Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
HIEU QUA KINH Tt SAN XUAT THANH LONG tHEO TIEU CHUAN VIETGAP 6 HUYEN HAM THUAN NAM,
TINH BINH THUAJ»( - THlTC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
Trhn Thj Thu Hd', Nguyen Nggc Phung^
'Tnrong Bgi hoc Ldm nghiep
^Phdn hieu Truang Dai hoc Ldm nghiep
T O M T A T
San xuat trai cSy theo tiSu chuM thyc hanh nong nghiep t6t (GAP) ia xu the nhSm dap iing yeu clu cao ve ch4t luong va ve sinh an toan thuc phdm. Nghi&n cihi thirc hi$n tai huyen Ham ThuSa Nam nh^m dinh gia thuc trang va St xuat giai phap nang cao hi^u qui san xuat Thanh long VietGAF. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay hieu qua kinh te san xuat Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP cao hon san xuat Thanh long truyen th^ng va cac loai ciy trong khac. Tuy nhien, cac hp trong Thanh long phai dfii mat vdi nhihig kho khSn ve chi phi sin xuat, CO s6 ha ting, thj tniong va ky thuat trong viec mo rflng quy mfl v i dam bio chdt Iupng sin phim. Cac giai phip nhim ning cao hi|u qua san xuat Thanh long ciia nong hg tap trang vio vi?c tuan thii chat che cac yeu cau cua tieu chuin VietGAP phu hpp v<Ti dieu kien ve dat dai, lao dgng, von dau tu va lien ket sin xuit Cac khuyen nghi dfii vdi chinh quyen dia phuong va cic doanh nghi?p xuit dbap khiu t ^ tiung vio quy hoach dit dai, chinh sach hfi tip, myen tray£n va mcr rpng thi tniong xuat khiu nhim ho trp nong dan san xuit hi^u qua hon.
Tii k h o i : Binh T h u | n , hi|u q u i s i n xuat, thanh long, VietGAP.
I. D ^ T VAN DE
Hi?n nay, thi trucmg xuat nhdp khdu ndng tiiuy san trfin thfi gidi dang dugc kiem soat boi nhung tifiu chudn rdt cao vfi chdt lugmg cung nhu vfi sinh an toan th\rc pham. Tu nam 2006, ASEAN da cong bd quy trinh GAP (Good Agricultural Practices Thuc hanh nong nghifip tot) chung cho cdc nudc thdnh vien. Tu ndm 2008, Bg Nong nghifip va Phat tnfin nong thon da ban hanh VietGAP (Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices) la cdc quy dinh vfi thuc banh san xuat nong nghifip tdt cho cac san pham nong nghiep, thuy san a Viet Nam; bao gom nhung nguyfin tdc, trinh tu, thu tyc huong din cac to chiic, ca nhan san xudt, thu hoach, so chfi dam bao san pham an todn, ndng cao chat lugng san phdm, dam bao phiic lgi xa hgi, sue khofi ngucfi sdn xuat va ngucri tifiu dung, bdo v? moi truong va truy nguyen nguon goc san pham, trong do co Quy trinh th\rc hanh san xudt nong nghifip tfit cho rau qua tuoi an toan tai Vi?t Nam {Bg NN&PTNT, 2008).
Binh Thuan la tmh co dien tich Thanh long ldn nhat ca nudc, vdi 26.026 ha, trong do difin
tich cho thu hoach la 21.349 ha va trong 03 thang dau nam 2017 da co them 28,5 ha (Cue Thdng ke tinh Binh Thudn, 2017). Toan tmh hifin CO 9.182 ha voi 9.855 ho va 432 ca sd dugc cap chiing nhdn VietGAP; 262 ha chting nhdn GlobalGAP va 54 co set thu mua, kinh doanh Thanh long du difiu kifin an toan thuc phdm trong so chfi san pham. San lugng Thaoh long hang nam cua Binh Thudn dat trfin 550.000 tdn. UBND tinh Binh Thu|n da thong qua quy hoach phat trien cdy Thanh long dfin ndm 2020 id 28.000 ha, ndng sudt 28 tin/ha, san lugng dat 750.000 tdn; dinh hudng dfin ndm 2025 se md rgng Ifin 30.000 ha, nang suit 30 tan/ha, san lugng dat trfin 843.000 tdn (So Nong nghi?p vd Phat trien nong thon Binh T h u ^ , 2016).
