trong ca gidi hpc gii va nhQng nha hoach dinh chmh sach khi bai bao xuit hien, du la tren mpt tap ehi hang diu nhu Foreign Affairs.
NhQng khi Joseph Nye sil dung dung thuat ngQ n i y thi da so' lai coi dd la "sang kien ldn", va nhQ tren da neu, sQc manh khdn ngoan da phdt huy tac dpng trtic tiep vdi tQ each la mdt cd sd ly luan mdi eiia ehinh saeh del ngoai My dudi thdi Obama. Ly do chinh de giai thich hien tQpng ndy la Nye da dat cupc thao luan ve sQc manh khdn ngoan vao mach thao luan ve "sQc manh mem" (soft power) do chinh dng khdi xQdng va duy tri tQ dau nhQng nam 1990 cua the ky trQdc de'n tan gin day.'" Q u i that, neu thio luan ve sQc manh mem ciia Nossel dila tren sii phe phan Chinh quyen Bush da thien ve sii dung sQc manh quan sU (ma Nye da xep vao nhdm sQc manh cQng - hard power), thi khdng the khdng nhic tdi sQc manh mem va mdi quan he giQa chung vdi nhau. Chinh vi the, khi Nye len tie'ng thi cupc thao luan ve sQc manh khdn ngoan mdi cd dti t i m cd ciia mpt cudc bdn luan hpc thuat "dang cap," mac du Nossel va mpt so' ngQdi khac cung cd each tiep can tQdng tQ."
SiJec manh cdng, sde manh mem Theo Nye, sQc manh cQng la k h i ndng thay ddi hanh vi hay ldi Ich ciia cae thiic the chinh tri khac thdng qua sti ldi keo (cti cd rdt) hay de dpa (cay gay). SQe manh cQng la sQc manh vat chat, bao gdm sQc manh kinh te, quan sQ, khoa hpe - cdng nghe. TrQdc ddy, sQc manh cQng la cdng cu ly tUdng trong quan he qud'c te vi k h i nang mang lai ket qua mpt each nhanh chdng v i hieu qua v i de dang iQdng hda thdng qua cac chi tieu nhQ dan sd, qudn sti hoae tdng s i n pham qudc npi.
Tham chi sQc manh quan sti tQng dQde xem la thudc do duy nha't danh gia mQc dp manh/yeu cua cdc qud'c gia. Tuy nhien, trong nen chinh tri qud'c te hien dai, k h i nang dat dQdc dieu minh mud'n bang sti hap d i n ve cac gii tri cda qud'c gia (nhU van hda, tu tudng, giio due...) trd nen ngay cang quan trpng.
Khii niem sQc manh mem l i n d i u tien dQdc Nye xay diing trong cud'n sich xuat b i n nam 1990 cd nhan de Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. SQc manh mem dQdc dinh nghia l i k h i nang cd dQdc thQ minh mud'n thdng qua sti ha'p din thay vi ep bupc bang vu liic. Ngudn ctia sQc manh mem la b i t cQ tai s i n nao ciia qud'c gia giup s i n sinh ra kha nang ha'p dan dd. Theo Nye, ngudn chii yeu ctia sQc manh mem xua't phat tQ: van hda (neu nen van hda dd cd sQc hut ddi vdi cic qud'c gia khdc); tU tQdng chinh tri (neu cic tQ tQdng dd dQdc nhan dan trong nQdc v i tren the gidi thay h i p dan); chinh sich ddi npi va ddi ngoai (khi chinh sach dd chinh ddng va hdp phip trong con mat ciia cdng ddng qud'c te). Cu the, Nye phan tich:
- Ngudn iQc van hda dQpc chia ra ldm hai loai: van hda danh cho t i n g ldp tinh hoa (nhQ van hpc, nghe thuat...) va van hda phd thdng (tap trung chti yeu cac loai hinh giai tri dai chung). Khi van hda ctia mpt qud'c gia chQa dilng cdc gii tri phd q u i t vd qud'c gia cd chinh sdch de khuyen khich chia se cac gia tri dd vdi cic nQdc tren the gidi thi qud'c gia dd dl dat dQdc ket q u i mong mud'n nhd vid sii ha'p dan va tinh trach nhiem ma nd tao ra. Nye khang dinh: thQdng mai la kenh hieu qua giup truyen b i van hda ra ben ngdii ben canh cdc kenh khac nhu du lich, giad luu qud'c te, giio due.
- Chinh sich ddi ndi va ddi ngoai cung la ngudn tao ra sQc manh mem.
