HE THONG CHINH TRI VIET NAM:
70 NAM XAY DUTVG VA D 6 I M d l
Nguyen Thi Viet Hit(fn%
Nguyen Quoc HUng**
Tom tit: Bdi viit he thdng hda qud trinh lich sir xdy dieng, tru&ng thdnh vd ddi mdi cda hp thdng chinh tri Viet Nam, tren co s& do nhdn diin nhirng vdn de dang dgt ra vd di xudt mgt sd kiin nghf tiip tuc ddi m&i he thdng chinh tri Viet Nam nhdm phuc ddp yeu cdu ddm bdo quyin lice nhdn dan, ddm bdo su ldnh dgo cua Ddng Cgng sdn Vi?t Nam, xdy dung thdnh cdng Nhd nu&c phdp quyen vd chi dg xd hgi chd nghia & Vipt Nam.
Abstract: This article systematizes the historical process of building, development and reform of Vietnamese political system. Basing on that, it points out problems raised and makes proposals to reform that system to meet the requirement of assuring people's power, the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the socialist republic regime in Vietnam.
1. H§ thing chinh trj Vift Nam tnrdc thdi ky dii mdi dit nudc
Da cd nhidu each tidp can va tir do cd nhidu djnh nghia khac nhau vd he thdng chinh tri (HTCT) Vipt Nam. Nhin chung, d cdc miic dp khdc nhau, cac gdc dp tidp cdn ve HTCT diu di theo hudng md ta HTCT nhu mpt CO cdu cdc td chiic chinh tri ciia xa hpi va CO gdng chi ra thyc ehit cua HTCT la CO che thyc hidn quydn Iuc chinh tri cua giai cap cam quyen. HTCT khdng cd quydn Iye ty thdn.
Mpt cdch khai quat nhit, HTCT Id mgt chinh thi cdc thiit che vd co chi thuc thi quyin luc chinh trf.
Q Viet Nam hidn nay, nhan didn tu khia cgnh ban chat, HTCT Vipt Nam la hinh thirc to chdc cda chinh tri vd ddn chu duoc xdc lgp bai td chirc vd hogt ddng cda mot hp
[PGS.TS., Vi§n Nha nudc va Phap luSL
"ThS., Vi?n Kifim sit nhSn dan huy$n Thach Thit, thanh ph6 Hi N$i.
thdng cdc thiit chi cd trdch nhipm vd quyin hgn thuc hien quyen Itrc chinh tri theo uy quyen cua nhdn ddn, phdt huy ddn chu di thuc hiin thdng led muc tieu xdy dung chii nghta xd hpi.
Xet tix phuong didn ciu tnic tl chiic, cdc thidt che hpp thdnh HTCT Vi?t Nam bao gdm: (i) Dang Cdng san Vipt Nam; (ii) Nha nudc Cpng hda xd hdi chd nghia Vi?t Nam; (iii) Mat tran Td qudc Vipt Nam vi cac dodn thl xa hpi.
Sy hinh thanh vd phat triln ciia HTCT Viet Nara bdt ngudn tu hodn canh lich su cy the vdi nhiing tiln dd kinh td - xd hOi va tien dd tu tudng - chinh tri nhat dinh.
Trong cdc ydu td ciu thanh HTCT Vi$t Nam thi cdc td chiic chinh tri-xd hpi cd Hch sir hinh thanh sdm hon.
Ngdy 3/2/1930, Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong dupc chinh thiic thdnh ldp vd ngay tii diu da nira dupc quyln ldnh dgo each mgng Viet Nam.
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H$ THONG CHINH TRI VI$TNAM..
Trong lugn cuong chinh tri cua minh, Ddng Cpng san Ddng Duong da khdng dinh
"phai dyng ndn chinh quyln Xd vidt cdng ndng". Myc tidu dd da dupc hidn thyc hda bdi cao frao Xd vidt Nghd tTnh vdi sy ra ddi cua chinh quydn cdch mang so khai dudi hinh thiic cdc Xa bd ndng. Mac du chi tdn tgi trong mot thdi gian ngdn, nhung Xd vidt Nghd Tlnh la budc tdng duydt dau tidn dd ddn ddn sy ra ddi cua Mat frgn Viet Minh (ngdy 19/5/1941) va su chinh thirc hda chinh quydn each mgng d Viet Nam sau cupc Cach mgng thang Tam Hch sir (Chinh phu lam thdi dupc thdnh lap ngay 28/8/1945 va cdng khai ra mdt qudc dan ddng bdo tai budi Id Tuydn ngdn dpc lap ngay 2/9/1945).
Nhu vay, sy kidn Cdch mang thdng Tam nam 1945 vd Tuydn ngdn dpc lap ngay 2/9/1945 da ddnh diu sy hinh thanh chinh thurc, diy du va thdng nhat ciia HTCT cdch mgng frdn pham vi cd nudc -- HTCT kidu mdi, mang dam tinh chat ddn chu nhan dan, cd nhidu didm khac bi$t vdi md hinh chuydn chinh vd san cua Lidn Xd vd cdc nudc xa hpi chu nghTa khdc'. Day chinh Id kit qua
' Theo kit qua nghien cCru cua Dfi tai cdp Nhi nudc
"Nhung dpc tnmg ca bdn cua bp mdy qudn (y ddt mtdc vd He thing chinh tri ""O'c la truac thai ky ddi mdf' (GS.TSKH. Vu Minh Giang chii nhi^m), 2006, thi: Trong toan bp trudc tic cOa minh (H6 Chi Minh toan t^p gdm 12 tap), Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh khdng mpt lan nao ndi din khai ni?m hfi th6ng chuyfin chinh vo san vdi tu each la md hinh td churc nha nirdc hay HTCT each m?ng Vi?t Nam. Ngudi cd dung thu^t ngii chuyfin ehinh vd san hojc nfin chuyfin chinh vo san n-ong 27 Ian, yong dd 23 1 ^ dimg d l dien ta tu tudng chinh Xr\ cua Mac, Lfi nin vd mfi hinh chinh trj ciia Lien Xd, chi cfi 4 1 ^ diing dfi ndi din xa h§i Vi^t Nam nhiing nham chi m^t hinh thuc tfi chuc cd churc nang ch6ng l^i cac thl lyc phan each mgng. Trong khi dd khai n i | m Ddn chu cpng hoa dupc nh3c tdi trong 733 tai li^u va khai ni?m Ddn chu nhdn ddn dupc nhic tdi trong 169 tai li^u, deu dfi ndi dfin hinh thdc t6 chirc chinh trj d VietNam.
su sang tgo cua Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh, cua Dang ta dya ttdn ndn siic ragnh dpng lyc cua phong frao diu franh each mgng toan dan tdc.