Tai Binh Thuan, Hdm Thuan Nam la huyen CO difin tich vd san lugng Thanh long ldn nhdt tinh. Trai Thanh long ciia huy^n khdng chi phuc v\i thi trudng trong nudc, ma con dugc xudt khau sang cac thi trudng nhu Trung Quoc, Thdi Lan, Hong Kong, An Do, Ha Lan vd dang tiing budc xdm nhdp vao thi trudng mdi la An 152 T ^ CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHf LAM NGHIEP S 6 4-2017
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch DO, New Zealand, Uc, Chi Le va dac bifit Id
Nhat Ban, mgt thi tnrdng rdt "khd tinh" vfi yeu cau chat Iugng ndng san. Ddi vdi nguoi nong dan tinh Bmh Thuan vific chuyfin hudng sang trong Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP dfi dn dinh va bao dam vfi thi trudng xuat khdu lau ddi la mdt dinh hudng diing, nhung khdng dfi dang. Ngodi vific sii dung phdn bdn vd thudc bao vfi thuc vat hgp ly, vudn Thanh long phai nam cdch xa noi d nhiem, viec ghi chep theo doi la qui trinh khdng thfi thifiu dfi danh gia chdt lugng trai Thanh long. Ngoai nhirng yfiu td ngoai cdnh, thay ddi thdi quen lau ddi trong san xudt cilng Id chuyfin khong don gidn doi vdi nhifiu ndng dan. Vific trifin khai frdng thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP trfin dia ban huyfin do dd g£ip khdng it khd khan. Nghien ciiu dugc thuc Men tai huyfin Ham Thudn Nam, tinh Binh Thudn nham danh gid thuc
trang va hifiu qua sdn xudt Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP quy md ndng hd, xdc dinh cdc khd khan trong vific md rdng quy md va dam bdo chdt lugng, trfin co sd do dfi xudt cdc giai phdp nham nang cao hi?u qua sdn xudt thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP trfin dia ban huyen Ham Thu?n Nam ndi rifing va tinh Binh Thudn ndi chimg.
H. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ Nghifin ciiu thuc hi^n thu thap sd lieu vd bao cdo vfi tinh hinh san xuat, chfi bifin vd xudt khdu Thanh long cua cdc ca quan quan ly nhd nudc nhu Sd Ndng nghi?p va Phat trifin Ndng thdn tinh Binh Thuan, Phdng Ndng nghifip vd Phdt trien ndng thdn ciia huyfin Hdm Thu?n Nam, Cue TTidng ke tinh Binh Thu4n va cac sd ban nganh cua tinh va huyfin. Ngoai ra, cdc bao cdo nghifin ciiu vd cac cdng trinh khoa hgc vfi vdn dfi lifin quan cung dugc tham khao va sii dimg.
Bang 1. M5 ta dja ban nghien cihi ve dien tich vd so hg sdn xuat Thanh long VietGAP
1 Thi trin Thuan Nam .2 Xa Ham Thanh
3 Xa Ham Cuong 4 Xa Ham Minh
Tong cgng ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) Toan huyen
Quymd Ha 650,11 735,74 668,90 1.010,19 3.064,94 6.133,04
dif n ti'ch 10,60
%
11,99 10,90 16,47 49,97
Quymd H9 539 517 515 764 2.335 4.693
hS
%
11,48 11,01 10,97 16,28 49,75 (Ngudn: Phong Nong nghiep va PTNT huyen Hdm Thudn Nam, 2017) Nghien ciiu thuc hifin thu thdp ngudn sd lieu
sa cdp tir 03 xd va 01 thi tran cua huyfin Ham Thuan Nam thdng qua khao sat bdng bang hdi 150 ho ndng dan san xudt Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP vdi cac ngi dung ve hifiu qua kinh tfi Clia cdy Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAPvd y kifin ciia hg ndng ddn vfi thudn lgi, khd khan trong dp dung tieu chudn VietGAP trong sdn xudt Thanh long. Ngodi ra, nghien ciiu cdn thuc hifin cac phdng van ban djnh hudng vdi cdn bg ndng nghifip, khuyfin ndng, cac nha quan ly d dia phuang vfi cac van dfi lifin quan dfin phat trifin san xudt Thanh
long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP.