Chinh sach dung dan hoac sai lam cd the Cling cd' hoac l i m suy yeu sQc manh mem. NhQng chi'nh sach hieu chien, dpc doan, xem thUdng ldi Ich ctia cac nQdc khac hoac khdng phu hdp vdi ldi ich qud'c gia chae chan se khien sQc manh mem suy giam. Ngoai ra, cac gia tri ma chinh phti the hien trong chinh sach doi npi (dan chd), trong cac the che qud'c te (kha nang hpp tac) va trong chinh sach ddi ngoai (viec thuc day hda binh va nhan quyen) cung t i c dpng den liia chpn ciia cac qud'c gia khac.
Theo Nye, sQc manh cQng va sQc manh mem deu lien quan den nhau vi dd la hai mat ctia kha nang dat dQdc muc di'ch bang cich tac dpng len hdnh vi ciia doi tQdng khac. Sii khac nhau cd chang ehi la ve mQc dp, ca ve b i n chat h i n h vi va sii hQu hinh cua cac ngudn liic sii dung. Quyen liic sai khien - tQc kha nang thay ddi h i n h dpng ctia ngQdi k h i c - diia vio sQ CQdng che hoac loi keo. Quyen iQc dinh hQdng - tQc kha nang dieu chinh ldi ich cua ngQdi khdc - lai diia tren sQ hi'p d i n ve van hoa, tQ tudng chinh tri hoac kha nang dat ra chQdng trinh nghi SQ cho nhQng qud'c gia khdc.
Theo dd, cic dang hanh vi cung thay ddi tQ sai khien cho den dinh hQdng, tQ ep bupc cho den ddn thuan Id sQ ha'p din. NhQ vay, cac ngudn lilc cua sQc manh mem se dQdc sil dung cho cac danh hanh vi ve phia "dinh hQdng", va cic ngudn iQc cua sQc manh cQng dQdc trien khai cho cic h i n h vi "sai khien". Tuy nhien, mdi quan he nay khdng phai luc n i o cung phan dinh rach rdi. Nhieu qud'c gia trd nen ha'p d i n nhd sQ "ba't kha chie'n bai", va quyen lilc "sai khien" cd the sil dung de hinh thdnh nen cac the che sau nay dUdc cdi la hdp ly. TQdng
til, mdt n e n k i n h te m a n h khdng nhQng tao r a n g u d n liic cho sQc m a n h cQng nhQ cac k h o a n tien vd lenh cam van ma cdn cd t h e t a o sQ t h u h u t ddi vdi cae qud'c gia khae.
Sii'c mq.nh khon ngoan N h u da p h a n tich d t r e n , mdi q u a n he quyen lilc r a t phQc t a p , do khdng ed mdi t u d n g q u a n vQng chae giQa tiem liie va k e t q u i . NhU vay, viee chuyen b o i tiem lilc t h a n h viec hodn t h a n h cac muc tieu mong mudn phai thdng qua sQ h i n h t h d n h mdt chinh sach hpp ly. Ve diem ndy, Richard N.
H a a s s t r o n g cud'n The Politics of Power vie't, "Khong dQpc n h i m ldn cac khai niem sQc m a n h vdi k h a ndng a n h hQdng (influence). C h i n h saeh ddi ngoai la n a n g Itic c h u y e n hda nhQng sQc m a n h ndy t h a n h i n h hQdng hoac t h a n h ttiu (accomplishments)." N h u vay, theo H a a s s , "Khdng t h e xem xet khai niem sQc m a n h qud'e gia d d a n g tinh md e i n dat t r o n g mot boi eanh n h a t dinh (context). Dieu q u a n trong trong chinh tri qud'c te khdng ebi dQng lai d viec mdt qud'e gia ed bao nhieu sQc m a n h , m a cdn p h a i t i n h den sQc m a n h ctia cac qud'c gia khde va each hp sQ d u n g nd. B i n t h a n sQc m a n h qudc gia k h d n g p h i i Id mue di'ch cudi cung, m a chinh k h i n a n g chuyen hda nhQng sQc m a n h ay t h a n h i n h hQdng mdi t h a t sii q u a n trpng."'"
Lasswel va K a p l a n di s a u vae xem xet hoan c i n h va k h a n a n g chuyen bda ctia sQc m a n h vd k e t l u a n rang:
can t r a n h viec k h a i qudt hda sQc m a n h qud'c gia, m a t h a y vdo dd nen xem xet tQdng q u a n liic iQdng giQa qud'e gia vdi eac qud'c gia khdc trong mpt "khudn khd t i n h h u d n g chinh s i c h " (policy contingency framework).