Ngay sau khi HTCT dupc chinh thirc thidt ldp, nuoc ta buoc vdo cupc khang chidn chdng thyc dan Phap vdi rit nhilu khd khan, gian khd - nhirng thii thach quydt lidt ddi vdi HTCT. Trong hoan canh dd, Dang khdng ra hogt ddng cdng ichai nhung Iudn gdn chdt sy nghidp ldnh dgo each mgng cua minh vdi vgn mdnh dan t^c, xac dinh sii menh cua minh Id phuc vu Td qudc, phye vu nhan dan, ddt Ipi ich cua dan tdc Idn frdn lpi ich giai cap, ting Idp, dang phai. Thdng qua ngudi diing dau Chinh phii va cac td chiic CO sd cua minh, Dang giii vung quydn lanh dgo cdch mang, giii vOng moi lidn he vdi Nha nudc va cac td chiic chinh fri - xa hpi.
Chinh quydn each mang dupc phdt fridn tir Mat frgn dan tpc thdng nhat thd hidn mdt bude nhay vpt vd chit. Dd la sy phat tridn tir quyen uy chinh tri cua td chiie qudn chiing ldn quydn uy ddc bidt ciia td chiic nha nudc. Tinh chat dgi didn ciia chinh quydn rdng va cao hon Mat trgn. Ngay tir diu, chinh quydn da mang tinh chit cita dan, do dan vd vi ddn.
Cho den tnrdc bdn Hiln phap ndm 1959, HTCT Viet Nam chua cd su phdn bidt day dli Me chiic ndng va hd thdng td chiic gifia vai frd lanh dao ciia Ddng va qudn ly nha nudc. Ddng thye hidn cdc chiic nang td chlic, lanh dgo va qudn ly dit nudc thdng qua cdc dang vien, td chiic ddng trong bp may nha nudc va cd qua vide sir dyng, phdt huy ndng lyc ldnh dgo, qudn Iy cua nhimg ngudi ngodi Dang d mpt sd nganh, dia phuong va td chirc cy thl. M|it frdn va cdc td chlic thdnh vidn' nhu Ndng hpi, Hpi thanh nidn, Hdi phu nu', Hdi cdng thuong... ddu
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NHA NU'OC VA PHAPLUATSd 9/2015
dupc td chlic theo tinh thin ty nguydn, khdng hudng luong va kinh phi hoat ddng tu ngudn ngdn sdch Nha nudc, ddng mdt vai trd hdt siic quan frpng frong sy nghidp dgi dodn ket dan tpc.
Sau qud trinh cai tgo xa hdi chii nghia d midn Bdc, xuat phdt tir muc tidu, nhidm vy xay dyng chii nghTa xd hdi, bit ddu tir Dgi hdi III cua Ddng (thdng 9/1960), HTCT Viet Nam dupe td chiic va hogt ddng theo cae ydu cau, muc tidu, nhidm vy ciia ndn chuydn ehinh vd sdn. HTCT Viet Nam dupc gpi la he thdng ehuydn chinh vd sdn (HTCCVS).
Theo Hien phdp ndm 1980, co cau ciia HTCCVS bao gdm: (i) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam la lyc lupng duy nhit lanh dgo nhd nudc, ldnh dao xa hpi, cac td chiic ciia Dang boat ddng trong khudn khd Hidn phdp; (ii) Nhd nudc, la Nha nudc ehuydn chinh vd san; (iii) Mat trgn Td qudc Viet Nam vd cac thanh vidn cua Mdt tran (Dang Dan chu, Dang Xa hdi, Tdng Cdng doan Viet Nam, Hpi Lidn hidp phu nir Viet Nam, Dodn Thanh nidn Cpng san Hd Chi Minh, Hdi Ndng dan tap thd, cac hdi quin chung), la cho dya viing chic cua Nhd nudc.
Co sd chinh tri ciia HTCCVS la chd dp nhit nguydn chinh tti, dudi su Ianh dgo toan dien vd tuydt ddi cua Ddng Cdng san Viet Nam (ttong giai dogn tir Dgi hdi III din Dgi hpi IV la Dang Lao ddng Vipt Nam). Mdc dil d mien Bac Viet Nara, bdn egnh Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nara cdn cd cac Dang chinh tri khdc nhu: Ddng Dan chu. Dang Xa hdi, nhung cac Dang nay diu tu nguydn thira nhdn sy ldnh dgo tuydt ddi va duy nhit eiia Dang Cdng sdn Vidt Nam.
Co sd kinh te ciia HTCCVS la ndn kinh td kd hoach hda tgp tnmg, quan Iidu bao cap, hudng tdi rayc tidu xda bd hoan toan chd dp tu hthj ddi vdi tu lieu sdn xuit vdi y
nghTa la ngudn gdc vd la co sd ciia chd dp ngudi bdc Idt ngudi, thiet lgp ehd dp cdng h&u xa hpi ehii nghTa (XHCN) ddi vdi tu lieu sdn xudt dudi hai hinh thiic: Sd hihi toan dan va sd huu tap thl. Dd thye hi?n muc tieu nay, ndn kinh td quoc dan dupc t6 chlic va tridn khai ttdn co sd tir bd tiiet dd cac quy ludt va co sd van hanh cua md hinh kinh td thi trudng, thidt lap md hinh kinh tl kd hogch hda tap trung cao dp va bao cip.
