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THIEN TAI TREN BIEN VA MOT SO BIEN PHAP PHONG CHONG, PHONG TRANH GIAM NHE THIEN TAI
Ky stf: TRAN XUAN QUY Gidm ddc TT Khi tugng Thiiy van Hd Tinh
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tfdc Viet Nam nim d phia Ddng Nam chau A, trong khu vtfc nhiet ddi gio mua nong, am va mtfa nhieu. Vdi vj tri dja ly keo dai gan 15 VI do va do dai dtfdng bd bien tren 3000 km. Do tiep giap vdi dai luc chau A va Dai Dffdng bao la nen nffdc la la ndi giao tranh eua nhieu he thd'ng thdi tiet da dang, phffc lap mang nhieu sic thai va bien ddng ldn theo khdng gian va thdi gian. Va vi vay, thien lai ma nhat la thien tai cd ngudn gdc khi lffdng thuy van (KTTV) nhff bao, lu lut, ddng set, ldc id... Ihffdng xuyen xay ra. Trong nhffng thap nien gan day, do nhieu nguyen nhan ma trong dd ed ldi 90% la do hoat dgng ciia con ngffdi lam cho hien lffdng trai da't ndng len, nffdc bien dang cao va khi hau (khi hau la mffe trung binh ciia thdi tiet trong mgt khoang thdi gian va khdng gian nha't djnh) bien ddi mdt each khie nghiet.Sff bien ddi khi hau (BDKH) lam cho tan suat, effdng do effc doan ciia khi hau tang. Nhffng tae ddng tren da lam cho thien tai xay ra phffc lap, gia tang ca ve mffe do khde liet va tan sua't anh hffdng.
Thiet hai do thien tai nhff bao, ap thap nhiet ddi (ATND), lu lut khdng ehi ve KT-XH ma ca linh mang con ngffdi va dac biet dd'i vdi ngff dan va hoat ddng kinh te' tren bien, ven bien ngay mdt tram trgng hdn.
Ddn eu' cdn bao so' 8 (CECIL) dd bd vao Quang Tri ngay
15/10/1985 lam ehet 900 ngffdi, bj ihffdng 215 ngffdi ehii yeu la ngtf dan tau thuyen bj
ehim 1.772 cai, htf hdng 1.800 eai. Thang 11/1997, bao so' 5 (LINDA) mgt edn bao manh hiem tha'y Irong vdng 100 nam qua ddi vdi Nam bg da ctfdp di sinh mang ciia 788 ngtfdi, bj ihtfdng 1.142 ngtfdi ehii yeu la ngtf dan, danh chim 2.789 tau thuyen va thiet hai tfdc linh 7.200 ty ddng. Khdng chi bao manh ma ngay ca ATND ngay 14/8/1996 d Hau Lgc - Thanh Hda da lam 249 ngtf dan thiet mang, 45 ngtfdi bj thtfdng va thiet hai tfdc tinh len ldi 65 trieu Dd la My.
Rd rang thien lai bao, ATND da gay ra nhffng thiet hai to ldn ve con ngtfdi va tai san, dac biet la ngtf dan va hoat dgng tren bien, ven bien ntfdc ta. Qua danh gia ciia Uy ban phdng chdng va giam nhe thien tai chau A thi khu vtfc Chau A - Thai Binh Dtfdng la ndi thien lai xay ra nang ne nha't so vdi cac khu vtfc khac tren the gidi trong dd thien lai bao, ATND la loai thien tai dffng thff hai sau lu lut. Viet N,am la mgt trong nam nffdc nim trong "d bao" eua the gidi, nen hiem hoa do bao, ATND ludn ludn rinh rap. Vi vay, viec phdng ehd'ng, phdng tranh cd mdt y nghla to ldn trong qua trinh phat trien KT- XH dac biet dd'i vdi ngff dan va boat dgng tren bien va ven bien.