m . KET QUA NGHIEN CUti
3.1. Thuc trang san xuat Thanh long theo tilu chuan VietGAP a huy^n Ham Thudn Nam
Theo FAO (2007), "GAP la qud trinh thuc hdnh canh tdc, chfi bifin tai trang trai hudng tdi sir bfin vung ciia moi trudng, kinh tfi va xa hgi va kfit qua Id an todn vd chdt lugng cua san phdm ndng nghiep". Theo do, GAP dugc dinh nghia Id nhung nguyen tdc dugc thifit lap nhdm dam bdo mgt mdi trudng san xudt an toan, sach se, san pham phai dam bao khdng chiia cac tac TAP cm KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2017 153
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
nhdn gay b?nh nhu chat dgc sinh hgc, hod chdt.
Ngay nay GAP dugc cdng nhdn chinh thiic trong khudn khd qui tSc quoc te nhdm giam thifiu cdc moi nguy hifim lifin quan dfin vific su dung thudc trii sdu, danh gid siic khoe nghe nghiep va cgng ddng, can nhac dfin mdi trudng vd an ninh. S i dung GAP cung dugc khuyen khich trong khu vuc kinh tfi tu nhdn qua cac qui dinh thijc hdnh vd cac chi ddn khdng chinh thirc do cdc nha che bien va cung cap lfi dua ra do nhu can ciia ngudi tifiu thu ddi vdi thuc pham khdng dgc va san xuat dn dinh. Xu hudng nay thiic ddy ngudi ndng dan san xudt tham gia va dugc cdng nhdn GAP bdi hg cd nhieu ca hdi md thi trudng mdi hon, cd nhieu kha nang dap iing nhu cau hon. Theo Quyfit dinh sd 379/QD-BNN-KHCN ngay 28/01/2008 Clia Bd Ndng nghifip va Phat trifin Ndng thdn thi lgi ich ciia vi$c ttiam gia VietGAP Id cd nhan, hd gia dinh, doanh ng^fip sfi giam chi phi sdn xuat, bao dam cac dieu ki§n vfi mdi trudng nhdm phdt trifin bfin vimg, san pham
sdn xuit theo tifiu chudn VietGAP cd difiu ki^n tham nhap thi trudng quoc te, d^c biet la thj trudng khd tinh, dap iing nhu cdu ciia ngudi tieu dling sin long chi tra cao cho cdc san phdm sgch, an toan va tdt cho siic khoe.
Huy$n Ham Thugn Nam cd dien tich trdng Thanh long ldn nhdt ciia tinh Binh Thudn.
Trong nhirng nam gdn day, ngudi ddn dja phuang da quen ddn thuc hanh sdn xudt ndng nghi$p tot theo tifiu chuan VietGAP nhdm dap ling nhu cdu xudt khdu. Theo sd lifiu ciia Phdng Ndng nghifip va Phat trien ndng thdn huy^n Ham Thudn Nam, tfnh den cudi ndm 2016, dien tich cay Thanh long toan huyen la 12.275 ha, cd nhifiu xa sdn xudt tap trung trfin 1.000 ha nhu Ham Thanh, Ham Cudng, Ham Minh, Tan Thanh, thi trdn Thudn Nam, vdi difin tich thu hogch chiem han 90%. Trong tdng difin tich nay, sdn xuat Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP la 6.684,86 ha vdi 248 td, nhom, trang trai va 4.444 hg, chifim khoang 54,46%
di?n tich trdng Thanh long.