Co sd xd hpi cua HTCCVS la Hen minh gi&a giai cip cdng nhdn vdi giai cip ndng dan vd tang ldp tri thuc. Kdt qua cua cupc ddu franh giai cip va cai tgo XHCN ddi vdi cdc thanh phdn phi XHCN dd tgo ndn mdt kdt cau xa hpi tuong ddi ddng nhit.
Thyc td Hch sir cho thiy, chuydn chinh vd san va HTCCVS ddng vai frd quan frpng trong qud trinh phdt trien kinh td - xd hdi d Lidn bang Xd vilt va cac nudc XHCN trudc day ciing nhu d Viet Nam trong sudt thdi ky xdy dyng chu nghTa xa hpi d midn Bdc va tidn hdnh cupc khdng chidn chdng de quoc MJ. Tuy nhien, thyc tl Hch sii ciing chimg minh ring, md hinh kinh td kl hoach hda tap trung bao cap vdn la co sd kinh td cua HTCCVS da khdng cd dii khd nang gidi quydt cac radu thuan nay sinh frong xa hdi khi cac didu kipn trong nudc va thd gidi co nhOng biln ddng co ban. Tinh hinh ndy keo theo sy suy ydu vai frd cua HTCCVS vd nhthig he lyy tidp theo ciia nd, dd la: Tinh chat tap trung cao dp vd tuydt dli hda quyen lyc chinh fri tit ydu ddn tdi quydn ddn chCi cua nhan dan bi hgn chd; dd cao vai trd lanh dao toan didn, tuydt ddi va tryc tidp ciia Dang frong didu kidn he thdng phdp luat chua hodn chinh, y ihiic phdp quydn hau nhu chua cd dd ddn ddn tinh frang Dang bao bidn, lam thay Nha nudc; tinh chdt bao cap va can thipp qua sdu cua chlnh quydn vdo
HE THdNG CHINH TRI VI$TNAM..
mpi mat ciia ddi sdng xd hdi da khidn cho xu hudng hdnh chinh hda, ehinh quyln hda mpi hogt dpng xa hdi, kd ca cac doan thd, cdc td chirc quin chiing. Trong chidn ttanh, mpt CO chd nhu vay la hpp ly vd cin thidt, nhung khi chidn tranh chdm dut, co chd nay khdng dupc didu chinh se frd thdnh tidn dl cho nhidu thdi tat cdn frd sy phat tridn cita xd hpi,
Tai midn Nam Vidt Nara, trong gin 20 ndm da cd ra0t HTCT cdch mang phiic dap nhu cau tidn hanh cupc khang chidn chdng My, thdng nhat dat nudc. Tuy nhidn, qua ttinh sdng lap va phat tridn ciia HTCT cdch mgng d mien Nara Viet Nam didn ra ttong hoan canh vd cimg khdc nghidt. Cdc b0 phdn ciu thanh HTCT each ragng d mien Nara ddu phdi hidn didn dudi nhiing tdn gpi radi (Ddng nhdn dan each mang, Mat frdn dan tpc gidi phdng midn Nam Viet Nam lara tidn dd cho sy ra ddi ciia Chinh phii lam thdi Cdng hda midn Nam Vipt Nam). Trong qua frinh tdn tai va hoat dpng cua HTCT cdch mgng miln Nam Vipt Nam, tinh chat dan tdc, tinh chit nhan ddn dupe thd hidn rdt dam net. Ddng thdi vdi vide khdng dinh vai trd cua giai cip cdng nhan, giai cip ndng dan va Iidn minh cdng ndng, Ddng nhdn dan each mang. Mat trdn dan tdc giai phdng midn Nam Vidt Nam, Chinh phu lam thdi Cpng hda miln Nam Viet Nam hdt siic coi frpng tap hpp, phat huy siic mgnh ciia tat ed cac lyc Iupng ydu nudc, tien bO thudc cdc giai ting xa hpi. Nhidu phong- frdo dau franh quydt Hdt ciia hpc sinh, sinh vidn, phong trao phdn chidn cua eac sT quan, binh linh ydu nudc... Id nhiing din chiing smh dpng vd tinh chit dan tpc, tinh chit nhdn dan va sire mgnh, vai frd ciia HTCT each mgng d midn Nam Vipt Nam.
2. He thing chinh tri Viet Nam trong thdi ky ddi mdl dit nvdc
Chu truong ddi mdi ddt nudc tir ndm 1986 da tit ydu din tdi nhu ciu ddi mdi HTCT. Sy thay ddi mang tinh ban chit bit dau tir vide sir dung thuat ngii ""Hp thdng chinh trf thay the cho thudt ngir "Hi thong chuyin chinh vd sdn" tir thang 3/1989 tai Hpi nghi ldn thii 6 khda VI Ban chip hanh Trung uong Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam.
Budc chuyin nay ham chiia nhung <f nghTa Iy lugn va thye tien sau sdc:
- Thd hidn sy kidn dinh vd sang tao, bdo vd vd phdt tridn chii nghTa Mac - Ld nin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh - nin tang ly ludn vd ly thuydt cim quydn vd chi dgo thyc tien cdm quyen trong sudt qua frinh cdch ragng Viet Nam.
- Thl hidn sy ke thua nhiing thdnh tyu vl td chlic va hogt dpng ciia HTCCVS, ddng thdi khde phyc dupc quan nidm vd thyc tien giao didu, xo ciing, cue doan ve diu franh giai cip vd chuydn chinh giai cdp dd chuyin sang nhdn thiic radi vd nhipm vy trung tam la xay dyng vd thiic day dan chu XHCN.
