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CHU NGHlAXA Hpi HIEN THaC:
THANH Tiiu, KHUNG H O A N G VA TRIEN VONG
• GS, TS DLTOfNG XUAN NGOC Hoc vien Bdo chi vd Tuyen truyen
• Tom tdt: CNXH hien thUc ra ddi tii sau thdng ldi cua cugc Cdch mangXHCN Thdng MUdi Nga (1917), sau ndm 1945, da trd thdnh he thong XHCN the gidi. Trong hdn 70 nam ton tai, CNXH da dat dtidc nhieu thdnh tiiu co y nghia to ldn doi vdi hoa binh, tien bg ciia nhan loai.
Vl nhieu ly do, CNXH hien thiic dLien Xd vd DdngAu da rdi vdo khung hodng vd sup do vdo ddu thap nien 90 cua theky tnidc. Sti sup do ndy khong cd nghia Id sii cdo chung cua CNXH nhu mgt so ke chong CNXH hy h^ng md chi Id sU sup do cua mo hinh CNXH cu the. Cung vdi nhiing thdnh cong cua cong cugc cdi cdch, doi mdi cua Trung Quoc vd VietNam, sU hoi phtic cua cdc Ddng Cgngsdn d cdc niidc XHCN triidc day, mo hinh "CNXH My Latinh theky XXI"
dang cho thdy mgt xu hUdng phdt trien mdi cua nhdn loai hUdng tdi CNXH.
^Tiikhoa: chu nghia xd hgi, chu nghia xd hgi hien thiic.
1. Su ra doi, thanh tmi cua chu nghTa xa hoi CNXH hien thirc {Real socialism) la khai mem dimg de chi mdt ehe do xa hgi dd va dang tdn tai tren thuc te tii khi giai cap cdng nhan thdng qua dpi tien phong cila minh la Dang Cdng san da lanh dao nhan dan dau tranh gianh dugc ehinh quyln. "Khai niem ehu nghia xa hgi hien thije dupe ndi tdi a day cd ndi ham la chii nghia xa hdi da Ud thanh tiiuc te, da ra ddi, dang van ddng, sinh thanh va phdt tridn ehii chua phai da hoan thien, da trudng thanh day dii""'.
CNXH hien thuc ra ddi d nude Nga sau thdng lpi cua eudc Caeh mangXHCN Thang Mudi Nga (1917) vi dai. Trong dieu kien cue ky khd khdn va phtic tap: nen kinh te lac hau lai hi tan phd nang nl tirong Chien tranh tiid gidi tiiir 1; ndi chien va
chien tranh can thiep cila 14 nude de qudc; su bao vdy, cdm van ve kinh td... tir nam 1918 den dau nam 1921, Dang Cdng sdn Nga diing dau la V.LLenin da thue hien Chinh sich cgng sin thdi chidn, tien hanh quoc hiiu hda tai san, tulieu sdn xuat quan trpng nhat cua bpn tu ban ddc quyen, dai dia chti va cac the luc chdng pha each mang khac. Den thdng 3 -1921, sau khi not chien ket tiiiie, Dai hdi X Dang Cdng san Nga da tiidng qua Chinh sach kinh tdmai (NEP). V.l.Lenin da chi rd trong nhirng dieu kien mdi, viec sii dung nhiing hinh thirc kinh te qua dp la mgt bd phan rdt quan trgng ciia ehinh sdch nay. Dd la viec thuc hien CNTB nha nude, mdt trong nhiing hinh thiic thieh hgp de giiip nude Nga Xdviet nhanh chdng khde phuc tinh trang suy sup kinh
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-Sd 4/2019
[ J NGHIEN CtfU - PHAT TRltN IJ LUAN
te sau chien tranh, han che suphat trien hi phat ciia nSn san xuat nlio. Theo V.l.Lenin, thong qua viec SIJ dung CNTB nha nuoc, giai cap vo san co the hgc tap, ke thira va phat huy co chon lgc tat ca nhiliig tai san vat chat- ley thuat va tinh hoa chat xam trong kinh nghiem san xuat, kinh doanh ciia cac nha tu ban cung nliu tn thiic khoa hgc - ky fliuat va trinh do quan ly kinh te ciia cac chuyen gia hi san. Nha nuoc vo san co the sir dung CNTB nha niroc nhu la mot he thong cac chlnh sach, cong cii, bien phap nhSm dieu tiet hoat dpng ciia cac xi nghiep ttr ban con tdn tai trong thoi ky qua do, nhim huong tdi muc dich vita sii dung, viia cai tao bang phuong phap hoa binh doi vol cac thanh phan kinh te TBCN va san xuat nho. Voi y nghia do, CNTB nha nuoc con co the coi la mpt trong nhimg phuong thuc, phucmg tien, con ducmg co hieu qua trong viec thuc day xa hpi hoa va lam tang nhanh luc lupng san xuat cua CNXH.