Bang 2. Difin tfch trong cay Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP (2014 - 2016) So sdnh 2015/2014
So sdnh 2016/2015 Dien tich thanh long theo tieu chuan
VietGAP (ha)
Dien tich thanh long toan huyen (ha) Ty le thanh long VietGAP (%)
5.673 11.727 48,37
6.133 12.189 50,31
6.684 12.275 54,45
+460 +462 +1,94
+551 +86 +4,14 (Ngudn: Phong Ndng nghi&p &. PTNT huyin Hdm ThudnNam, 2016) Sd lieu bdng 2 cho thay dien tfch trdng
Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP cua huyen dugc tang dan qua timg ndm. Theo phdng Ndng nghiep & Phat trien ndng thdn huyfin Hdm Thudn Nam, hi?n cdc thanh vien ban chi dao, td tu vdn VietGAP huy?n dang phdi hgp tich cue vdi 11 xa trong chuang trinh, hudng dan cac tfi, nhdm dang ky mdi, dfin han tai cap, nhu: ghi chep nhdt ky, thuc hdnh trdng thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP dfi dugc chiing nhan trong ndm 2017. Song song dd.
Trung tdm Nghifin cuu phat trifin cay Thanh long duy tri tdt quy chfi phdi hgp, Idy cac mau (dat, nudc, trdi) ciia cac td, nhdm dfi giam sat, kifim tra dat kfit qua tdt. Cimg vdi dd, cac thanh vifin ban chi dao d huy?n, xd, ban difiu hanh td, nhdm trong thdn, can bd, dang vifin, cdng chiic, vien chuc cd tham gia trdng Thanh long di ddu thuc hi?n chuong trinh nay; ddng thdi van dgng ngudi trdng Thanh long, ho ldnh doanh, ca sd sdn xudt kinh doanh thdy dugc y nghia, tam quan trgng tiiijcc hifin Thanh long an 154 TAP C H i KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH? LAM NGHIEP S 6 4-2017
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch toan bfin vihig, tu gide tham gia sdn xudt
Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP, cOng nhu thu mua san phdm dam bdo chit lugng nay.
Vdi nhflng gidi phdp trifin khai, Hdm Thuan Nam se phdn ddu cdp mdi 540 ha Thanh long san xudt tifiu chudn VietGAP trong nam 2017 vd tdi cdp 2.535 ha (Huyfin uy Ham Thuan Nam, 2015).
Trong nam 2016 dien tich Thanh long VietGAP dugc cip mdi la 638 ha so vdi 800 ha dgt 80% kfi hoach, gidm 450 ha so cimg ky.
Nguyfin nhdn chinh la do ddu ra ciia san phdm Thanh long VietGAP cdn han chfi, gia cd thu mua ngang bdng Thanh long sdn xudt theo kifin tmyen thdng va chua cd chfnh sach uu ddi ddi vdi cho ngudi sdn xuat Thanh long VietGAP dan dfin ty le sd hd th\rc hi$n tai cap cdn thdp.
Trong khi dd, ban chi dao VietGAP cap xd chua danh nhifiu thdi gian cho viec san xudt Thanh long VietGAP, mdt so xa chua chii ddng giiip ddn hinh thdnh cac td, nhdm sdn xuat VietGAP; ban difiu hdnh cdc td, nhdm da hinh thanh thi hoat ddng cam chung, cdc thanh vifin trong td khdng viet nhdt ky san xudt.
Ngodi ra,cac doanh nghi?p chua quan tam thu mua Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP cung la mfit ly do ddn den vi$c dau ra cho san phdm bi han chfi.
3.2. Hieu qua kinh t l san xuat Thanh long theo tieu chu^n VietGAP cua hd ndng ddn
Bdng 3 md td cdc dac difim san xudt co bdn cua 150 h0 ndng ddn dugc tifin hanh khdo sat nam 2017 tai cac diem nghifin cihi.