- Cho phep tao lap mpt he thdng cac thilt chd chinh tri phu hpp vdi cac quan he kinh tl mdi, khic phyc cac nguy co kira ham sy phat triln kinh te tic phia cdc thidt chl chinh fri, gidi phdng cac tidm ndng phat tridn kinh tl - xa hpi cua dit nudc.
- Tao ra khd nang xir ly tdt hon cdc mdi quan hp giu'a cdc giai cap, ting ldp xd hdi trong didu kidn doi mdi todn didn dat nudc, xay dyng Nhd nudc phap quydn XHCN va nin kinh td thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN.
- Cho phep vupt qua nhimg khdc bidt vd chinh tri va ljch sii van hda, tgo ra sy tucmg ddng vdi cdc he thdng qudc td frdn ca
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NHA Nifdc VA PHAPLUATSd 9/2015
phuong dipn kinh tl, xd hdi va phucmg ( chinh tri, phdp ly.
Cimg vdi vide su dung thuat ngii ^ thdng chinh tri", tir Hdi nghi lan thii 6 ] VI ddn Dai hpi XI, Ddng ta dd cd budc 1 ldn ttong nhgn thiic vd HTCT, thl him mpt sd ludn didm sau:
Thie nhdt, khdng dinh nguydn ly chii quydn nhdn ddn trong xay dung che dpixa, hdi mdi. Tu dd khdng dinh, HTCT gd quyen lyc nhdn dan. Id mpt hinh thiic thuc hidn quydn lyc chinh tri cua nhan dan, Id he thdng dupc td chiic dd thuc hidn cdc nhidm vy va quyen hgn do nhan dan giao phd.
Thd hai, xac nhan mdt so ddc didm cua HTCT Vipt Nam: (i) HTCT Vipt Nam Id he thdng thdng nhdt cdc thidt chd bao gdra:
Dang, Nhd nudc, Mat trdn Td qudc vd cde doan thd nhdn dan, ddt dudi sy ldnh dgo thdng nhat cua Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, dupc td chlic theo cac cap dd tir tnmg uong den CO sd; (ii) HTCT Viet Nam mang tinh nhit nguydn chinh tri vdi rapt dang duy nhit Ianh dgo nha nudc va xd hdi frdn ndn tang dan chii XHCN, khdng chip nhan da nguyen chinh fri, da dang doi lap; (iii) HTCT Viet Nam dua tten ndn tdng ndn kinh td thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, ehip nhan nhidu thdnh phin kinh td, da hinh thiic sd hun; (iv) Co sd xd hdi cua HTCT Viet Nam la khdi dai dodn kdt todn ddn tdc, khdng phan bidt giai cap, dan tpc, tdn giao, qua khli Hch sir, trong nudc vd ngodi nudc.
Thtr ba, khdng dinh HTCT Vipt Nara cd vai trd quan trpng ttdn cac phucmg didn: (i) HTCT Id hinh thiic td chiic thyc hidn quyln lyc chinh fri cua nhdn dan; (ii) HTCT la rapt hinh thiic td chirc thyc hanh ddn chu; (iii) HTCT la CO chd thyc hidn quyln lyc nha nudc, moi thilt chd trong HTCT diu tham gia vao thyc hidn quydn lyc nhd nudc d
hirng pham vi va mirc dp khac nhau; (iv) BTCT thuc day xay dung va tang cudng hdi dai doan kdt dan tpc, xay dung mot xa pi hai hda, ddng thuan. doan kdt.
Thic tic, xac lap co chd van hanh cua I T C T Viet Nam; "Ddng ldnh dgo, Nhd mr&c qudn ly, Nhdn ddn ldm chit".
Thu ndm, khang dinh ddi mdi HTCT la
^tyeu va khach quan. gan lien vdi yeu cSu fmdi ddt nudc va b6i cdnh mdi cua thih
"hinh ttong nudc vd the gidi. Ddi mdi HTCT thyc hidn timg budc, than ttpng, coi trpng sy dn dinh chinh tri, ddi mdi chinh trj tren CO sd doi mdi kinh te.
Muc tidu cua ddi mdi HTCT la nham thuc hidn tdt dan chu. Dang ta chi ro: Xay dyng nen dan chii XHCN la ndi dung co ban ciia ddi mdi HTCT d nudc ta. Thyc ch3t Ciia ddi mdi HTCT la thyc hidn dan chii XHCN.
Be dat myc tieu do, Dang ta tirng budc thira nhan sy can thiet chuydn ddi manh me tir tu duy chinh tri vd ndn chuyen chinh cua rapt giai cap sang tu duy ve nen dan chii XHCN; tii tu duy nhan manh mdi lien he theo chidu dpc mang tinh chat lanh dao - phuc tirng cua HTCCVS sang tu duy nhan mgnh radi Hdn he theo chidu ngang, phu thudc vd tucmg tac lan nhau giua cac thiet chd ttong HTCT Viet Nam; tir tu duy kho Cling vd vai ttd va phuong thiic hoat dong cua cac bd phdn ciu thanh HTCCVS sang tu duy Iinh hogt, sang tao va ddi mdi ve co chd van hdnh ciia cdc thiet chd trong HTCT Vipt Nam.
Trong qua trinh ddi mdi HTCT, budc tidn quan ttpng la ddi mdi nhan thiic ve nha nudc vdi chu truong xay dyng Nha nudc phap quyln XHCN cua nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan ddn, di ddi vdi coi trpng doi mdi phuong thiic lanh dao cua Dang trong
H$ THdNG CHINH TRJ VI$TNAM...
HTCT, nhan mgnh ddi mdi m6i quan he giua cde tiiidt chl frong HTCT, trpng tdm la phan dinh rd vai frd ldnh dao ciia Dang va vai trd qudn 1^ cua Nha nudc.
