The che chinh tri va he thong chinh tri
N g u y e n H t r u D 6 n g '
T o m tat: Hf th6ng chinh tri la Idiai niem ccr ban cua chinh tri hoc, (tuoc nhi^u nha khoa hoc nghien cuu. Trong h? th6ng chinh tri, thi t h l c h l chinh tri la c6t loi. T h l c h l chinh tri phan anh he thong chmh Ir, cua moi quoc gia. Do vay, d l nhan thiic khai niem hf thflng chinh tri cjn phai nhan thuc ro khai ni?ra the che chlnh trj. Bai vilt phan tich cac khai niem he t h i n g chinh tri, thl c h l chinh tn, dong thai chi ra vifc Mi moi he thing chinh tri cung nhu thl c h l chinh tri la yeu cSu cSn thiet khach quan ciia moi quoc gia hien dai trong qua trinh phat Iriln.
Tir khoa: Khai nifm; h? t h i n g chinh tri; Ihl chl; thl c h l chinh tri.
Abstract: The political system is a fundamental concept ofthe political science, which has been snidied by many sciennsts. The core ofthe system is political instinitions, which reflect the political system of each country. Therefore, to apprehend the concept ofthe political system, it is necessary to apprehend well that of political mslitunons. The paper analyses the two concepts and points out the objecnve demand for ail modem counmes. durmg their developmenl process, to renovate their political system and political institutions.
Keywords: Concepts; political system; institutions; political instinitions.
I . D a t v a n d e
The c h e chinh tri v a h e t h o n g chinh tri da d u a c de cap d i n n h i e u a Viet N a m sau d6i moi. Tuy nhien, cac khai niem nay c h u a dtroc cac n h a khoa hpc p h a n tich, lam ro ve mat hoc thuat. D o vay, co khong it n h i m g kho khan trong viec nghien ctru vSn d l nay.
O Viet N a m hien nay, cac khai niem nay c i n g cSn d u o c Iuan giai sang to d e lam c o s o cho viec xay d t m g cac t h l c h l , dap img yeu cau cua c o n g c u g c dfli m o i dk niroc.
Bai viet nay gop p h j n lam ro them v i noi dung, ban chat ciia cac khai niem t h i c h i chinh tri va h e t h d n g chi'nh tri.
2. T h e c h e c h i n h t r i
The c h e d u g c h i i u mgt each co d g n g nhat la " n h u n g n g u y e n t i c xac dinh mfli quan h e giira xa hgi va cac thanh vien trong
xa hgi". Xet v i hinh thiic, t h i c h i o cac quflc gia cho dcn n a y d u g c b i i u hien ij cac loai hinh e g ban n h u sau: t h i c h i kinh t i , the c h i chinh tri va t h i c h i van hoa, tire cac t h i c h i trong ITnh vuc kinh t i , chinh trj va van hoa. Cac loai hinh t h i che (tiiu t h i c h i ) nay g j n bo chat che vcti nhau, tao nen mgt
"dai the c h e " - quflc gia
The che kinh te la cac quy dinh ciia luat phap, cac nguyen tjc xac djnh q u y i n t u do, dan chil ciia nguoi dan ttong cac hoat dgng kinh te. D i i u d o co nghia la, t h i c h i kinh t i xac lap cac q u y i n cua nguoi dan v i t u do, dan chu ttong hoat dgng san xuit kinh doanh va dich vu; dong thoi, no dam bao sir t i n tai
' Pho giao su, tiln sT, Vicn Chlnh tri hpc, Hgc vien Chmh in quoc gia Ho Chi Minh. DT,0983600506 Email,nguyeiihuudong52@gmail com
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 va duy tri sir can doi giira hai khu virc kinh te tu nhan va kinh te nha nutic. Hai khu vuc kinh te mang tinh doi lap (dgc lap) nay dugc nhin nhan la hai hinh thii:c co ban, cimg vtii hai hinh thtic kinh ti nganh va kinh te viing tao nen eg cau kinh ti ciia moi quoc gia.
The che chi'nh tri la cac quy dinh ciia luat phap, cac nguyen tJc xac dinh tfl chiic va hoat dgng ciia cac luc lugng (dang phai) chi'nh trj, nha nucrc, cac tfl chirc chi'nh tti - xa hgi, to chitc xa hgi. Theo do, trong he thong chinh tri luon tin tai hai luc lugng chinh tri dfli lap vtii nhau: luc lugng chi'nh tri cam quyin va luc lugng chinh trj doi lap.