Ndi c i c h k h i c , sd di cd viec sQc m a n h qud'c gia k h d n g t h e c h u y e n hda t h a n h ket q u i chinh sach la do v i n de phUdng p h i p (chQ k h d n g p h i i van de
thtlc c h a t sQc m a n h ) , vi xQa nay cae n h a l a n h dao v a n xem sQc m a n h cd ti'nh " k h i dung" nhQ tien te ma khdng t i n h viec lieu sii d u n g loai ngudn lUc a'y t r o n g mdt h o a n c a n h nha't dinh ed dii hieu qua de tao r a lpi t h e n h u y cho m i n h hay khdng. Chinh vi vay, Lasswell va K a p l a n da nha'n m a n h : bat ky p h a n tich chi'nh s i c h nao cung p h i i dupe d a t t r o n g bdi c i n h va phai tinh den Qng xii ctia cdc qud'c gia trong tQng t i n h hud'ng cu t h e . ' '
Trong khi dd, Baldwin cho r a n g mud'n bien k h i n a n g t h a n h hien thtic, phai dieu hod it nha't 5 yeu to' cung mdt luc t r o n g mdt edng thQc tdng hpp P D D F O , vdi:
P (power): cd hay k h d n g sQc m a n h de sii dung
D (domain): linh vUc sQ dting (kinh te, q u a n sti...)
D (dose): lieu iQdng sti d u n g
F ifungibility): mQc dp chuyen h o i sQc m a n h ciia tQng cdng cu sQc m a n h trong h n h vQc va h o a n c i n h cu t h e
0 (object): p h i n Qng ctia ddi tUdng bi sQ d u n g sQc m a n h
Viec phdi hdp n h i p n h a n g dti 5 yeu to' nay khdng he ddn gian va chi x u a t hien t r o n g trUdng bdp chinh sach cd hieu q u i - met t i n h h u d n g it x i y ra trong qua t r i n h hoach dinh va t r i e n k h a i chinh sach ddi ngoai.
T i t e i cac y kien t r e n da dUdc Nye p h a t t r i e n t h a n h k h a i niem "sQc m a n h khdn ngoan" ( s m a r t power).'' Thtic ra, day cd t h e dQpc coi la mdt each chdi chQ, bdi vi power cd t h e hieu theo h a i nghia, (i) nUde - d u n g t r o n g ngQ canh nQdc ldn, nQdc nhd, va (ii) sQc m a n h / q u y e n iQc - d u n g trong cudc t h i o l u a n ve sQc m a n h cQng, sQc m a n h mem. T r o n g dtl an nghien cQu do CSIS cd n h a n de Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America, nghia thQ nha't dQpc sti dung. Nhdm tdc gia
da dat van de la ldm each nao de My
"trd t h a n h mdt n h d l a n h diio the' gidi dUdc hoan n g h e n h vdi mdt chUdng t r i n h nghi sU qud'c te cd t i n h xay dUng trong t h e ky XXI? L i m sao My khdi phue toan bp sQc m a n h qudc gia (national power)? Vd lam sao My trd t h i n h mpt nQdc khdn ngoan hdn (a s m a r t e r power)'.^"'' N h u vay. cudc t h a o luan ve sQc m a n h khdn ngoan p h a n nhieu lien q u a n tdi viec hoach dinh chinh s i c h qud'c gia vdi muc tieu khai thac het sQc m a n h vat c h i t (cQng) va phi vat chat (mem) cua mpt nQdc. sQ dting chung dung theo cdng thQe PDDFO de muc tieu chinb sdch dat dQpc P mQe tdi da vdl chi phi tdi thieu.
Chinb vi the, trUdc tien c i n k h a n g dinh rang sQc m a n h khdn ngoan da dupe nhQng ngildi sdng tao r a tiep can nhQ sau: "SQc m a n h khdn ngoan la sQ sQ dung mpt each thdng t h a o ca hai dting sQc m a n h nay. SQc m a n h khdn ngoan la sQ phat trien mpt chien lUdc thdng nhat, mdt cd sd ngudn lilc, va mpt bp cdng cu de d;tt diipc muc tieu chinh sach dUa tren ca sue m a n h cQng va sQc manh mem.""' Nhil vay. gidng nhu' Nossel. sQc m a n h khdn ngoan theo each hieu cua Nye trUdc het la viec sti dting sQc m a n h mdt each khdn ngoan.
De cao sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n do dd bao gid eung h d m y p h e p h i n each sti dung sQe m a n h (thUdng la sQc m a n h cQng) khdng bieu q u a . Dti an CSIS ra ddi la ket qua cua sti b a t m a n vdi chinb s i c h ddi ngoai ctia C h i n h quyen Bush va udc mud'n chinh q u y e n ke nhiem cai t h i e n t i n h h i n h dd. TQ sau sQ kien 11/9. chien lUdc ddi ngoai va chien iQpc an ninh cua My ngay c a n g di theo hQdng ddn phQdng v i sti dting vu Itic, tQc la di xa d a n each tie'p can da phifdng va giam sti d u n g sQc m a n h mem. Chinh vi t h e , bao cao n a y cho rang: "bd t r i lai viec sti d u n g sQc
m a n h q u a n sti la dieu r a t q u a n trpng.