Nhin mgt cdch tdng thi, frong gin 40 nam qua, ciing vdi vide ldnh dgo toan didn cdng cupc ddi mdi dit nudc, Ddng ta da ban hanh, td chiic thyc hidn nhidu chu trucmg, kd hoach, dd an, bien phap ve ddi radi, kidn toan td chlic, bp may cua he thdng chinh tri gin vdi tinh gian bien chd, cdi cdch tidn luong, ddu franh chdng quan Iidu, tham nhung, suy thodi tu tudng, tha hda quydn Iuc va thu dupc nhiing kit qua quan frpng. Tuy nhidn, cd nhung vin dd do chua nhdn tinic diy du ndn khdng thl dp dung vao thyc tidn, cd nhiing van dd tuy dd rd nhung giiia nhan thirc vd thyc hanh lgi tdn tgi nhiing khodng each ldn khidn cho qua trinh xdy dyng, ddi mdi HTCT van cdn nhieu bat cdp, han chl.
vi thdnh cdng, cd the nhgn didn mdt sd diem chinh sau:
Mdt Id, CO cdu td chiic bd mdy trong HTCT, tir hp thdng td chiic Dang ddn nha nudc vd cdc td chiic chinh tri - xa hdi da dupc sdp xdp lai rapt budc, cd nhidu tidn bd.
Cac diu mdi ciia cac co quan Ddng, Nhd nudc, Mat ti^ Td qudc ddu cd sy tinh gian dang kd, gidm bdt ting ndc, cd cdi tien ve md hinh td chiic bdn trong phu hpp vdi dgc didrn hogt d^ng d mdt sd ITnh vyc va dia ban nhdt dinh. Chirc ndng, nhidm vy, mdi quan hp cdng tac ciia cac td chiic frong HTCT dup'c phdn dinh, didu chinh hpp ly hon.
Hai la. m6i quan he giGa Dang vd Nhd nudc cd nhiing chuyin biln, thd hidn tap trung d viec giii viing dupc vai frd lanh dgo cua Dang, d vipc phan dinh rS hon vai trd lanh dgo cua Dang va vai frd quan ly ciia Nha nudc, d sy ddi mdi tiing budc phuong thuc ldnh dgo cua Dang ddi vdi Nha nudc.
Ba Id, bd may nha nudc ngay cang tidm can gan hon ddn cac nguydn tdc ddn chu vd phdp quyln. Tinh chit phuc vy nhan dan vd hidu qua hogt dpng ciia he thdng co quan nhd nudc dupc nang ldn rd rpt. Nhd nudc thd hipn ngay cang rd hon vi tri rapt thiet chd chinh tri trung tdm, chu ddng frong mdi Hdn he chat che vdi Nhan dan va vdi Dang Ianh dgo. Cdc thay ddi cua nhd nudc frong qua trinh ddi radi tap trung trdn hai khia cgnh: a) Tdng cudng siic manh ciia nhd nudc thdng qua cac bien phap cai td ragnh me bd mdy nha nudc, tir vide quan nidm lai kdt cdu va td chiic quydn lyc, thyc hidn cdng quydn cua cac nhanh quyln lyc ddn vide cdi each hanh chinh, cai cdch tu phap;
b) Phi nha nudc hda, tiing budc Iogi bd din sy can thiep ciia nha nudc vdo nhung ITnh vyc quan hp xa hpi ma tinh chit khdng ddi hdi sy can thiep dy, khdi ddng vide tdng cudng vai frd vd khd nang ddc ldp ciia cac thilt chl chinh tri - xa hpi theo hudng tgo ra nhung chu thd binh dang vd cd tu each kidm sodt hoat ddng nha nudc.
Bdn la. Mat trdn Td qudc Viet Nam, cac doan thd chi'nh tri - xa hdi cd sy ddi radi mgnh ve ndi dung va phuong thiic hogt dpng, cd budc tidn mdi vd vi thd ttong HTCT, ngdy cdng phdt huy dupc vai frd tap hpp, doan kdt, ddng vidn cac ting Idp nhan ddn tham gia vdo ddi sdng chinh tri cua dit nudc, duy tri su hpp tdc vdi Nha nudc trong vipc bdo dam cho quydn lyc nha nudc dupc thyc hidn diing din vd phdn anh dung lpi ich ciia xa hdi, nhd dd gdp phdn gidi quydt radt trong nhQng vdn 6k biic xiic nhdt tii nhidu ndm nay frong xay dyng HTCT Id: Lara thd nao dd cd nhiing ddn biy phat huy dan chii thyc sy, bao dara quydn Iam chu ciia nhan ddn.
Ndm Id, nhimg budc tidn ttong ddi mdi tiing bp phgn ciu thanh HTCT va cac mdi
19
NHA Ntfdc VA PHAPLUATSd 9/2015
quan hd gitra cdc bd phdn dd da gdp phin thiic day dan chii ttong xa hdi. Vai frd, vi tri ciia nhan dan vdi tu each Id chu nhdn quyen lue chinh tri dupc hidn thyc tiing budc; ddn chd dupc md rdng frdn ca hai phuong didn:
Ddn chii dgi didn vd dan chit true tidp. Dan chu vd kinh tl cd bude tidn rd. Dan chu frong Ddng, dan chu frong xa hdi cd chuyin biln nhit dinh. Cac quydn co bdn ciia con ngudi, ciia cdng dan dupc khdng dinh rd rdng ttong Hiln phap. Cdc ydu cdu vd dan chu dupc thl chd hda mot each tich cue.
vi nhirng hgn chi, thiiu sot, cd thd chi ra nhfing didm chinh sau:
Mgt Id, td chlic ciia HTCT cdn cdng kenh, nhilu ting, nic trung gian, bit hpp ly, khdng cd sy dOc lap cin thidt vd khdng minh dinh rd vd thanh td cau tnic ciia cac bp phdn ciu thdnh HTCT.