Bao va ATND ihtfdng dtfdc goi ehung la xoay thuan nhiet ddi (XTND). XTND la mgt vung gid xoay, cd dtfdng kinh ldi hang tram km, hinh thanh tren vung bien nhiet ddi. O Bic ban cau, gid thdi vao trung
tam theo htfdng ngtfdc chieu kim ddng hd. Tuy theo td'c do gid manh nha't trong viing gan tam ma XTND dtfdc nhan chia thanh ATND hay bao: Khi gid manh nha't viing gan tam XTND dat tff cap 6 den 7 (iffc la tff 39 - 61 km/gid) ggi la ATND; khi gid"" manh nha't vung gan tam XTND dal iff cap 8 trd len (iffc la Iff 62 km/gid trd len) thi ggi la bao. Ve cd ban bao, dffdc cau true bdi mil bao, trudng may mil bao, eac giai may xoin, be rdng, chieu cao bao....
Mil bao la vilng lffdng ddi lang gid, quang may d chinh giffa lam ciia xoay, cd dffdng kinh thtfdng khoang 30 - 60 km.
Khi d trong khu vtfc mil bao ngtfdi la thtfdng nhin thay gid va mtfa dang rat dff ddi bdng dot nhien ngffng han, trdi quang, may tanh, ngay sau dd gid va mffa lai xuat hien dot nggt nhffng vdi hffdng ngtfdc lai. Chiing ta phai het sffc chii y den hien ttfdng nay trong viec phdng, tranh bao. Trtfdng may mil bao la trtfdng may day xung quanh mil bao la viing gid manh va mtfa to nhat. Cac giai may xoin d ria ngoai bao cd the trai rdng hang tram km, ehuyen dgng xoin eham theo htfdng ngtfdc chieu kim ddng hd, ihtfdng gay ra gid manh, mtfa lo thanh tffng ddt. Chieu rdng ciia bao ihffdng cd dffdng kinh trung binh vao khoang 300 km, cd cdn bao cd dffdng kinh rgng khoang 500 km. Bao ihffdng di chuyen vdi td'c do 10 - 25 km/gid. "Tuy nhien, cd cdn di chuyen cham hoac cd nhffng cdn di ehuyen rat nhanh, dffdng_
(n) so KHOfl HOC & CONG NGH« Hfl TINH
Cdu true thdng ddng cua hdo Hinh the bdo chup qua ve Hnh di cua bao, ATND ihffdng rat
^phffc lap. Ngoai sff tan pha do gid manh, mffa ldn, bao cdn gay sdng cao cd khi len ldi hang chuc met va nffdc dang, do kel hdp vdi thuy trieu cd khi len ldi 5m. Ddng thdi bao ed the gay ra ddng. Id', ldc lam tang them do tan pha ciia bao.
Thdng ihffdng, vung bao quanh lam bao trong pham vi gio manh Iff cap 6, cap 7 trd len la nguy hiem dd'i vdi tau thuyen. Tuy nhien, d cac vilng khac nhau ciia mgt cdn bao, mffc do nguy hiem khac nhau.
Hau he^t cac cdn bao hoat dgng tren bien Ddng ed hffdng di chuyen ve phia Tay (iff Tay Nam den Tay Bie). Vdi hffdng di chuyen nhff vay, d niJa ben phai hffdng di chuyen eua bao (niia phia Bac ciia bao), pham vi gid manh rgng hdn, tdc do gio, ctfdng do mtfa va sdng bien ldn hdn, htfdng gid thdi gan nhtf thuan chieu vdi htfdng di chuyen eiia bao nen tau thuyen rat de cudn vao trung tam bao. Vi vay, nufa ben phai thtfdng la nufa nguy hiem hdn.
Nffa ben trai (niira phia Nam ciia cdn bao), ban kinh gid manh hep hdn, td'c do gid, ctfdng do mtfa va sdng bien nho hdn, htfdng di chuyen eiia bao gan nhtf ngtfdc vdi htfdng
gid thdi nen tau thuyen cd the ldi dung stfc gid de thoat ra khdi viing gid manh. Vi vay, niJa ben trai htfdng di chyuen ciia bao ihtfdng la nu'a vdng it nguy hiem hdn.
Dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi cd kinh nghiem di bien, thdng thao dja ban thi cd the de dang xac djnh vj tri lau, thuyen so vdi tam bao qua quan sat hffdng va lde do gid. Khi bao dang lien tdi bd bien nffdc ta, neu quan sal tha'y cd gid hffdng Ddng Nam, Ddng - Ddng B i c hoae cac hffdng nam giffa chiing la da'u hieu cho thay tau, thuyen dang n i m d nu'a ben phai bao. Khi tha'y gid hffdng Tay B i c , Tay - Tay Nam hoac cac hffdng nam giffa chiing la da'u hieu cho tha'y lau thuyen dang n i m d nu'a ben trai bao.