Sau khi V.l.Lenin qua doi, vi nhieu ly do, trong do CO ly do doi pho vcri nguy co chien tranh the gicri thu II. Chinh sach kinh te mcri khong dugc thiic hien diing theo tinh than ciia V.l.Lenin. Sau nam 1945, CNXH tii mot nuoc da tro thanh he thong, cac nuoc XHCN tren pham vi quoc te va da dat dupe nhieu thanh tuu vi dai, co y nghia to Ion doi voi hda binh, tien bp ctia nhan loai.
Co the khai quat nhiing thanh tuu coban cua CNXH hien thuc:
Mpt la, che do XHCN da timg buoc dua nhan dan lao dpng len lam cliuxa hpi, thiic day trao luu dau ttanh cho quyen tu do, dan chu tten toan the gioi. Su ra doi ciia che dp XHCN cung cp nghia la che dg dan chiiXHCN dupe thiet lap, dan chu gap ttieu ISn dan chii to san (theo V.l.Lenin). Ttj biin chat giai cap cua no, che do dan chii XHCN, che dg dan chit cho myet dai da so nhan dan lag dgng, thuc hien ngay cang day dii nhiing quyen
dan chil, ngan ngita va ttan ap nhitng hanh vi xam pham quyfo nr do dan chii cua nhan dan.
Che do XHCN khong chi bao dam quyen lam chu tren thuc tS cho nhan dan ma hon the niia con thuc day ttao luu dau tranh cho dan chu, nhan quyen 6 cac nuoc TBCN va tten toan the gioi.
Hai la, ttong hon 70 nam xay dung CNXH, Lien X6 va cac nuoc XHCN khac da dat dupe su phat ttien manh me ve tiem lire kinh te, xay dung CO so vat chat ctia CNXH tren quy mo Ion vol ttinh dp hien dai, bao dam ngay cang tot hon ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than ctia nhan dan. Nude Nga ttudc Caeh mang Thang Mudi so vdi cac nude tu ban phat triSn khac bi lac hau tir 50 den 100 nam. Khi bSt tay vao xay dtmg CNXH, thu nhap qudc dan tinh theo dau nguoi chi bang 1 /22 cua My cimg thdi. Nhtmg, chi sau mdt thdi gian ngan, Lien Xd da trd thanh mdt trpng hai sieu cudng ciia the gidi. Nam 1985, thu nhap qudc dan cua Lien Xd bang 66% cua My, san lupng cdng nghiep b&ng 85% cua My.
Vdi cdng cupc phat ttien kinh te, van hda. Lien Xd da trd thanh mpt nude cd trinh dp hgc v^n cao, thu duac nhimg thanh tuu dang kl ttong viec cham sdc site khde, phat trien y te va bao dam phiic lpi xa hpi cho nhan dan lao dpng.