Luc lugng chinh tri cjm quyin la cac diSng phai chinh tri da "hoa than" [2] vao nha nuoc sau khi "thing cir" trong cac cugc biu cir canh tranh theo quy dinh ciia luat phap, trir mgt sg trutmg hgp ngoai le (dac biet) do hoan canh cu thl ciia cac quoc gia. Luc lugng chi'nh tri dfli lap g day la luc luong co
"y kien doi lap", luc lugng "dimg g phia dflt ngugc lai" [8, tt.338] dfli voi luc lugng cam quyen. Khai niem diii lap 6 day khong dong nhat vgi kliai niem dfli khang. Dfli lap chi CO the dan din dfli khang khi cac miit do
"khflng the dung hoa dugc" [8, tr.338J vgi nhau. Luc lugng chinh tri dfli lap duoc tham chinh voi cac mitc do khac nhau tuy thugc vac su luong quan lire lugng, hay cac quan dicm, viin hoa truyin thflng va van hoa cam quyen [3] cua dang chinh tri cjm quyen, dac biet phu thugc vao cac quy dinh ctia luat phap.
Thl chi van hoa la cac quy djnh cita luiit phap ve ,6 ehirc, hoat dflng ciia cac tfl chiic xa hgi trong cac ITnh vuc nhu viin hoa nghe thuat. bao chi, y t l , giao due dao tao
the thao du lich... Trong cac Hnh vuc nay deu CO cac tfl chirc xa hgi mang tinh dfli lap (dgc lap), nhu cac t i chiic thugc nha nuoc va ctic t6 chirc xa hgi dan su. Cac 16 chitc xa hgi dan su hoat dgng mgt each dgc lap va chju su quan ly ciia nha nuoc bJng phap luat.
Vcri each tiep can thi chi dutii cac hinh thitc tieu thi chi neu tten, dai thi chi (mot quoc gia) cung dugc nhin nhan tuong lu nhu CO the ciia mgt con nguoi, trong do, bieu hign ra ben ngoai dutii dang cac hinh thirc (tiiu tlii chi) ca ban nhu sau: hai cJng chan tugng tu nhu hai mat dii lap giua khu vuc kinh t i nha nutic va khu vuc kinh ti tu nhan, bao gim ca cac hnh vuc nganh nghi, vimg kinh te; hai canh tay tucmg tu nhu hai mat doi lap giua cac luc lugng chinh Iri (dang) cJm quyin va cac lire lugng chinh tri (dang) dfli lap; con cac cap giac quan (hai tai, hai mJt, hai lo mui...) tugng tu nhu cac cap dfli lap giua cac 16 chirc thuflc nha nutic va cac 16 chirc xa hgi dan su (tfl chitc xa hgi dgc lap).
Trong cac hinh thirc Ihi chi dugc phan tich 6 tren, thi chi chinh trj phan anh he thong chinh tri cua quic gia. Diiu do co nghTa la, mufln nhan thirc ro he thing chinh tri ciia mgt quoc gia, cJn phai nhan thirc ro the che chinh tri cua quflc gia do. Trong moi quflc gia hien dai diu co thi chi chinh tri Vlii nhtrng yiu t i mang tinh pho biin va nhtmg yiu tfl mang tinh dac Ihii phu thugc vao hoan Ciinh cu thi ciia quic gia. Cac bg phan cJu thanh ciia thi chi chinh tri cung deu tuan theo cac quy luat khach quan tjt yeu ciia tu nhien va xa hgi. Viec 16 chirc va hoat dgng ciia cac bg phan trong thi chi chinh tri co mii quan he chat che vtii cac eg
Nguyen Hiru D6n^
- quan dau iiao ctia qu6c gia. Niu vi quic gia nhu CO thi mgt con ngucri - t i bao cua xa
• hoi - thi bo nao va ttai rim cila nguoi do dugc coi la hai ca quan chi'nh thuc hien chlie nang diiu khiin su hoat dgng cita cac bg phan eg the, ttong do CO doi tay - thi chi chinh tri. Do vay, noi din he thing chmh tti cua mgt quoc gia ttgng xa hgi hien dai ttic la noi den mgt cJu tnic phirc tap bao gim Ciic Uiu thi chi ciia thi chi chlnh tti nhu cac dang phai chmh tti, nha nucic, cac to chlie xa hgi vgi cac chirc nang nhjt dinh;
dong thtri, su hoat dpng ctia chimg luon gjn lien vol cac co quan dau nao cua quflc gia.