NhQng t a n g eQdng viec sti dting sQc m a n h m e m se l a m cho M y m a n h hdn", va n e u rd C h i n h q u y e n B u s h chQa
"khdn n g o a n " vi "dQa q u i n h i e u vao sQc m a n h cQng, chQa p h d t t r i e n dQpc cac cdng cu sQc m a n h m e m , vd t h e ehe hoach d i n h va t r i e n k h a i e h i n h sach ddi ngoai m a n h m u n va chia r e . " ' ' N h u vay, ly do ctia t h a t bai chinh s a c h la d chd: bp m a y hoach dinh c h i n h saeh eua My h i e m khi t a o cd hpi cho mpt c h i n h sach tdi Qu p h a t h u y ca bai sQc m a n h cQng va m e m . Tdm lai, sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n lien q u a n tdi sQ eoi t r p n g e i h a i loai sQc m a n h vd k h a n a n g sQ d u n g hieu q u a n h i t sQc m a n h cQng va sQc m a n h m e m .
Tuy n h i e n , n h Q n g ngQdi iing bp sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n c u n g cd xu h u d n g coi day Id mot d a n g sQc m a n h khi cho r a n g "sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n k h d n g cQng m a c u n g c h a n g mem."''"* T h a m ehi, hp da p h a t t r i e n ra cdng thQc sau:
sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n = sQc m a n h cQng + sQc m a n h m e m . D a y l i mpt edng thQc t u y ddn gian nhQng lai cd sQc t h u y e t p h u c ldn hdn, mac dQ Nossel c u n g p h i t t r i e n d u n g theo h u d n g do.'" T r o n g mot n g h i e n cQu k h a c , k h a i n i e m sQc m a n h k h d n n g o a n c u n g dQdc sii d u n g nhU mdt d a n g sQc m a n h khi n h d m t i c g i i viet:
"De d a t dQdc cac m u c t i e u chinh sach, c h u n g t a p h i i sti d u n g sQc m a n h k h d n ngoan - sti long g h e p va Qng d u n g thieh hdp t i t c i cac cdng cu ctia t h u a t tri qudc, bao gdm ngoai giao, p h a t t r i e n , c i c c h i n h s a c h k i n h te c u n g vdi cac b o a t dpng q u a n sti v i t i n h bao."""
Va day chinh Id sQ n h i m l i n giQa p h a m t r u cai gi ( d a n g sQc m a n h ) va n h u t h e n a o ( c i c h sti d u n g c h u n g . ) ' ' Ndi each k h i c , dQdng nhQ t h u a t ngQ sQc m a n h m e m d a n g dUdc sii dting vdi mdt so' each dien g i i i va ndi h a m k h i
linh boat, dieu cd t h e t a o r a cae each hieu va Qng d u n g k h a c n h a u . Ket q u i l i n h u da n e u d t r e n , Ngoai trUdng Hillary Clinton t u y e n bd' r a n g My phai sQ diing sQc m a n h khdn ngoan, (the use of s m a r t power) tQc Id da coi sQc m a n h khdn n g o a n la mpt d a n g sQc m a n h . Trong k h i dd, t r o n g dien van n h a m chQc tdng thd'ng, O b a m a lai ndi:
"SQc m a n h eiia c h u n g t a ldn len thdng qua viec sti d i m g nd mdt c i c h khdn ngoan", tQc Id lai coi sQc m a n h khdn ngoan Id phQdng each sti d u n g sQc m a n h hien ed.
NhUng Nye rd r a n g hdn ve m a t ly luan. Khac vdi Nossel - ngQdi cd xu hQdng neo cd sd ly l u a n ctia sQc m a n h khdn ngoan vao chu n g h i a Tti do - Nye (cung la mpt ngQPi cd t h i e n hQdng Ttl do) lai xay dQng lap l u a n tren cP sd eua chii nghia Hien thiic.