Trudc Caeh mang Thang Mudi, 3/4 nhan dan Nga mil chir, chi sau 20 nam, nan mil chir da dugc xda bd. Vao cudi nam 1980, Lien Xd la mgt ttong nhiing nuoc cd trinh do hpc van cap nhat the gidi (164 trieu ngudi cd trinh dp ttung hpc va dai hgc, sd lugng cac nha khoa hpc tren nhieu linh vue cung dung vao hang dau the gidi). Lien Xd va ciic nude XHCN khac trupc day da dat dutic nhimg budc tien Idn ttong linli vue nghien cuu klioa hpc, chinh phuc vu tru, cd hem luc quan su va cdng nghiep qupc phdng himg manh. Trong cac linh virc van hda, nghe thuat, khoa hgc va cdng nghe cimg cd nhimg thanh tmx rat to ldn
LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 4/2019
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Ba li, vdi su ldn manh toan dien, CNXH ed anh hudng sau sdc trong ddi sdng chinh tri the gioi, ddng vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi su sup dd he thdng thugc dia cua ehu nghia dd qude, md ra ky nguyen moi, ky nguyen ddc lap dan tgc va thai dai qua dp len CNXH tren pham vi toan the gidi. Che do XHCN dugc thiet lap khdng chi md ra mdt xu thd phat tridn tat yeu cho cac dan tgc la con dudng XHCN, ma bdng su giiip dd tich cite, cd hieu qua ve nhieu mat, cac nuac XHCN da gdp phdn thiic day manh me phong trao giai phdng dan tgc. Nam 1919, cac nuac thugc dia va nua thude dia chiem 72% dien tich va 70% dan sd the gidi, toi nhiing nam cudi cua tiie k^ XX chi cdn 0,7% dien tieh va 5,3% dan sd the gidi.
Bdn li, siic manh cua CNXH hien thuc ddng vai 0-d quyet dinh day Itii nguy ca ehien tranh, bao vd hda binh the gidi; la sire manh vat chat, tinh than, cd vii cho su nghiep eai each, ddi mdi viCNXH.
2. Nguyen nhan khiing hoang va trien vong ciia chu nghia xa hoi hien thye
Lich Sli xa hdi loai ngudi khdng di theo con dudng thdng va phong trao cdch mang cdng khdng tranh khdi sai lam, that bai hay nhiing thdi ky thoai tiao. Ngay nen Cgng hda Phdp cung phai lam di lam lai va chi den n i n cdng hda thii nam, the che TBCN a Phap mdi ca ban dugc khang dinh.
He thdng cac nude XHCN tii khi ra ddi ciing CO nhiing thdng tram khd trdnh khoi. Bdt dau tir cudi nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XX, Lien Xd va eac nude XHCN Ddng Au roi vao thdi ky khung hoang. Til thang 4 -1989 trd di, su dd vd didn ra lientiepdcaenudcDdngAu, den tiidng 9-1991, che dp XHCN a Lien Xd va 6 nuoc Ddng Au da bl sup do hoan toan. Sudd vdciing diln ra dMdng Co, Anbani va Nam Tu.
Nguyen nhan dan den khung hoang va siip do cd nhieu, song nhu Cuong linh nam 1991 ctia Dang ta chi rd: "Do duy ui qua lau nhting khuyet tat cila md hinh cu ctia ehii nghia xd hgi, cham trd trong each mang khoa hgc va cdng nghe..."'^' da gay tinh trang tri tre keo dai va khilng hoang.