Co quan dau nao ctta quflc gia (quyin luc toi thugng) dugc cgi la chii quyin nhan dan thong qua ban hiin phap - khi utic xa hgi.
Noi mgt each khac, ttong mpt quic gia thl chit quyen nhan dan (quyin lire ciia nhan dan) dugc coi nhu bg nao, co vi tri tfli thugng va nJm 6 dinh dJu; mpi tfl chirc dang phai chinh tti, co quan quyin luc nha nuoc, cac t i chtre xa hpi diu chi la cac bp phan, CO vj to' thjp hon quyin luc ciia nhan dan. Theo quy luat khach quan, mpi 16 chirc, bg phan cua thi chi chinh tti diu phai chju su chi phii, diiu khiin boi quyin luc ciia nhan dan thong qua hiin phiSp va ctic dao luat. Khi co nhtmg biiu hien trai ngugc vtii quy luat nay thl tjt yiu se din din nhirng h? ivy, tin hai din su phat uiin xa hpi noi chung ciing nhu phat triin kmh ti, van hoa noi rieng cua quic gia. ChJng ban, khi vi quoc gia thu hep la mgt cgn nguoi, Ihi viec vi pham quy luat nay se biin thi che chinh tri tto thanh dpc tai, dflc dpan, mat (ian chit. Nfli mgt each vl von la da co sv bieu hien vung tay qua ttin. Tran 6 day la muon noi din phJn tren cita mat tir chan toc den long may - phjn ngang bJng vtii vj
tti toi thugng ciia bg nao (hiin phap) - nhan dan. Con tay o day la chii yiu ntii din ciSc khtip khuyu tay va ban tay tra xuflng - tugng tu nhu cac co quan ttr phiip va hanh phap, hanh chmh.
3. He thong chi'nh tri
Tir cac each tiip can neu tten co thi nhan thay rJng, he thing chmh tri la mgt khai niem cua xa hgi hien dai, bgi vi, noi den he^ thing chi'nh tti iii noi din su xuit hien, ton tai ciia cac dang phai ttong dcri s6ng chinh ttj, xa hfli. Dong thoi, khi co mgt dang hay lien minh cac dang chinh trj thuc hien vai ttg cam quyin thi su cjm quyen do diu biiu hien mgt each khiSch quan bang hai canh tay - hinh thirc biiu hien be ngoai ciia thi chi chinh tri. Trong do, canh tay phai co thi dugc nhin nhan nhu cac luc liigng chinh trj chinh thing (da s6) cam quyin; cgn canh tay trai co thl dugc nhin nhan nhu cac luc lugng chinh ni phu giiip (thiiu s6 - dii lap) cJm quyin. Do vay, trong moi quic gia hien dai, chii quyin nhan dan hay nhan dan nJm quyin lire bao gig cilng phai bjng hai ciSnh tay; hai canh tay do dugc nhin nhan nhu hai mat dfli lap giua cac luc lugng chi'nh trj cam quyin va cac luc lugng chinh tri dii lap.
0 m6i quflc gia trgng xa hgi hien dai, cac t i chiic chinh tti (dang phai), t i chiiij nha nutic, tfl chitc chinh trj - xa hgi, t i chtie xa hpi deu tin tai trpng dai thi chi noi chung va trong liiu thi chl chinh trj noi rieng.
Ciic 16 chlie chinh trj (diing phai) tfln tai va hoat dpng ttong thi chi ohinh tti, tiic hpat dgng thflng qua cju tnic 16 chii'c bg may nha nuoc bing hai canh tay Do vay.