Bang 3. Tong hop mau dieu tra h9 nong dan (N = 150)
Yeu to So lirgng (n) Ty tr^ng (%)
Giong Tudi cay
Dit dai Lao dgng Kinh nghiem Nguon vdn ddu tu Tap huin ky thuat Difiu kien san xuat Quyet dinh gia ban Thj budng tieu thy
Mua Tuco Dudi 7 nam Tu 7 nam den 10 nam Tren 10 nam Dudi 5 sao Tu5 sao den 10 sao Tren 10 sao Dudi 4 lao dgng Tir4 lao dgng trd len Dudi 6 nam Tir 6 nam den 10 nam Trfin 10 nam Khdng vay Cd vay Khdng tham gia Cd tham gia Thudn lgi Khdng thudn lgi Nong bg Thucmg lai Ngi dia Xuat khdu
11 139 47 67 36 88 54 8 114 36 12 91 47 127 23 40 110 128 22
5 145
5 145
7 93 31 45 24 59 36 5 76 24 8 61 31 85 15 27 73 85 15 3 97 3 97 (Ngudn: Ket qud khdo sdt tgi dia bdn nghien cdu, 2017) Kfit qud khao sat cho thay, quy md dit dai mdi cay binh quan dudi 10 nam. Phdn ldn cac phd bifin cua cdc hfi trdng Thanh long la dudi 5 hg cd kinh nghi&m trdng Thanh long tren 6 sao va tir 5 dfin 10 sao (1 sao 1000 m^), vdi nam va ty 1? tham gia tdp huin ky thudt kha
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 4-2017 155
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
cao (73%). 85% sd hd dugc khdo sdt tvr danh gia la cd difiu kifin san xuat Thanh long thudn lgi, trong dd phan ldn cac hO tu san xuat giong cdy (93%) va khdng phai vay vdn ddu tu cho
san xudt (85%). Sdn phdm Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP phan ldn dugc xuat khau nhung thuong lai la ngudi quy^t dmh gid ban khi mua san phdm tai vudn.
Ddng/sao Ddng/sao Dong/sao Dong/sac Lan Lan Lan
57.450.000 25.310.000 32.140.000 33.940.000 2,26 1,26 0,56 Bdng 4. Cdc chi tieu ddnh gia hiSu qua sao xuat Thanh long VietGAP cua ndng ho TT Chi tifiu Bom vi ti'nh Gid tri
1 Doanh thu (GO) 2 Cbi phi (TC) 3 Lgi nhuan(LN) 4 Thu nhap b5n hgp (MT) 5 Doanh thu/Cbi phi 6 Lgi nbudn/Chi phi 7 Lgi nhuan/Doanh thu
(Nguon: Kit qud khdo sdt tgi dja bdn nghien ctiu, 2017) ciia gia dinh.
Bang 5 cimg cap tiidng tin so sanh thu nhzip hdn hgp cua sdn xuit Thanh long VietGAP vdi thanh long truyen thdng va cac cay trdng khac trfin dia ban huyfin Ham Thudn Nam. Nhin chimg, hieu qua kinh tfi trong san xuat Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP vugt trdi so vdi Thanh long truyen thdng va mdt sd san pham ndng nghifip khdc. Difiu nay da gdp phdn lam giau cho hang ngan hg dan tren dia ban; tao ra nhieu cdng an viec lam, ddng thdi keo theo hang loat cac dich vu kem theo. San phim frai Thanh long VietGAP cd thi trudng tifiu thu rdng ldn, vuan ra nhifiu thi trudng trfin thfi gidi, trong dd cd nhimg thj trudng khd tinh. Gid ca tifiu thu thanh long cd liic Ifin, liic xudng nhung nhin chung sdn xuat Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP cd hieu qua, ngudi sdn xuit cd lai.
Bang 5. So sanh thu nhap cua san xuat thanh long VietGAP vdi cac cdy trong khac DVT: Ddng/sdo/ndm Kfit qua bang 4 cho thay, trong 1 ddng chi
phf ma hd ndng ddn bd ra cho viec trdng Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP thi thu lai dugc 2,26 ddng doanh thu. Trong 1 ddng chi phi bd ra thi ngudi trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP thu lai dugc 1,26 ddng lgi nhuan. Ty sd giiia loi nhuan va doanh thu la 0,56 ldn, cd nghia la trong mdt ddng doanh thu ma ngudi trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGP thu dugc thi cd 0,56 ddng lgi nhuan. Qua ket qua phan tich chi phi san xuat ciing vdi cac ty sd tai chfnh trfin cho thdy vific sdn xudt Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP da mang lai hifiu qua kinh tfi kha cao cho hd ndng ddn trdng Thanh long d huyfin Ham Thuan Nam. Vi vay, ngudi trdng Thanh long nfin duy tri hoat ddng nay vd hudng tdi md rdng quy md dfi ngudn thu tir trdng Thanh long trd thanh ngudn thu chinh