Ngoai ra, nguyen nhan chu yeu va riire tiep ddn den sir sup do, dd la, trong eai td. Dang Cdng san Lien Xd da mdc nhiing sai ldm rat nghiem trpng ve dudng loi chinh tri, tu tiidng va td ehiic. Dd la dudng ldi huu khuynh, co hdi va xet lai, the hien trudc het d nhirng ngudi lanh dao cao nhat. Cai to d LienXd bdt dau tii 1986 va ket thiie trong su do vd hoan todn nam 1991. Dudng ldi eai td trugt dai tl! eo hdi hiiu khuynh den xet lai, tir bd hoan toan chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tii bd vai trd Idnh dao etia Dang Cdng san. Tir chii truong ban dau la cai td kinh te chuyen nhanh sang eai td vl chinh tri mdt each vd nguyen tdc da tao dilu kien cho su phat trien lan sdng "cdng khai", "ddn chti", "khdng cd vimg cam", phii dinh mgi dianh tuu cua CNXH, gay tam ly hoang mang cue dp trong tu tudng xa hdi, pha vd niem tin cila qudn chiing ddi vdi CNXH. Ngoai ra, cac die luc qudc te lgi dung nhiing sai lam, khd khan do khiing hoang day manh cude phan kich quyet het nhdm xda bd cdc nude XHCN, thue hien "diln bidn hda binh" Uong ndi bd Lien Xd va cac nude Ddng Au.
Gan 3 thap nien sau sup dd. hien nay su phat trien ciia Trung Qudc, Viet Nam, Cu Ba va mdt sd nude khde dang chiing minh CNXH khdng sup dd, khdng mat di md dang ed nhiing tnen vgng tiiuc su. Cd die khdi quat vl trien vgng cua CNXH hien tiiuc tren mgt sd khia canh sau:
Thii nhat, CNTB khdng phai la tuong lai ciia xi hoi loii ngudi
Trong tae pham Tuyen ngdn cua Dang Cgng sin, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen dd tiing ddnh gia rat cao vai trd lich sti cila giai cap tu san va CNTB;
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So4/2019
^ N G H I E N C t f U - P H A T T R I E N L Y L U A N
"giai cap tu san da ddng vai ttn het siic each mang trong lich su"; song cac ong cfing dii bao va chiing minh nhiing du bao cua minh: "susup dd ciia chu nghia tu ban va sii thing lpi cua chu nghia xa hpi la tatyeu nhu nhau".
Thuc te da chung minh, CNTB cd vai ttd to ldn ddi vdi lich suphat ttien cua nhan loai. Trong tniy thip ky qua, do biet "tu dieu chinh va thich ting"
ddng thdi su dimg ttiet de nhting thanh ttiu cua each mang khoa hgc va cong nghe, cac nude TBCN da vugt qua dupe mpt sd cugc khunghoang vavancdnkhanang thich iing va phat triiaSong, vdi ban chat ciia chg dp TBCN, che do xa hdi luon tdn tai mau thuan khdng dieu hda diBX giiia quan he san xuat dira ttensdhiiutunhanTBCNvdiluc lupng san xuat xa hgi hda ngay cang cao, bieu hien ve mat xa hdi la miiu thuan khdng the dieu hpa dugc giira giai cap tu san va vd san, bdi vay, each mang XHCN tat yeu se nd ra va su thay the CNTB b ^ g CNXH la tat yeu khach quan.
Tuy nhien, do cdn cd dieu kien ton tai va phat tnen, CNTB citng vdi qua trinh thich nghi da ddng thdi tao ra nhirng dieu kien vat chat ky thuat, kinh nghiem quan ly de giai cap cdng nhan ke thiia trong xiiy dung xii hpi mdi. Dai hpi Kcua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, ttpng khi khang dinh tinh tat yeu khach quan ciia thdi ky qua dd len CNXH, cung dpng thdi chi ra nhirng hat nhan hop ly ctia CNTB, dJ CNXH kg thiia trong xay diing xa hpi mdi; "Con dudng di len cua nude ta la su phat trien qua dd len chii nghia xa hdi bd qua che dd tu ban chu nghia, tiic la bo qua viec xae lap vi tri thdng tri ciia quan he san xuat vit hen tnic thugng tang tu ban chu nghia, nhung Hep thu, ke thiia nhiing thanh tuu ma nhan loai da dat dupe dudi che dd tu ban chii nghia, dac biet ve khpa hoc va cdng nghe, de phat ttien nhanh luc lugng san xuat, xay dung nen kinh te hien dai".