Khoa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 10 (107)-2016 cac dang vien cua cac dang ciu'nh tri theo quy djnh cua luat phap, hien dien mpt each khach quan trong cac eg quan lap phap va CO quan hanh phap tity theo dac diem cu the ttong the che chinh tti ciia quoc gia. Viec dam bao su can doi hgp ly, hgp tac vtii nhau giita cac diing vien cita ciic dang chinh tti ttong luc lugng cam quyin va luc lugng dfli lap CO vai tro quan ttgng ttong hoat dgng cam quyin (quan trj) ciia mfli quic gia. Khi s6 lugng dang vien cita cac dang phai chinh trj ttong bg may cam quyin c6 su chenh lech qua mirc, tue thiiu can bjng giira l\rc lugng chi'nh tti cjm quyin va luc lugng chinh ttj dfli lap, hoac thiiu su hgp tac vcii nhau gitra chiing thi co thi se dan din cac hp luy trong viec thuc hien vai tro quan tri (lanh dao, quiin ly) ttpng quflc gia, dac bigt la 6 cac quoc gia co luat phap noi chung va luat vi dang chinh hi noi rieng khflng chat che, thieu tinh nghiem mmh. Ngoai ra, khi noi ttii vai tro ianh dao, quan ly ciia Ciic nha cim quyin quflc gia co nghTa la noi tcii vai tro quan tti ciia hg. Lanh dao va quan ly (chi dao, diiu hanh) ia hai khiii nigm khac nhau, khflng ding nhit vol nhau Lanh dao la ciic hoat dgng nhung ctic hoat dgng do khflng sit dung ttii cong cu quyin l\rc; con quan ly la cac hoat dgng sir dung ttii cflng cy quyen luc nhu luat phiip, quy chi, quy djnh, kiim tta, giiim siit... tiiy timg hgat dgng cu the. Hoat dpng lanh dao dugc nhin nhan nhu viec sti dung quyin Iuc "mim"; hoat dgng quan ly dugc nhm nhan nhu viec sir dung quyin luc
"Cling"; con boat dflng quan tn dugc nhm nhan nhu viec sit dung quyin lire "thgng minh", nic ket hpp Cii boat dgng lanh diio va hoat ciflng quanly
Ciic^ tfl chirc, co quan ciia bp miiy nha nuoc tfln tai va hoat dgng thl hien chu yiu ve hinh thitc ci bi ngoai ciic bp phan trgng
the che chinh ttj, bic tten hai canh tay nhu da nSu g tten. ChJng ban, phia diu khijp tten cua canh tay co thi dugc coi la eg quan lap phap; khtip khuyu tay co thi dugc coi la cg quan ttr phap; khop ban tay tro xuing co thi dugc coi la co quan hanh phap va cic chi'nh quyen dja phucmg; con cac ngon tay CO thi dugc coi la cae bang hay chinh quyin dia phugng voi ba cjp chinh quyin (tinh, huyen, xa) tuong tu theo cac khcjp ciia ngon tay. Ba co quan lap phap, hanh phap, tu phiip tin tai dgc lap va khong thi thieu trong the ehi chinh trj cua moi quic gia. Su hoat dpng (van hanh) ciia ba co quan nay deu phai chju su diiu khiin eiia bp nap (hien phap va eac dao luat) do nhan dan thoa thuan lap ra. Do vay, eg quan lap philp chi CO the dugc coi la eg quan quyin luc nha nuoc tfli cao cita thi chi chinh trj trong quic gia chii khflng phai la co quan quyen lye cao nhit cua quflc gia. Trong ba CO quan nay, cg quan tu phap dugc nhin nhan nhu cg quan trpng tai, tugng tu nhu mpt Ciin can cflng ly nhSm duy tri su can bang gitra hai co quan lap phiSp va hanh phap - eac eg quan diu co xu huting pha vo sy can bang gitia chting. Khi co quan tu phiip khong dugc dgc lap, nghTa la co sy chl daii cita mgt ca nhan hay tap thi nao do, nhat la ciia nha nuoc (diing chi'nh trj cam quyen) thl lap tire no khflng giO dugc thi can bang giua hai eg quan lap phap va hanh phiip. Dieu nay eung co nghTa la, trong ti chtic va hoat dgng cua bp may nha nuoc can phai diim bao tinh minh bach gjn vol Iriich nhiem giai Mnh cua cac Cii nhan va Ciic CO quan trong bg miSy nha nuge. Luan cii nay dugc chimg minh bgi mpt thyc ti li.