Neu quan sal thay hffdng gid Tay B i c gan nhff khdng ddi, td'c do gid tang dan thi dd la da'u hieu cho tha'y lau, thuyen dang n i m tren dffdng di tdi eiia bao - tffe bao dang tien thang ldi khu vffc tau, thuyen hoat dgng.
Ddi vdi nhffng ngffdi khdng thdng thao dja ban nen khdng xac djnh dffdc hffdng gid thi cd the xac djnh vj tri lau thuyen trong vting bao bang sff thay ddi trong mgt khoang thdi gian
khoang tff vai chuc phiit den mgt vai gid. Neu hffdng gid thay ddi chieu Iff trai sang phai, iffc theo hffdng thuan chieu kim ddng hd la da'u hieu cho thay tau, thuyen dang n i m d nffa ben phai bao, Iffc d nufa nguy hiem. Neu hffdng gid ddi chieu tff phai sang trai tffe theo hffdng ngffdc chieu kim ddng hd la da'u hieu cho tha'y lau, thuyen dang n i m d mia ben trai bao, tffe d nu'a it nguy hiem hdn.
Neu qua nhieu lan quan sat ma tha'y hffdng gid gan nhff khdng thay ddi, td'c do gid tang dan, do bao phu ciia may ngay cang day dac la da'u hieu cho thay tau, thuyen dang n i m tren dffdng di tdi ciia bao - tffe bao dang lien thing tdi khu vffc tau, thuyen hoat ddng.
De giam thieu thiet hai do bao gay ra, td't nha't la tranh bao tff xa. Mud'n the, ngffdi di bien phai thffdng xuyen theo ddi thdi tiet, thu nhan ihdng tin tin hieu bao bao. Ndu tau ihuyen d ben phai hffdng di chuyen ciia bao thi phai cho tau, thuyen chay ngffdc gid, gid thdi lech miii Irffdc man phai, gdc lech tuy thuoc vao sffc day tau ihuyen. Neu lau thuyen d ben trai hoac d ngay tren dffdng di ldi ciia bao thi phai cho lau, thuyen chay xudi gid.
SO KHOfl HOC S CONG NGH« Hft TINH (\%
-gid thdi vao dudi tau. Dac biet phai ludn giff cho lau Ihuyen d each xa lam bao khoang td'i thieu 200 hai ly.
Trong trffdng hdp phai dd'i mat vdi bao, Iffc nam trong vung gid manh ciia bao, thi phai cd ging lim mgi each dffa lau ihuyen ra khdi viing nguy hiem. Khi lau, ihuyen nim d niira bao ben phai, mifa bao nguy hiem, luc nay phai suy xet ky cang de xac djnh lam bao de dd'i phd kjp thdi va lot nhat la eho tau, ihuyen ehay ngffdc gid, sao cho gid thdi vao miii lau lech man phai mdt gdc khoang 30 - 45^ cho tdi khi nao thay khi ap lang, td'c do gid, do bao phii ciia may, ctfdng do mtfa giam la da'u hieu cho tha'y lau xa dan lam bao, stf nguy hiem phan nao dtfdc giam bdt.
Khi tau, thuyen nim d nu'a bao ben trai, can nhanh chdng eho lau rdi xa lam bao bang each eho lau chay xudi theo gid sao eho gid thdi vao dudi tau lech man phai mot gde khoang 3 0 - 4 5 ° .
Tren day mdi chi de cap den mgt sd phtfdng phap cd ban phdng, tranh bao, ATND tren bien. Ngoai bao, ATND tren bien edn xua't hien eac hien ttfdng KTTV nguy hiem khac nhtf ddng set, id' ldc, vdi rdng nha't la thdi ky ehuyen liep iff miia he sang miia thu ddng hay miia ddng xuan sang miia he. Nhffng hien lffdng nay ihffdng xay ra bat ngd, thdi gian ngin, pham vi hep, thdng lin dff bao, eanh bao cd do chinh xac thap nen thiet hai thffdng ldn nen ddi hdi ngffdi di bien phai ihffdng xuyen quan sal va nhan biet thdng tin dff bao thdi tiet de kjp thdi phdng tranh hieu qua.