Trdn thyc te, sy cdng kdnh ciia HTCT bpc lp theo cd chidu ngang vd ttong he thing dpc.
Ben canh tinh ttang chua that tinh gpn ve ddu mdi cac ban va cac bp phgn tryc thupc cua bp may Dang d trung uong va dia phuong vd tinh trgng ndng nd ve td chiic va bien chd cua he thdng co quan nhd nudc, thi trgng thdi "song trimg" giiia he thdng co quan Dang va Nha nudc van tdn tai vd ngdy cdng td ra chua hop ly, thidu hidu qua.
Mdt trdn Td qudc Id kenh hiiu hidu nhit dd bdo ddm quydn lyc thyc chat ciia nhan ddn, nhung each thirc td chiic nhu hidn nay Iam cho Mdt frdn thidu sy gdn bd mat thidt vdi qudn chiing.
Trdn phuong didn td chiic, md hinh HTCT vdi dinh cua cau tnic quyen luc la sy idnh dgo cua Dang td ra phu hpp vdi lich sii each mang Viet Nam vd yeu cdu phat tridn trong giai dogn ddi mdi dat nudc, nhung
chua cd sy nhin mgnh diing miic vi tri bmh ddng va ddc Igp ciia Nha nudc vd cdc thiet che chinh tri-xd hdi.
Hai Id, chlic ndng, nhidm vy, thSm quydn vd phuong thiic hoat d§ng ciia cac co quan Ddng, Nhd nudc, Mgt ttgn Td qudc vi cdc doan thl chinh t r i - x d hdi chua ranh mgch, nhidu triing cheo vd chua dupc quy dinh cu thd. Dgc biet, ttong thyc tiln hdnh dpng, vin chua phdn dinh dupc r6 rdng giita quydn lyc chinh tri va quydn lyc nha nudc, giiia quydn Ianh dgo, phuong thiic ldnh dao cua Dang vdi ehiic ndng qudn ty vd phuong thiic dieu hdnh ciia nhd nudc.
Ba Id, phuong thiic dl nhan ddn trao quydn lyc cho HTCT vd gan vdi nd Id ccr chd kidm tta, giam sat quyln lye van chua ro rang, thidu hidu qua, th§ra chi cdn nhilu tinh hinh thiic. Cac kdnh lidn hp giiia Dang, Nhd nudc vd Nhan ddn cdn thldu vd ylu.
Quydn lam chii ciia nhdn ddn d nhilu noi cdn bi vi phgm.
Bdn Id, ttong qua trinh ddi mdi HTCT, cdng tdc cdn bd chdm ddi mdi, cdn m$t so bidu hidn tti ttd, ydu kera, bat cgp.
Tdm lgi, HTCT vin bdc 10 han chd, chua dap ling dupc ydu cau ngay cang cao ciia cdng cugc ddi radi, chua theo kip nhimg bien ddi cua kinh td-xa hpi, chua tao ra dupc d^t pha mgnh me. La HTCT cua nhan ddn nham thyc hidn quyln lyc nhdn dan, nhung cdch thiic td chirc, co chl hogt dpng lai chua thyc sy phdt huy dupc siic manh toan ddn frong xay dung thl chd dan chii, diu ttanh day lui quan lieu, tham nhiing, logi trir nhiing ke co hdi, thodi hda, nang cao ndng lyc ldnh dao, didu hanh, quan ly dit nudc.
Sd dT cd nhiing bit cgp, hgn chd neu ttdn la do nhilu nguyen nhdn, nhung ttong dd cd nguydn nhan rit cdn ban vl nhdn thiic
H$ THONG CHiNH TRI VI$TNAM..
vd trong hdnh d^ng cy thd, thd hidn ttdn nhimg phuong didn sau:
1) Van thidu mdt su thay ddi thyc sy mang tinh each mgng vd HTCT vd ddi mdi HTCT. Sau gdn 40 nam ddi mdi, nhgn thiic vd HTCT Viet Nam vdn chua hoan todn thoat Iy khdi each tu duy vl md hinh td chirc va hoat ddng ciia HTCCVS.
2) Cho ddn ttudc Dai hpi toan qudc cua Dang lan thii XI va Hiln phap nudc Cdng hod XHCN Vidt Nam nam 2013, nguydn ly chil quydn nhan dan chua thyc sy ttd thdnh hanh dpng thyc td cua qud ttinh xay dyng vd ddi mdi HTCT d nudc ta.
Mac dil Dang ta dd cao vi tri chii the quydn lyc cua nhan dan, coi HTCT Id hinh thiic thyc hien quydn lyc chinh tti cua nhdn dan, la he thdng dupc td churc dd thyc hidn cac nhidm vy va quydn han do nhdn dan giao phd, nhung dudng nhu chiing ta vdn chua tim ra dupc co che thuc sy hiiu hidu ciia sy uy quyen cua nhdn dan cho cdc thidt chl trong HTCT ciing nhu chua chii y diing mice ttong nhan thiic vd co chd dam bdo tinh chinh dang va hpp phap ciia vide thyc thi quyln lyc chinh tri, quydn lyc nhd nudc d Viet Nam.
3) Chua chii y vd van dyng dung miic cac dgc tinh phd qudt cua HTCT d cac qudc gia ttdn thl gidi trong qua trinh xdy dyng va ddi mdi HTCT d nudc ta.
Co chl van hanh "Ddng ldnh dgo. Nhd nu&c qudn ly, Nhdn ddn ldm chii" cm HTCT Vidt Nam chua phan anh ro ban chat mdi quan he tuong tdc giita cac tiiiet che thupc HTCT trong vide tiiyc hidn quyln lye n h ^ ddn. Hon niia, ndu chi dimg d nguydn tic CO bdn "Ddng ldnh dgo. Nhd nu&c qudn ly. Nhdn ddn ldm chti " thi chua thl xdc dinh dupc cu till nhung npi dung vd phuong thiic
hogt ddng cua timg bd phgn ttong HTCT.