Nguyen Hiru Bong
! trpng Ciinh Uiy (thi chi chinh trj), eg quan ' lap phap va hanh phiip chl eg thi giir dugc : the can bSng giira chiing khi chung boat dpng ttong khuon khi mat lat ngda cua eanh tay, ttrc dam bao su cflng khai, minh : bach. Con ngugc lai, khi ttong bg may nha nuoc thieu sy cong khai, minh bach, hay che giau sy that, nic la hoat dgng cua Ciinh tay da theo huong lat up, se din din nguy CO dien ra cac hau qua kho lutmg ciia thi chi chinh tri nhu bit can bjng gitia ciSc eo quan lap phiip va hiinh phap, hay cac tinh trang dpc dpiSn, chuyen quyin, thiiu dan chil trpng thi chi chinh trj.
Cac tfl chitc chinh trj - xa hgi, ti chitc xa hpi (cac hgi) ciing tin tai va hoat dpng trong thi chi chi'nh trj, ngoai su tin tai va hoat dgng trgng thi chi kinh li va van hfla.
Trong the chi ehinh trj, cac t i chuc nay tin tai va hpat dpng thflng qua viec tham gia eila mgt sfl thanh vien vao bg miiy cjm quyen eiia quic gia, dac biet trong co quan ljp phap. Trong mgt sfl traong hgp, co mgt so thanh vien cita cac hpi, dac biet lii trong cac giiio hgi cung co vai tro nhjt dinh trong bg miSy cim quyin ctia quflc gia tiiy thugc vao Ciic dac diim ljch sir, tniyin thing van hoa, phap luat cita mfli quic gia. Cl mgt so qu6c gia ttong xa hgi hien dai, do nhtrng hoan Ciinh dac thii, co sy hien dien ciia ciic t6 chtic chinh ttj - xa h6i, dang nhu tfl chirc Mat tran - t i ehtic dac thii trong quic gia.
Mat Iran la mgt t i chirc chinh trj - xa hpi dugc hlnh thanh, boat dgng do nhu ciu thuc tien va phy thugc vao ttmg giai doan, phii hgp vtii Ciic dac diim cy thi cita quic gia.
Mat tran dugc hinh thanh, phat triin phu thuflc rat Icin vao quan diim, y ehi ciia ciic
dang chlnh ttj, vao truyin thing van hoa dan tpc, dac diim thi chi chinh tti cua quoc gia. Mat ttan chinh la mpt to chuc nhjm di thong nhat, bao dam sy ding thuan, doan ket giira cac luc lugng chinh trj cim quyin va cac lyc lugng ehinh trj dii lap, hay gitra nha nuoc va xa hgi, giiia diing chinh trj cim quyen va cac giai ijng trong xa hgi. Niu ttong m6t quoc gia hiln dai kh6ng co cac lyc lugng chinh tti dii lap hay khflng co cae tfl chlie xa hgi dan su dgc lap, thi sy hien dien cua Mat tran cflng se it eg tac dung.
Bfli lite do, su hien dien ciia to chiie nay thuong chi mang tinh hinh thirc, vi chiing da bj chi phfli, tac dgng bgi lyc lupng chinh trj cam quyen.
Mat Iran la to ehtic chinh trj - xa hgi, bieu tugng ciia sy "thflng nhjt" gitta cac to chitc chinh trj, xa hgi, phii hgp vtii hoan canh g cac quflc gia khi co xay ra cac cugc chien Iranh giai phong dan tpc hay nfli chien. Ti chirc nay thuong chi phat huy hieu qua khi trong ciSe quic gia hien dai co sir ton tai ciSc 18 chitc xa hpi dan sy hay con ggi la xa hoi cong dan. Boi khi do. Mat tran mcii thyc su dong vai tro la mpt 16 chirc Irung tam tao su dong thuan, kit nii (doan ket) giira ciic dang phai chinh tri, gitta cac 16 chuc nha nucic va cac t i chirc xa hpi dan su. To chuc Mat Iran nhu vay chi co thi lao dugc su doan kit trong quic gia khi biit dal lgi ich cita quflc gia, dan tpc len tren hil, dong thoi biet giai quyet hai hoa ctic lgi ich giira cac giai tjng trong xa hgi. Trong xa hgi hiln dai, hinh thirc tao su thing nhJt, dflng Ihuan nhu dang Mat Iran cung co thi dugc nhan thjy trong cac thi chi kiiu quan chii lap hien, khi mii trong do co sy tin tai
Khoa hgc xa hpi Vigt Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 mang tinh tuang tnmg cua cac "ngoi vua"
(Quoc vuong. Nil hoang...).