Viec phdng ehd'ng, phdng tranh giam nhe thien lai tren bien la nhiem vu quan trgng eua loan Dang, loan dan va
quan ta. Nd phai dat ra bang cac bien phap, phffdng phap cd linh Qud'c gia, vffa cd linh Ihffdng xuyen cung nhtf chie'n Itfdc lau dai trong qua trinh phat trien KT - XH, an ninh chu quyen da't ntfdc. Tff dd phai dffdc thdng hieu sau sic tff nhffng nha hoach djnh chinh saeh eac nha lanh dao Dang, chinh quyen eae cap va loan dan trong dd cd ngtf dan. Mud'n nang cao hieu qua phdng chdng thien tai khdng chi nang cao nang life dtf bao phuc vu, lang ctfdng cdng tac chi huy chi dao va cac bien phap phdng ehd'ng hieu qua ma cdn phai nang cao nhan thffe cdng ddng, phd thdng hoa eac kien thffe ve thien tai va bien phap ehii ddng phdng ehdng, phdng tranh hieu qua. Phd bien kien thffe thien tai cdng ddng phai dffdc xuc tie^n Ihffdng xuyen tren cac phffdng lien thdng tin dai chung nhff dai phat thanh, truyen hinh, internet, sach bao va ngay trong cac trffdng hoc phd thdng va dai hge ciing nhff trong dan chung de thanh nep ihffdng xuyen va sau rgng. Vi thffe te chffng minh ring ndi nao khi thien lai xay ra neu edng tae dff bao chinh xac, chi huy chi dao phdng ehd'ng thich hdp cdng vdi nhan thffe sau sic ciia cdng ddng ve thien tai thi cdng lac phdng chdng bao gid eung hieu qua hdn va da giam dffdc ldn that dang ke.
Mud'n phdng chdng thien lai dd'i vdi ngff dan hieu qua, ngoai viec nang cao y thffe cdng ddng, xay dffng chien Iffdc phdng chdng hdp ly, nang eao nang Iffe dff bao chinh xac thien tai phuc vu ciia cae cd quan dff bao va truyen thdng thdng lin dff bao can thiet xay dffng bien phap phdng ehdng sal thtfc le, phu hgtp dieu kien ciia tffng vilng mien bao gdm
nhieu cdng doan tff cdng tac chuan bj den cdng tac phdng chdng, phdng tranh va khic phuc hau qua ciia thien tai.
Ddng thdi can thiet phai kel hdp nhieu mat tang effdng dau tff, hd trd kinh te lang effdng edng lac kien tra, xay dffng cac van ban phap quy, phap luat nham giam nhe stf cd' riii ro.
Ngoai ra trong chien Itfdc phat trien lau dai can thiet quan tam den SI? ben vffng va phai phd'i hdp nhieu van de lien quan mang tinh chie'n Iffdc va tinh chie'n thuat.
Trong nhffng nam gan day.
Ha Tinh la mgt trong nhffng tinh cd nhieu bien phap hi?u hieu phdng chdng lut bao va da giam thieu thiet hai do thien tai gay ra. Trong dd, da cd nhieu bien phap dam bao an loan cho tau thuyen va ngff dan khi cd bao, ATND ke ca trang thiet hi thdng lin ciing nhtf bd' tri cho cho lau ihuyen neo dau tranh bao. Truiig bdi canh bien ddi khi hau loan cau vdi he qua la lam gia lang mffc do ae het va tan khdc ciia thien tai; Hdn nffa, mgt khi chung la day manh phat trien kinh te bien va ven bien, trong dd cd cang nffdc sau Viing Ang, khu kinh te Vung Ang, md sit Thach Khe, cac bai tim du ljch; lffdng lau ihuyen ngay mdt nhieu, ngff trtfdng md rdng, viec nudi trdng thiiy san dtfdc tang ctfdng... thi viec chii dgng phdng ehd'ng, phdng tranh bao, ATND va cac hien ttfdng KTTV nguy hiem khac tren bien va ven bien cang phai dtfdc cac cap dang va chinh quyen tinh nha thtfc stf quan lam hdn bao gid he't. Dd ciing la mdt trong nhffng bien phap quan trgng xoa ddi giam ngheo va phat trien KT - XH ben vffng./.
T.X.Q
V; 2 0 ) SO KHOfl HOC & CONG NGHC HA TINH