4) Ddi radi HTCT vdn chua gin sat vdi bdi canh thd gidi va ttong nudc; chua thay hdt va thiy diing nhung vin dd dat ra, ca thudn lpi, khd khan, thach tinic... ddi vdi sy phdt tridn cua dat nudc. Vdn cdn mdt sd van dd Hen quan den td chiic thyc hidn quydn lyc nhdn dan, quydn lyc chinh tri, quydn lyc nha nudc, dan chit... chua thyc sy minh dinh ca vd ly luan va thyc tidn.
Diem qua cac Nghi quydt cua Dang vd vide thd che hda cua Nha nudc vl HTCT cho thay, mac du chiic nang cua timg thidt chd ttong HTCT dupe dd cap khd rd, nhung chlic nang chung cua HTCT hau nhu chua dupc chii y. Vi vay, cau tnic td chiic ciia HTCT chua that su dupc minh dinh.
Van dd xay dung vd sii dyng ngudn nhan lyc chinh tn chua dupc dgt ra mdt each ranh mgch trong tu duy vd HTCT d nudc ta.
5) Do quan nidm chua day dii vd tidn trinh vd tdc dp ddi mdi HTCT, vd tuong quan giiia ddi mdi chinh tri va ddi mdi kinh td, phat ttidn kinh td thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN ndn qud trinh ddi mdi HTCT thilu dot pha. Ddc bidt, ttong giai dogn khodng 10 -15 nam gan ddy, tdc dp ddi mdi HTCT didn ra chdm so vdi ddi mdi kinh td.
6) Cdc bidn phap ddi mdi HTCT chua thyc sy dam bao tinh tdng thd, tinh dn dinh vd ddng bd. Vide td chiic thyc hidn cac chu truong ddi mdi HTCT tai cdc dia phuong vdn cdn theo hudng dd Iam, khd bd, nggi dyng cham, budng ldng kidm tra, gidm sat.
4. Tiep tuc doi mdi hf thong chinh tri Viet Nam hien nay
Hidn nay, bdi ednh ttong nudc va thd gidi da cd thay ddi ldn. Trdn thd gidi, qua trinh ddn chu hda xa hdi, thiic ddy phdp
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NHA Ntfdc VA PHAPLUATSd 9/2015
quydn, ddi mdi HTCT dien ra rdt mgnh rae, dgc biet d cac nudc frong khu vyc. O ttong nudc, ciing vdi nhiing chuydn dpng tich cyc cua ddi sdng kinh td, xu hudng dan chu hda chinh tri frd ndn rit rd. Vi vay, ddi mdi HTCT d Viet Nam cin dupc tidn hdnh quydt Hdt vd chdc chin hon theo hudng:
(1) Nhdn thiic d i y du vd can bdn vd HTCT Viet Nam frdn tit cd cdc phuong dipn: Ban chit, dac didm, chiic nang, vai trd, CO cdu td chiic vd co che vgn hanh.
(2) Ddy manh xdy dyng vd tridn khai chidn lupc ddi mdi HTCT phii hpp, ddng bd vd khd thi frong didu kipn hidn nay d nudc ta.
Chidn lupc ddi mdi HTCT phdi mang ban chdt vd muc tidu la xdy dyng ndn ddn chii, thyc hidn vd phat huy quydn Iam chii ciia nhan dan bdng thidt chd quydn lyc nhd nudc vd cdc thidt chd quydn lyc ngoai nhd nudc.
Vi vdy, dan chii hda vd xdy dyng nin dan chu phdi trd thanh npi dung chii dgo, xuydn sudt frong ddi mdi td chiic vd hoat dpng cua HTCT. Chiln Iupc ddi mdi HTCT vd tiiyc chat phai Id chidn lupc xay dyng va phdt tridn mdt HTCT dan chu, phap quyln, nang cao vi the va ndng lyc ldm chii ciia nhan dan trong hoat ddng tham chinh d l thyc hidn quydn lyc vdi co chd iiy quydn va kidm tra, gidm sat xd hdi ddi vdi quydn Iye do nhdn ddn uy quydn ma cd, dam bdo cho quydn Iuc nhdn dan khdng bi bidn dgng. Qua trinh xdy dyng va ttiln khai chidn lupc ddi mdi HTCT Vipt Nara phdi chii y dung miic tdi tinh dgc thil vd tinh phd qudt ciia HTCT.
Cdn Cli vdo cac dinh hudng dd, cac gidi phdp cy thl cin phai triln khai nhu sau:
Mgt Id, diy mgnh nghidn ciiu ly ludn d l iam CO sd tidp tuc ddi mdi tu duy vd HTCT.
Tnrdc mit, cdn tap trung lam rd nhimg v i n dd sau: Bdn chit va cdc ddc tinh phd qudt cua HTCT; co chd dd nhdn ddn lara chii; vi 22
tri, vai frd cua timg thanh td ttong HTCT- phuong thtic d l nhan dan uy quyln vd giin sdt hoat ddng cua Dang tiong chd dp nh^
nguydn chinh tri; phuong thiic chuydn tai cdc quydt dinh chinh tri cua Dang thanh chinh sdch, phap ludt cua nhd nudc v4 phuong hudng hoat dpng ciia cac td chiic chinh tri - x a h d i . . .
Hai Id, ddi mdi co chd van hdnh cua HTCT ttdn tinh than de cao quyln lyc nhan dan, dam bdo tat ca quydn lyc thudc vd nhan dan, thyc hidn nhdt qudn sy iiy quydn ciia nhan ddn va xay dyng c o che iiy quydn cua nhdn dan cho eac thidt che quydn luc trong HTCT.
Ba Id, tdn ttpng bao Iuu y kiln, da y kiln xuit phdt tii hgnh phuc cua nhan dan va sy phdt tridn tlunh vupng cua dit nuoc.