Cdng viec trUde h e t cua ngUdi hoach dinh chinh sdch, theo Nye, la viec bam sat cac lpi Ich quo'c gia va cae cdng cii c h i n b s i c h m a mpt nQdc cd, va t r e n cd sd dd tim ra cac bien p h a p chinh sdch thich hdp va hieu qua nhat. Day la tQ tQdng Hien thQc trong viee hoach dinh va t r i e n khai chinh sach, vi theo Nye va n h i e u ngQdi khae cd lap trQdng p h e p h d n Bush, yeu td'y thQc he vd eung nhQ cdng cu q u a n sti da dupe dat qua eao. Ngoai ra, tuy nhan vao each tiep can sQc m a n h mem, Nye cung k h d n g q u e n sQc m a n h cQng va mdi q u a n he q u a lai giQa hai dang sQc m a n h nay. T r o n g bai bao
"Think Again: Soft Power" d a n g t r e n tap chi Foreign Affairs (sd' t h i n g 3/2006) da chi r a mpt so' hieu lam ve sQc m a n h cQng va mem; ddng thdi cap nhat k h a i niem sQc m a n h mem khi the gidi dQng trQdc nhQng dien bien mdi nhQ chii n g h l a k h i i n g bd, x u n g dot s i c tdc. O n g k h d n g ddng y vdi quan diem cho r a n g sQc m a n h kinh te
la sQc m a n h m e m , vi n e u tinh de'n cac bien p h i p c i m van thi b a u qua ve phia ngUdi n h a n khdng he "mem"
chut nao. NgUpc lai, Nye cho r a n g sQc m a n h k i n h te ed t h e chuyen t h a n h sQc m a n h cQng hoac sQc m a n h mem; cd t h e ep bupc cac nQdc b a n g cam van hoae dtl dd hp b a n g sii t h i n h vQpng.
TQdng tQ, tiem liic q u a n sU khdng cbi tao r a sQc m a n h cQng ma edn tao r a sQc m a n h mem qua vi du Hitler va Stalin da t r u y e n bd ve sti bat k h i chien bai ciia q u a n dpi de gieo niem tin va ldi keo cac nQde t h a m gia vao lien m i n h eua m i n h . Dieu dd cho t h i y mpt q u a n dpi dUde td chQc td't ed t h e khien cdc qud'c gia k h a c ngQdng md.
Tuy nhien, Nye ddng y vdi q u a n diem cho r a n g ed mdt sd muc tieu chi d a t dupe b a n g each sii d u n g sQc m a n h cQng, VI dtl nhQ t a c h Taliban ra khdi i n h hQdng ctia AI Qaeda. Mdt so' muc tieu k h i c , nbU t h u c day d a n chu va n h i n quyen, ed t h e dat den de d a n g hPn t h d n g qua sQc m a n h mem, song khdng t h e p h u n h a n t i c dung cQng r a n eua sQc m a n h cQng, Dae biet, Nye eho r a n g can sQc m a n h cQng de ddi phd vdi nhQng t h d n h p h a n nhu M o h a m m e d A t t a hay O s a m a bin Laden, nhQng neu k h d n g cd sQc m a n h mem de t h u phuc nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao dn hda thi cudc chien se khdng bao gid ket thue. Ong neu: "Chung ta khdng t h e t h a n g chQhg nao phe dn hda t h a n g . Chinh t r o n g h o i n canh ndy, sQc m a n h mem trd nen vd cung c i n t h i e t de t h u y e t phuc nhQng ngQdi dn hda cdn lai t h a m gia vao cupc chien chdng k h u n g bd'."""
Tinh t h i n thiic tien trong each tiep can sQc m a n h khdn ngoan cdn dudc t h e hien rd t r o n g bdi canh x u a t bien ciia nd. Cung gid'ng nhU khi khai niem sQc m a n h mem xua't hien, nQdc My hi rdi vdo cupc khiing h o a n g kinh te
nang ne. Dieu dd lam cho cdc ngudn lUe cung nhQ y chi v i k h i nang huy ddng cdc ngudn lUc i'y suy giim nghiem trpng. Chinh vi the. My p h i i trd nen thtic te hdn trong viec xac dinh miic tieu cung nhQ cac phQdng tien de dat den chung. Ndi each khic, mtic tieu chinb sach ddi ngoai se It di hoac tha'p hdn, trong khi dd eic phQdng each it ton kem hdn dQdc de cao hdn. Chi'nh vi the, diem nhan sQc manh mem da xuat hien. TQdng tti nhQ vay, diem nha'n sQc manh khdn ngoan cung ra ddi. Va neu xau chudi lai vdi nhau, cich tiep can ve sQc manh khdn ngoan cung cd the dQpc coi la "phien ban mdi" ctia each tiep can sQc manh mem dtla tren Id-gic ctia chii nghia Hien thtic, vi trong cich tiep can niy, sQc manh mem mpt lin nQa lai len ngdi khi My ngheo hdn ve ngudn iQc kinh te danh chd ddi ngoai va da giim bdt sQ tin tQdng vad tinh hieu qua ctia sQc manh quin sii.