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Lo^i cay troug Thanh long theo tiSu chu^ VietGAP Thanh long truyen thong Caylua
Cay san (mi) Cay ngo (bap) Cay dieu
Thu nh^p hon h ^ (MI) 33.940.000 20.900.000 9.690.000 2.270.000 5.700.000 2.200.000
Chenh lech
13.040.000 24.250.000 31.670.000 28.240.000 31.740.000
156
(Nguon: Chi Ofc Thong ke huyen Ham Thuqn Nam, 2016}
TAP C H i KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHi: L A M NGHIEP SO 4-2017
Kinh te & Chinh sdch San xuit Thanh long theo tifiu chuin
VietGAP ngoai nang cao thu nhgp cho hg ndng ddn cdn dgt dugc hifiu qua vfi cac mat sau: (1) Ngan ngira va hgn che nii ro tir cac mdi nguy CO d nhilm, dnh hudng dfin sir an toan, chit lugng sdn phdm, siic khde, mdi tnicmg, an todn lao dgng trong san xudt, thu hogch va xu ly sau thu hoach; (2) Bao dam an toan, ndng cao chdt lugng san phdm, dam bao phiic lgi xa hdi, siic khde ngudi san xudt va ngudi tieu dimg, bao vfi mdi trudng va truy nguyfin ngudn gdc san phdm; (3) Tao difiu kien thuan lgi cho Thanh long Binh Thugn tham gia thj trudng khu vuc ASEAN vd thfi gidi, hudng tdi san xuat ndng nghiep ben vung.
3.3. Thuaio lgi vd khd khan trong viec san xuit Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP 3.3.1. Thu^n leri
San xuat Thanh long d Ham Thuan Nam ndi rifing va tinh Binh Thuan ndi chung cd mdt sd thuan lgi chii yfiu sau:
MQI Id. dja phuang cd dieu ki?n tu nhifin tuang ddi thudn lgi cho vific trdng Thanh long.
Cay Thanh long dfi cho hoa trai vu, chi cdn kich thich den difin vao ban dfim trong thdi gian ngdn nhdt dinh (thudng Id 15 - 20 ngay) nhd vay cd thfi rai vu, tranh ddn hang va dgi chg. Hifin nay gid Thanh long trai vu tuong ddi dn dinh, nfin thu nhdp cua ngudi trdng Thanh long d huyfin kha han cac logi cdy trdng khdc.
Ngodi ra, cay Thanh long it bj sau bfinh hon so vdi cac cay trdng khac nfin vific sii dimg thudc bao vfi th\rc vat rdt hgn chfi. Ddy chfnh la lgi thfi bdo dam miic do an toan thuc pham cho ngudi tifiu dimg, cho ngudi trdng Thanh long va han che dugc d nhifim mdi trudng. Mat khac, nang suit Thanh long khd dn dinh, it bi nii ro, chu ky kinh tfi keo dai, ddu tu nudc tudi it han cac loai cay trong khac; do dd hifiu qua kinh tfi se ldn hon cac cay dn trai khac.
Hai la, ndng ddn d huyen Ham Thuan Nam CO kmh nghifim trong trong Thanh long, phan ldn hg sieng nang, cin cii, chju khd hgc hdi.
Ngoai ra, hfi trdng Thanh long nhan dugc si^
hd trg cua Nha nudc ndi chung vd ciia UBND tinh Binh Thudn ndi rigng ve ky thudt trong san xudt Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP thdng qua cac chuang trinh khuyfin ndng va chuyen giao kJ thuat do chinh quyfin dja phuang ciing cd dinh hudng md rdng difin tfch san xudt Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP.
Ba Id, thi trudng va ngudn vgt tu ddu vao phuc vy san xuit ndng nghifip rat phong phii, dfi mua nhu phdn bdn, thudc bdo vfi thuc vat tgi cac dai ly. Bfin cgnh do cac td chiic tin dung trong huyfin dac bifit la Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn tao mgi difiu kifin thuan lgi cho ngudi dan trong vay vdn dfi trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP.