Thiihai, chti nghia xa hoi - tuong lai cua xa hoi loai ngucn
Lien Xd va cac nude XHCN Ddng Au sup dd khdng cd nghia la sir cap chung ciia CNXH. Sau su Hen Uen Xd va cac nude XHCN Dong Au sup dd, cac the luc chdng CNXH ra sue reu rao ve "cai chet ciia chii nghia xa hdi va chii nghia Mac- Lenin". Song, ca tten phutmg dien lyluan va thuc tten da khang dinh, su sup dd ciia Lien Xd va Ddng Au chi la sir sup dd cua md hinh CNXH khdngphailasucao chung ciia CNXH vdi tu each la muc tieu, ly tudng, la hinh thai kinh td - xa hgi ma loai ngudi dang vuon tdi. Tutmg lai cua loai ngudi van la CNXH, do la quy luat phat ttien khach quan cua lich s a Cutmg linh naml991cua Dang da khang dinh; "Dac di§m ndi bat ttong giai doan hien nay cua thdi dai la cugc dau ttanh giai cap va dan tdc gay go, phuc tap ciia nhan dan cac nude vi hda binh, ddc lap dan tpc, dan chii va tien bd xa hdi. Chu nghia xa hdi hien diing trudc nhieu khd khan, thuthach. lich sir the gidi dang ttai qua nhiing budc quanh co; song loainguvi cuoi cimg nhat dtnh se din tin chii nghia xa hoi vi dd la quy luattienhoa ciiabch sH'^K
Cac nude XHCN cdn lai tien hanh cai each, md cua, ddi mdi va ngay cang dat dupe nhOng thanh tuu to Idn. Su sup do cua Lien Xd va cac nude XHCN Ddng Au da en tac dpng manh me dgn cac nude XHCN cdn lai, nhung vdi su kien dmh cpn duong XHCN, cac nude nay khdng nhirng dung vung ma cdn thuc hien doi mdi thanh cong. Tren co sd van dung sang tap, phat trien chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao dieu kien cii the, Trung Qudc va Viet Nam, Cu Ba dii tung budi:
dinh hinh va dinh lupng md hinh CNXH va con dudng di len CNXH phti hgp.
Dang Cdng san Trung Qunc trpng cai each md ciia "xay dung chii nghia xa hpi mang dac sic Trung Qudc" kien tri phuong cham-" -
LVLUAN CHiNH TRI-S64/2019
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quyen khoa hgc, cam quyln dan ehu, cdm quyen theo phap ludt; "tat ca vi nhdn dan"; "tat ca dua vao nhdn dan" va thuc hien 5 nguyen tdc {5 kien tri)'^'. Dai hpi XIX (2017) voi chu dl;
"Quyet thdng xay dung toan dien xd hdi kha gia, gianh thdng lpi vi dai chti nghia xa hpi dae sac Tmng Qudc thdi dai mdi", da khang dinh; Xay dimg Trung Qude trd thanh cudng qudc hien dai hda XHCN giau manh, dan chu, vdn minh, hai hda, tiroi dep vao nam 2050; "Nhan dan Tnmg Qudc se dugc hudng su hanh phdc va thinh vupng cao han, va dan tge Tnmg Qudc se cd chd diing cao ban, viing hon tren tnrdng quoc te"'^'.