2. Ung d u n g sQc m a n h k h o n n g o a n va nhiifng xu hQdng mdfi t r o n g c h i n h s a c h doi ngoai My
Tren thtic te, cd the thi'y rdng Obama da bi i n h hQdng bdi tinh than Hien thtic trQdc khi trd thanh tdng thd'ng. Trong mdt cudc van dpng tranh Cli, Obama tuyen bd' rang dng ting hd cbinh sdch ddi ngdai thile dung ciia Bush (bd). Ngoai trQdng Clinton ed nhiem vu phai the hien dQdc tinh t h i n ay bdng chinh sich ddi ngoai cii the du cd dtla vdo sQc manh khdn ngoan. Trong cupc dieu tran tai Uy ban Ddi ngoai ThQdng vien, ba tuyen bd' My phii sti dung sQc manh khdn ngdan va "vdi sQe manh khdn ngoan, ngoai giao se trd thdnh cdng cu tien phdng cua chinh sach ddi ngoai."^•' Va dudi day la nhQng xu hudng phdt trien ban dau ctia chinh sich ddi
ngoai mdi eiia My qua cdch tiep can
"sQc manh khdn ngoan."
Ve mat the che, sQc manh khdn ngoan bdo hieu moi quan he can bang hdn giQa Bp Ngoai giao va Bp Qud'c phdng. Dudi thdi Bush (con), vai trd ctia Bp Ngoai giao da trd nen lep ve:
cac quye't sich ve ddi ngoai deu do nhdm ciia Chenney gay anh hQdng, tdi mQc Ngoai trQdng dn hod Cdlin Pdwell phai ra di. Khi nhan chQc ngeai trQdng, Clintdn se lap lai the can bing, dQa vi tri ciia Bp Ngoai giao len dung mQc ctia nd.
Ve mat phQdng cham, sQc manh khdn ngoan the hien mdi quan he can bang hdn giQa sii dung sQc manh quan sQ va ngoai giao, theo hQdng thien ve Qu tien hdn cho cdc bien phap ngoai giao. Theo dd, mac du sQc manh khdn ngoan dQdc cdi la sti pha trdn giQa Qu tien ddi vdi sQc manh mem dQdi thdi Bill Clinton vd sQc manh cQng dQdi thdi Bush (cdn), cdng cu ngoai giao se dQdc coi trpng hdn. My se chi sti dting edng cu quan sQ khi cic bien phip ngoai giao khdng cdn t i c dung. Hdn nQa, khi sti dung bien phdp ngoai giao.
My se tranh khdng sti dung cic bien phip ddn phQdng, tQc cdi trpng cich tiep can da phQdng hdn va quan tam tdi y kien va ldi ich ciia cac nUde khae hdn. v a My cung se chpn Ipc hdn trong viec can dti vio quan he qud'c te: chi cac van de trtic tiep lien quan tdi quyen lpi cua My mdi dUdc Qu tien va cdch tiep can se giai quyet van de (problem- solving) tren cd sd thien ve cich tinh toin can ddi ldi - hai, va it nhi'n manh ve nhQng ly tUdng Tti do nhQ nhQng ngQdi theo chii nghia Qud'c te theo dudi.
Ve mat npi dung quan he ddi ngdai.
My se nha'n manh vad cic linh vtic trong dd sQc manh mem ctia My cd Qu the nhQ thQdng mai, vien trd va gii tri My. Trong Bio cio ctia CSIS ve sQc manh khdn ngoan, nhdm ciia Nye cho rang sti "khdn ngoan" trong chinh
sdch ddi ngoai phai the hien qua 5 yeu to'sau:
- Xay dilng lien minh, ddi tdc, va the che de tao nen mdng cho viee xti ly cic van de toan ciu
- Phat trien toan ciu: xay dting mdt each tiep can thd'ng n h i t ve phat trien, b i t d i u tQ sQc khoe cdng ddng
- Phat trien ngoai giao cdng ehung (public diplomacy): nang cao k h i nang tiep can ddi vdi kien thQc va giing day tren pham vi qud'c te
- Nhat the hoa kinh te: tang cQdng ldi Ich thQdng mai cho mpi ngQdi
- Cdng nghe vd sang che de ddi phd vdi thach thQe ve thay ddi khi hau va an ninh nang iQdng,
Theo giao sQ Nguyen Manh HQng, Chinh quyen Obama dang xay diing mpt chinh sach ddi ngoai gdm 3 ehQ D bao gdm Ngoai giao (Diplomacy), Quan sti (Defense) va Hd trp phat trien (Development). Ngodi ra, thay ddi che dp dUdng nhu se khdng cdn la muc tieu cua Chinh quyen Obama trong quan he vdi mpt so'nude md My khdng Qa.'^' Mdt sd hpe gia cdn cho rang khai niem "True ma quy" ed the se khdng dUdc sti dimg nQa. Thay vao dd. My se phii ddi phd vdi eai gpi la "True dd vd", theo dd nhieu nUde bi khiing hoing vd stip dd ve kinh te se tao ra nhQng he luy ldn cho an ninh qud'c te ma My khdng the dQng ngoai."'