3.3.2. Khd khdn
Mac dil cd nhiing thudn lgi nfiu trfin, ngudi trdng Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP d Ham Thudn Nam cung phdi ddi mat vdi nhiing khd khan trong vi?c md rgng di?n tfch va dam bao chit lugng nhu sau:
Thu: nhdt, gid cd vdt tu vd cdng lao ddng tdng gdy trd nggi cho ngudi trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP trong viec cham sdc bdn phdn cho cay, trong khi dd gia phan bdn nam nay tang gdn 2 ldn so vdi may nam trudc, trong khi do phan bdn iai Id yfiu td khdng thfi thifiu trong viec cham sdc Thanh long.
Thu hai, co sd vdt chdt phyc vu cho viec trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP chua hoan chinh, dac bifit la he thdng thiiy lgi.
Cdy Thanh long my chiu han gidi nhung neu thieu nudc va nang ban keo dai thi se lam cay mdt siic, chgm sinh trudng, gidm kha nang ra hoa ddu qua va nang sudt trai se giam nhifiu. Vi vgy, h? thdng thuy lgi chua hoan chinh chua cung cdp dii nudc tudi tifiu se lam dnh hudng den nang suit, giam thu nhgp cua ngudi trdng thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP.
Thu ba, thi trudng xuit khdu ciia Thanh long Binh Thuan cdn ban hep, chu yfiu la xuit khau sang Trung Qudc. Cdng tac nghifin cmi TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2017 157
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thi trudng, xiic tifin thuang mai trfin Imh virc nay cdn han chfi va rat liing tiing. Mgt so thj trudng tiem nang chua xuit khiu dugc mdi nam d dgng dinh hudng phat trien, md rgng nhu khu vuc Chau Au, Bac My va quan trgng la Nhat Ban. Viec phu thu0c qua nhifiu vao mdt thi trudng ddn dfin mit cdn bdng vfi cung cdu, anh hudng rdt ldn den hifiu qud kinh tfi va thu nhgp ciia hg ndng ddn, hien nay da cd tinh trang dugc mua mdt gia, dugc gia mat mua.
Thl} tu, cdng tac chuyen giao khoa hgc ky thuat tdi ngudi ddn cdn nhifiu han chfi. Tuy ngudi dan da cd y thiic trong viec dp dyng khoa hpc ky thudt vdo trong qua trinh trdng Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP nhung chua ddng bg. Ngudi trdng Thanh long chii yfiu dua vdo kinh nghifim cua minh tfch liiy dugc hay hgc hdi tir ban be trong vific trdng vd cham sdc cay trong khi do ky thugt ve trong Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP dat tifiu chuin khd tifip thu.
Thie ndm, di?n ti'ch trdng Thanh long chua tap trung, nhd lfi, rdi rac dnh hudng den cdng tac quan ly chit lugng ciing nhu khdu chuyen giao cdng nghfi, ky thudt sdn xuat Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP va thi trudng tifiu thy sdn phdm. Phan tan trong sdn xudt ciing la yfiu to ddn dfin lam gidm nang luc thuang lugng ciia ngudi trdng khi ban san pham cho thuang lai.
3.4. Giai phdp nang cao hieu qua san xuat Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP 3.4.1. Cdc gidi phdp ddi v&i ndng hd
Hd ndng ddn can ti'ch luy tai chinh, ddu tu md rdng difin tich sdn xudt, uu tifin nhiing vimg Hen canh - lien cu, cd dieu kifin san xuat thuan lgi nhu he thdng giao thdng, thuy lgi, di?n san xudt va vi^c md rgng quy md, difin ti'ch canh tac cung phdi tuan ihii theo quy djnh ciia Nhd nudc, dja phuang nhu phii hgp vdi quy hogch, dung muc dich sii dyng dit. Tuy nhifin, vific md rgng difin tich canh tac phdi phii hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te va nguon lyc ciia hg. Neu ndng hg tang dien tich dat canh tac ma khdng
chii trgng dfin ngudn lyc nhu lao ddng (thieu lao dgng gia dinh thi phdi thue, mudn lao dgng bfin ngodi ddn din tang chi phi) hogc difiu ki^n kinh tfi (sii dyng von vay dfi mua dit, phat sinh them ldi vay ciing lam tang chi phi), hoac cac yfiu td khac thi hi$u qua kinh tfi cua hg ndng ddn se khong dgt hifiu qua.