Xdy dung eo chd ddi thogi va thyc hien dii thoai cdng khai.
Bdn Id, xay dyng Ludt vd boat dpng lanh dgo cua Ddng; k h i n truong cu thd hoa cdc quy dinh ciia Hidn phdp nam 2013 frong cdc van dd lidn quan ddn xay dyng bd may nha nudc va quydn con ngudi; sua ddi theo hudng quy dinh ro va cy thd vd hogt dpng ciia Mdt trgn Td qudc vd cac td chiic chinh tri - xd hdi trong cac vdn bdn phdp lugt co lidn quan; tich cyc xdc lap mpt khudn kho phdp \-y cho sy phdt trien va trudng thanh cua cdc td chirc xa hdi.
Ndm Id, thyc hipn bude ddi mdi dot pha trong mdi quan he giiia cac ydu td ciu thanh HTCT, ddm bao cho moi ydu td diu c6 vi tri, chlic nang, tdn chi, phucmg thiic hoat dpng ridng, ddc Igp vd binh ddng vdi nhau khi thyc hidn quyln lyc dupc nhan ddn frao cho. Khac phuc trgng thai khdng bi kilm soat ciia b i t ky thilt c h l nao ttong HTCT.
Sdu Id, tiep tyc nang cao chat lupng ddi ngii can bd, cdng chiic. Cd k l hoach xay
HE THONG CHINH TRJ VIETNAM..
dyng ngudn nhan lyc chinh tii va xae lap co chd qudn Iy bidn chl thdng nhdt cua cd HTCT. Phan bidt ro can bd lanh dao, quan ly va can bp chuydn mdn, tic dd xdc dinh ro tidu chl va cd quy hogch cu thd ddi vdi tiing logi can bp. Xdy dyng co chd tuydn chpn, danh gia can bd, cdng chiic mdt each cdng khai, khach quan, cd su tham gia ciia nhan dan. Day manh diu tranh chdng quan lieu, thara nhiing, suy thodi dgo diic, ldi sing di ddi vdi ddng vien, khuydn klu'ch ndng cao pham chat chinh tri, phat ttidn nang lyc chuydn mdn va sy ty do bidu dat y kidn. Xir ly kidn quydt cac ca nhan cd chiic quyen lpi dung td chlic dd lgm dung quydn lyc, tha hda quyen lyc.
Bdy la, cdng khai hda cac lpi ich. Trdn CO sd do, xay dyng co chd kidm sodt lpi ich va duy tri cac Ipi ich frong miic dp chdp nhan dupc, khdng dd Ipi ich nhdm, nganh, ca nhan... lara phuong hgi din lpi ich chung cua nhdn dan, dan tdc, dit nudc.
Tdm la, dya vdo nhdn dan dd ddi mdi HTCT. Thyc hanh dan chu rpng rai thdng qua thyc hidn dan chu tryc tiep rapt each thyc chit. Ndng cao nang lyc ciia dan chu dgi didn. Xay dyng co chl kidm soat quydn lyc rapt cdch ddng bd va hipu qud, khdng &e cho bd phdn, thilt chd ndm quyln lyc nao nam ngoai sy kiem sodt cua nhan dan.
(Tiep theo trang 13 - Phdp lugt Viet Nam:
dich thyc ciia cdng quyln frong thdi dgi nguydn ly phat tridn bdn vung dupc dd cao hon bao gid hdt.
Ddi vdi cac quan hd kinh td, thuong mgi, frong thdi gian tdi se khdng chi dupc didu chmh bdi cdc vdn ban phap lugt cua Nha nudc, ma cdn dupc didu chinh ngay cang nhilu hon bdi cac van ban ciia cdc hidp hdi vd ciia chinh doanh nghi$p.
Thu tu, didn ra xu hudng tich cue chuyin hod cdc quy phgm ciia diiu u&c qudc ti vao phap lugt qudc gia hoac coi cac didu udc qudc tl raa minh la thanh vidn nhu la bd phgn cua phdp ludt qudc gia; xu hudng xich lgi gdn nhau trong hinh thirc vd ndi dung phdp lugt. tru&c hit trong linh virc kinh ti - thuong mgi gO^a nu&c ta voi cdc nu&c tren thi gi&i. Trong bdi canh hdi nhdp qudc td va todn ciu hod ddy la xu hudng tit ydu.
Mat khdc, frong ITnh vuc dan sy, hdn nhan va gia duih, vd khai thac va quan ly dit, rimg d mpt so khu vyc, Nhd nudc cd thl se
...)
cho phep sir dung luat tuc dd phdt huy vd giii gjn truydn thdng van hod cua cdc ddn tdc sinh sdng frdn ldnh thd Vi$t Nam.
Thii: ndm, frong thdi gian tdi, dn li dugc chinh thiec coi la mpt logi ngudn quan trgng cua phdp ludt.
Thic sdu, cdc lugt do Quoc hpi thdng qua ddn ddn se diiu chinh true tiep cdc quan hi xd hpi. Tuy nhidn, frong chimg myc nhat dinh, Qudc hpi vin cdn uy quydn cho cac CO quan nha nudc rapt sd phgra vi cua quydn lap phap dd dap ting nhanh chdng ddi hdi ciia cudc sdng d nhung thdi didm nhit dinh va d nhung ITnh vyc nhdt dinh.
Thie bay, dan dan Hiin phdp vd cdc dgo lugt giir vai trd toi thuong trong vipc diiu chinh cdc quan he xd hpi. Vidt Nara cin phdi frd thanh mot nudc cd frdt ty phdp lugt dn dinh; tinh frgng tham nhiing bi khong ehd, ddy lui; xdy dyng vdn hod phap luat; Id mdt thanh vidn cd ttach nhidm diy dii trudc cdng ddng thd gidi.