NhQ vay, cd ve nhQ Chinh quyen Obama da thtlc hien kha diy dii khuyen nghi ctia Nye ve sQc manh khdn ngoan. Dae biet. My se ap diing cic bien phap ngoai giao mem mdng hdn. Dieu nay dung vdi khuyen nghi cua Nye khi dng ndi My phii "hpc cich bdp tac va ling nghe cdc nQdc khac."
Tuy nhien, nhQng ngQdi chi trich ehinh sich ddi ngoai tren lap tQc cho ring theo each nay. My se dQa ra mpt
binh anh ve mdt sieu cQdng yeu kem va khdng quyet dodn, va ngoai giao du dupe Qu tien cung ehi la mpt nen ngoai giao khdng lam ai sd vi khdng dQpc hd trd bdi sQc manh cQng.
Christian Brose lap luan: "Ai cung biet la Obama san sang ddi thoai. Van de la d chd dng ta ed ddn biy gi de ddi thoai thdnh cdng... Vd den nay cd the cho rang ehung ta khdng ed ddn bay, vd do dd ddi thoai ma khdng cd ddn biy thi chi lam hai quyen lpi ctia My."^'' Ngoai ra, nhieu nha quan sat khac da cho rang dUdi Chinh quyen Obama, xet ve mat thtic chat, chinh sach ddi ngoai diia tren sQc manh khdn ngoan Id sQ the hien trd lai ciia chti nghia Hien thtlc. Ndi each khdc, tiep can ciia Nye ve sQc manh khdn ngoan It mang da'u i n ctia viee eoi eac gia tri Tti do la mue tieu eua chinb sach ddi ngoai ciia My. Da phUdng, ngoai giao ehi cdn la phUdng tien de My theo dudi ldi Ich qud'e gia trong hoan canh the va liic da suy yeu.
Do dd, nhan xet ve chinh sach ciia Obama khi vao Nha trang, Aaron Friedberg da viet: "DUdng nhQ dpi ngu hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai cda Obama da tQ bd truyen thd'ng Qud'c te tti do cua dang Dan ehu de theo dudi chti nghia Hien thUc truyen thd'ng." Ly do, theo Friedberg la Obama "cin giam cam ket va cang thang ben ngoai de tap trung vao xQ ly khd khan kinh te trong nQde."^' NhQng du sao, cung cd the cho rang mpt giai doan mdi da md ra eho ehinh saeh ddi ngoai eua My. PhUdng cdeh My dat tdi cic miic tieu ddi ngoai bat bien da thay ddi theo hUdng can trpng hdn va bdt ddi d i u hdn do yeu td ngoai giao da dUde coi trpng hPn cung nhu yeu ciu ciing ed' hinh anh eua My vdi tu each la mpt nUde lanh dao dUdc hoan nghenh da trd nen ldn hdn •
Chu thich:
1) Theo Huffington Post, (November 1:3). tren http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/ll/13/hilla ry-clinton-.secretary_n_143735.html.
2) "State tidbits: Moral rising, review u n d e r way, building sightings," tap chi Foreign Policy online, ngay 7/4/2009.
3) Theo Paul Lewis, "Hillary Clinton Backs ' S m a r t Power' to Assert US Influence around the World," tren http://www.guardian.co.uk truy cap ngay 8/4/2009.
4) Binh luan ve vai tro cua gidi hoc gia trong qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach do'i ngoai d My. hoc gia My Harry H a r d i n g da cho rfuig trUdng hop
"siic manh khon ngoan" la mot vf du r a t hiem ve khii nang mot hoc giii uy tin dii co the gay iinh hUdng vii tao da'u an len chinh sjich nhu the nao. (Phat bieu ciia Harding tiii cuoc trao doi khoa hoc tai Hoc vien Ngoai giao. 19 t h a n g Gieng 2009).
.5) Xem S u z a n n e Nossel, "Smart Power," Foreign Affairs. Volume 83, No. 4, (March/April 2004) t r a n g 131 - 142.
6) Tai lieu da dan. tr;ing V.VZ.
7) Suzanne Nossel. "Smart Power." t r a n g 142.
8) Xem them Nguyen Vil Tung, "Tim hieu ve chu nghla Tiin biio thii," trong Nghien ciiu Quoc te.
(thiing Siju 2003).
9) Suzanne Nossel, "Smart Power," t r a n g 142.