OViet Nam, cdng cude ddi mdi do Dang Cgng san Viet Nam khoi xudng va lanh dao tii Dai hdi VI da thu dupe nhiing thanh tuu to ldn cd y nghia lich sti. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam khdng chi thanh cdng trong su nghiep xdy dung va bao ve Td qudc ma cdn cd nhiing ddng gdp to ldn vao kho tang ly luan eua chu nghia Mae - Lenin:
- Ddc lap dan tdc gdn lien vdi CNXH la mgt ti'nh quy luat ciia cdch mang Viet Nam, trong dilu kien thdi dai ngay nay;
- Kit hpp chat che ngay ttr dau ddi mdi kinh te vdi ddi mdi chinh tri, lay ddi mdi kinh te lam trung tam, ddng thdi ddi mdi tiing budc ve chinh hi, dam bao giii vung su dn dinh chinh tri, tao dilu kien va mdi trudng tiiuan lpi dd ddi mdi va phdt trien kinh te, xd hdi; thuc hien gdn phat trien kinh td la nhiem vu trung tam va xay dung Dang la khau then chdt vdi phat trien van hda la nen tang tinh than ctia xa hdi, tao ra ba tru cdt cho suphat trien nhanh, hieu qua va b i n vung;
- Xay dung va phat tiien nen kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN, tang cudng vai trd kien tao va quan ly ciia Nha nude. Giai quyet dung dan mdi quan he giiia tang trudng, phat trien kinh te vdi bao dam tien bg va cdng bdng xa hdi. Xay dimg phat trien kinh te di ddi vdi giir gin, phat
huy ban sde van hda dan tdc va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai;
- Phat huy dan chil, xdy dung Nhd nude phdp quyln Viet Nam XHCN; ddi mdi va hoan tiiien he thdng chinh tri, ttmg budc xdy dung va hoan thien n i n dan ehil XHCN, bao dam todn bd quyln lue thudc ve nhan ddn;
- Md rgng va phat huy khdi dai doan kdt toan dan tde, phdt huy siic manh ctia mpi giai cap va tang ldp nhan dan, mgi thanh phdn ddn tdc va tdn giao, mgi cdng dan Viet Nam d trong nude va nude ngoai, tao nen su thdng nhat, ddng thudn xd hdi, ddng lire cho cdng cupc ddi mdi, xay dung va bao ve Td qudc;
- Md rdng quan he ddi ngoai, thuc hien hdi nhap qudc te; tranh thu tdi da su ddng tinh, ting hd va giiip da cua nhan dan the gidi, khai thdc mgi kha ndng cd the hgp tdc nham muc tieu xay dung va phdt trien dat nude theo dinh hudngXHCN, ket hop siic manh dan tdc vdi sire manh thdi dai;
- Giii viing va tang cudng vai trd Idnh dao ciia Dang Cgng sdn Viet Nam - nhan td quan trgng hang dau bao dam thdng lgi cua su nghiep ddi mdi, hdi nhdp va phdt trien dat nude.
Xu hudng di len CNXH d cac nude My Latinh khdng dinh niim tin va khd ndng phat trien ciia CNXH.
Vdo cudi thdp ky 90 cua the ky XX, d khu vue My Latinh ndi len phong trao cila nhung ngudi eanh ta tren lap trudng dan tde tien bd. Bang con dudng bau eil dan chil tu san, nhilu dang hoac td chiie chinh tri xa hdi canh ta da gianh dugc chinh quyen, Cd nhieu nude dd tuyen bd xay dirng CNXH theo md hinh "chil nghia xa hdi d the ky XXI": Veneduela, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Bolivia. Veneduela la nude khdi dau cho trao luu di theo "md hinh chil nghia xa hgi ctia thdky XXI""'''.
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-$64/20-19
N G H I E N ClJfU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN
Md hinh CNXH My Latinh lua chpn tap thanh md hinh "chu nghiaxa hoi My Latinh tiie ky XXI"
da the hien kha ro nhieu tinh chat XHCN.
Ve tu tuang. lay chii nghia Mac, tu tuong tien bg ciia Ximdn Bolivia, tu mdng nhan dao thien chua giao lam nen tang i/ec/im/itt?, nhan manh tu tudng "dan chu each mang" va chinh quyen nhan dan, xay dimg md hinh xa hdi theo dd nhan dan tiiam gia vao cong viec cua nha nude, thuc hien cdng bang xa hpi. Vg~ kinh te, chu truong thuc hien kinh te nhieu thanh phan ttong dd kinh te nha nude va hop tac giir vai trd chu dao, gianh lai chii quyen dan tpc ddi vdi tai nguygn thien nhien dac biet lii dau md, nude sach...; thuc hien cdng bang, giai quyet van de bat binh ddng va phan hda xa hpi. Ve ddi ngoai, thiic day khdi dai dean ket My Latinh va quan he hiiu nghi vcri tat ca cac nude, lay hpp tac thay thg canh tranh, dau tranh chp mpt the gicri da cue diin chit, chti trpng kinh nghiem qudc te cua cac nude XHCN nhu Cu Ba, Viet Nam, Tmng Qunc.