4. Ket Iuan
Tir nhtmg dieu dugc phan tich 6 tren co the nhan thay rang, he thong chinh tri cua moi quoc gia duoc nhin nhan la mot cdu true phiic tap bao gom cac dang phai chinh tri, nha nuoc va cac t6 chuc chinh tri - xa hpi, to chuc xa hgi. Viec xac lap ciu true va to chiJc hoat dgng cua chiing d^u phai tuan theo cac quy luat Idiach quan tk yeu. Con nguoi la tong hoa cac quan he xa hgi, d6ng thoi cilng la mgt tk bao - th6 ch^ thu nho ciia qu6c gia. Trong he thong chinh tri, thi the che chinh tri la vkt de ca ban. ThS ch6 chinh tri phan anh he thong chinh tri cua quoc gia. Moi thg chl chinh tn dhu co nhijng net d3c thil rieng, phan anh tinh da dang cua cac qu6c gia. Tuy nhien, chiing cung dau mang tinh ph6 bien, phan anh quy luat chung, khach quan ciia doi song chinh tri, xa hgi loai nguai khi nha nuoc xudt hien. Viec doi moi thuang xuyen he th6ng chinh tri 6 cac qu6c gia la rat can thilt, nhiim tao su phat triln bin vung ciia quoc gia. Dilu do cung co nghia la, d6i moi va phdt trien co thl dugc nhin nhan nhu mot cap song hanh trong qua trinh tiln hoa ciia xa hpi loai nguoi. D6i moi h? thfing chinh tri cua quoc gia luon phai gdn liln vol dli mai thl chl chinh tri, titc doi moi cku tnic ciia thl chl do lam sao cho hgp ly, vira phai dam bao dky du cac bg phan chiic nang c k thilt, iai vira phai that tinh ggn, hoat dong hoan hao dap iing dugc cac yeu c k vl quan tn quic gia, thuc hien phat triln bin vimg nhki dat dugc cac muc tieu dal ra.
Tai li^u tham khiio
[1] Nguyin H&u D6ng (Chii bien) (2009>, Ddng va cdc to chiic chinh irj - xa hgt trong h$ thong chinh tri fi>7 Nam hi^n nay, Nxb Chfnh trj quic gia, m NOi.
[2] Nguyen HOu Dong (2013), ""DSng h6a than vao Nh^ nirdc" trong doi m»5ri phirong thuc cam quyen cua Dang ta", T^p chf Nghien an Lgp phap, s6 17.
[3] Nguyen H&u D6ng (2014), "VSn h6a cSm quyin \k xay d\mg van h6a cim quy§n ciia Dang", T^p chf Ly lugn chinh tri, so 8.
[4] Nguyin HQu D6ng (2015), "Mpt s6 van ih ly iu3n v^ thyc tien ve the ch^ " D ^ g lanh djio Nh^ nudc" 6 nirdc ta". Thong tin Chinh In hgc, Vi?n Chfnh trj hgc, Hpc vi?n Chfnh trj quoc gia Ho Chf Minh, s6 I.
[5] Nguyen HiJu D6ng (2015), "Van d^ "nguyin tac t^p trung dan chu" trong tfl chirc, ho^I dpng cua Dang v^ Nha nudc", T^p chf Nghien ahi Lgp phap, so 10.
[6] Nguyin HfJu D6ng, Pham Thl Lyc (2015),
"Tinh pho bien va tinh dac ihil cua con dirdng di len xa hpi xa hpi chu nghta d Vi?t Nam", Tap chf/f/io(7/ipcj;i5/jp; VietNam, $6 5.
[7] Ho sr Quy (2014), Mgl s6 vdn dS vS Ddn chu, Dgc Idl vd Phai triin, Vi?n Thong tin khoa hpc xa h$i - Vi§n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi ViSt Nam, Nxb Ly lujn chfnh trj, m Npi.
[8] Vi?n Ngdn ngiJ hpc (2005), Tic 3iin Tieng Vi?t, Nxb Da Nang - Trung tam Tir diin hpc.
Ha Npi - Da Nlng.
[9] N.M Voskresenskaia va N.B.DavJetshina (2009), Che dg dan chu - Nhd nuac vd xd hgi, Nxb Tri thiJrc, Ha Npi