10)Xem Joseph Nye. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Poiver (New York, Basic Hooks, 1990). Xem them -loseph Nye, "Soft I'ower: The M e a n s to Success in World Politics".
(New York: Public Affairs, 2006) va "Think .^gain: Sol't Power," Foreign Affairs, 200(i, 11) Trong biii viet ciia minh, Nossel chii yeu .xuat
phiit til lap trUdng ciia nha ngoai giao vii it nha'n manh ve ITnh vUc hoc thuat, hiin lam.
Tren thUc te. biii vie't nay khong mot Iftn niio trich Nye cung n h u de cap tdi khai niem site manh ciliig vii silc miinh mem. Xem thiim Bao Ciio ciia du iin Smart Power: Building a Better.
Safer World - .'K Policy Framework for Presidential Candidates. Center for US Global Engagement (7/2007).
12)Haass, Xem them Joseph Nye, "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics", Public Affairs, 2006. p.4
13) Harold D. Lasswell and Agraham Kaplan.
"Power and Society", (New Haven: Yale University Press, 19.50), p.94
14) Xem them jibdng van cua VietnamNet vdi Nye, 15) Smart Poiver: A Smarter. More Secure
America, t r a n g 4.
16) Smart Poiver: A Smarter. More Secure America, t r a n g 7.
17) Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America, t r a n g 6.
18) Tiii lieu dii diin. t r a n g 7.
19) Ta't nhien, t h a n h cdng ciia Nye trong viec quiing bii y tUdng ciia minh va k h a n a n g y tudng dd tac dong tdi chinh sach con c6 mot so' ly do khiic. bao gom uy tin hoc t h u a t ldn ciia Nye. sU noi tieng ciia dU iin nghien ciiu ciia CSIS cd n h a n de Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America mil Nye t h a m gia, vii siJ lien thong giQa cac hoc gia va quan chiic v u n g Ddng Biic nUdc My.
20) Xem Biio ciio S m a r t Power: Building a Better, Safer World - A Policy Framework for Presidential C a n d i d a t e s , do Center for US Global E n g a g e m e n t tien himh (7/2007), t r a n g 2.
21) Dd lii chua ke t h u a t ngii siic miiiih khon ngoan cdn duoc Nye sti d u n g de ndi ve mot nUdc (ldn) khdn ngoan, tile lii van thien ve h u d n g md tii miit nudc cd each sii d u n g siic niiinh miit ciich khdn ngoan.
22) Josep Nye. "Think Again: Soft Power". Foreign Affairs. 2006.
23) Theo Paul Lewis, "Hillary Clinton Backs ' S m a r t Power' to Assert US Influence around the World," t r e n http://www.guardian.co.uk truy Ciip ngay 8/4/2009,
24) Trao dd'i giila giiio sU Nguydn Miinh Hung. Dai hoc George Madison (My) vdi can bo nghien ciiu ve My tiii Hoc vien Ngoiii giao, ngay 10/3/2009.
25) Xem Nial Ferguson, "The Axis of Upheaval,"
tap chi Foreign Policy so'thAng Ba/Tu 2009, tai http://www.foreignpolicy.com, t r u y cap ngay 8/4/2009.
26) Xem Brose. "Two Cheers lin- the Washington
Establishment?" trong http://www.foreignpolicy.coni. dimg ngiiy
16/3/2009, truy cap ngay 9/4/2009.
27) Thay vi nha'n mijnh viio tiim quan trong cila ciic the' che qud'c te. l u a t qud'c te' vii biio ve cac giil tri pho q u a t . Chinh quyen O b a m a da cdng khai cho tha'y sU sSn s a n g ha thii'p yeu cau ve dan chii vii n h a n quyen vii biing moi gia dat dudc thoa t h u a n vdi Iran, Syria, Nga va T r u n g qudc; giiim cam ket xay d u n g chinh quyen dan chii d Afghanistan va riit q u a n khdi Iraq cang n h a n h ciing tdt. Xem Aaron Friedberg, "Should We F e a r O b a m a ' s Realism'.'" trong tap chi
Foreign Policy Online http://www.foreignpolicy.com t r u y ciip ngiiy
9/:3/2009. Trong tiep xiic vdi hoc giii Viet nam.
Dd ddc ham doi Thiii binh dUdng My Willard dii ndi: do khiing hoiing kinh te, ngiin sach dimh cho hijrn dpi Thiii hinh dUdng chi dii de duy tri lUc liidng hien cd (maintenance) mil khdng dii cho viec mua sSm t h e m vii hien dai hoii vu khi.
(Hoc vien Ngoai giao, 17/3/2009).
Bdi viei tham gia De tdt KX.0L03/06-10.