Tat nhien, md hinh CNXH My Lattnh cdn nhieu digm can dupe tiep tuc nghien cuu, theo ddi, nhung vdi su xuat hien mp hinh dp chiing to siic sdng va kha nang phat tiien ciia CNXH va long tin vao ly tudng cdng san chit nghia cita nhan dan lao dpng.
Danh gia ve khuynh huiing tich cue niiy, Tuyen bo chung Viet Nam - Veneduela (6-2007) khang dinh; "Hai ben nhat tri cho rang nhting bien ddi chinh tri gan day d My Latinh va ket qua dau ttanh qua cam cita nhan dan cac nude trong khu vue la nhting budc tien quan trgng trong qua trinh khing dinh ddc lap dan tdc, bao vg chil quyen, ttiuc hanh mdt nen dan chu cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan va la mpt CO hdi de tiiigt lap cac mp hinh phat trien kinh tg, xa hpi ttgn CO sd cac nguyen tJc nhan dao va xa hgi chit nghia"'^' n
(1) TS. Dinh The Huynh: fflli nghia urban vi Chu nghta xa hgi trong the Icy XXI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Not, 2012, tt.24
iZ),(3) DCSVN: CuongUnhxiydungdatnuocmng th&i ky qua io len chil nghia xa hoi Nxb Su that, 1991, tt.6,7-8.
(4)Kien tti coiphat ttien lanhlemvuquantrpngsd mdt chan himg dat nude cua dang cam quyen, khong ngimg nang cao nang luc dieu hanh kinh tg thi tindng xa hpi chu nghia; 2) kien tri sir thdng nhcit hiiu CO giiia su lanh dap ctia Dang, nhan dan lam chu dua vao phap luat de quan ly dat nude, khdng ngimg nang cao nang luc phat trien nen ehinh tti dan chu XHCN; 3} kign tri dia vi chi dao cua chu nghia Mac trong linh vue hinh thai y thirc, khdng ngimg nangcaonanglucxay dung nenvanhoatien pen xa hoi chu nghia: 4) kien tri phat huy rpng rai nhat, day du nhat moi nhan td tich cue, khdng ngimg nang cao nang lire dieu hoa xa hpi; 5) kien tri chinh sach ngoai giao hda binh ddc lap tir chu, khdng ngimg nang cao nang luc iing pho vol tinh hinh qudc tg va xii ly cac cdng viec qudc te.
(5) Dai hpi XK Dang Cpng san Tmng Qudc vdi chu de: "Quyet thdng xay dung loan dien xa hgi kha gia, gianh thing lgi vl dai CNXH dac sic Tmng Qudc thdi dai mdi" da xae dinh 8 dieu lam rd va 14 dieu kien tti la ddng gdp mdi ddi vdi ly luan ve CNXH die sic Tmng Qudc.
(6) Tdng thdng Hugo Chavez Friaz (1954-2013) thang 8-2005, da khing dinh ring: "Tot tin ring, chu nghia xa hpi mdi la ldi dioat khoi chil nghia tu ban... Toi cho ring, phai la chii nghta xa hdi mdi, no phii hgp vdi chii miong ciia ky nguyen mdt, vi vay, toi ggi dd la chii nghia xa hgi 6 the ky XXI"
Tuyen bo chung Viet Nam - Veneduela, Bao Nhan Dan (2-6-2007).
(7) Tuyen bd chung Viet Nam - Veneduela Bio NAan Dan (2-6-2007).
LVLUAN CNINH TRj-So 4/2019