O huyfin Hdm Thudn Nam, muon cay Thanh long san xudt theo tifiu chudn VietGAP tang trudng manh, ra hoa nhifiu, dat nang suat cao cac hd ndng ddn cdn phdi quan tam bdn phan dling each, diing Hfiu lugng va diing thdi difim.
Vdi dieu kien thugn lgi la huy?n ndng nghi?p, chdn nudi gia siic phdt trifin, lugng phdn hiiu ca doi dao, cdc hg ndng dan trong Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP cdn tdn dung nguon luc nay de bdn cho cdy vdi lugng thfch hgp trong timg thdi difim ciia mua vy sfi ldm tang hi?u qua san xudt. Trudng hgp khdng ty san xuit phdn hiiu ca, phdi cd ho so ghi rd tfin vd dja chi cua td chiic, cd nhan va thai gian cung cip, sd lugng, chung loai, phuang phap xii ly nfin bdn phan chudng trudc moi vy thuan vd vu nghjch, trdnh sii dung phdn chudng cho vudn Thanh long khi cay dang mang trai, dac bifit giai dogn trdi gdn thu hoach.
Dac bifit hifin nay, khi chiing ta san xuat thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP cho vi?c xuat khdu sang nhiing thi trudng khd tinh nhu Nhdt Ban, Chau Au... thi vi?c sii dyng thudc bao ve thyc vgt tren cay Thanh long ddng vai trd dgc bifit quan trgng. Nhdm bao dam tieu chudn du lugng thudc bao v^ thyc vat dudi ngudng cho phep de dat yfiu cdu xudt khdu cac hg ndng ddn sdn xuit Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP cdn tuan thii nguyen tdc "5 khdng" va "4 diing" trong sii dung thudc hoa hgc. Nguyfin tdc "5 khdng": Khdng sii dyng thuoc qua dgc (Nhdm 1 va 2); Khdng sii dung thudc cd thdi gian phdn h u j dai; Khdng sii dyng cac loai thuoc cd boat chit sir dyng qua cao; Khdng diing qua lieu chi dinh; Khdng siJt dyng tiiudc ti-ong thdi gian each Iy. Nguyfin tdc 158 TAP CHI KHOA HOC v A CONG N G H £ LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2017
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"4 dling": Ddng logi tiiudc, EMng lifiu lugng, Dling ndng do, Ehing tiidi difim.
Ciing vdi kinh nghifim ty cd ciia minh, ngudi trdng Thanh long tiieo tifiu chudn VietGAP cin tang cudng trao ddi kinh nghiem vdi ba con, hang xdm ve qua trinh trdng Tthanh long theo tifiu chuin VietGAP cd hi?u qua vd dat nang suit cao. Khdng nfin qua ciing nhac chi vdi kinh nghifim ban than ma cdn tifip thu y kifin ciia can bd khuyen ndng, cac nha khoa hgc. Cac hd ndng Han cung nen tham gia cac ldp tap huan vfi each trdng va cham sdc Thanh long theo tifiu chudn VietGAP sao cho dat dugc nang sudt cao nhat, tifip can cac thdng tm ve loai bfinh thudng gap d Thanh long, ddng thdi cdn tiang bi cho minh cdc kien thiic vfi phdn bdn, thudc bao vfi thuc vat.
Ngodi ra, hd ndng ddn sdn xudt Thanh long tiieo tifiu chudn VietGAP can cd sy lifin ket, chia se kinh n ^ f i m vdi nhau, chia se mgt chifin lugc san xuit tdt se giiip hg ndng dan cai thien dang ke den hieu qua tiong san xuat, hi?n nay mdt sd hd vdn cdn sdn xudt rieng le, manh ai ndy lam va trong thuc te hg da gap khd khan tiong viec cham sdc, bdn phdn, diet trir sau bfinh Cling nhu gap khd khan tiong qud trinh tifiu thy san pham. Do do, cac hd ndng ddn cdn phdi cd sy lifin kfit lgi vdi nhau dfi giam bdt chi phi ddu vao cung nhu giiip nhau vfi ky thugt tifing, cham sdc Thanh long theo tifiu chuin VietGAP, va cimg tim kiem thi trudng tifiu thy.
Vi vay cin lifin kfit lai dfi ky hgp dong vdi thuang ldi vd cac hgp tac xa.
Cac ndng hd cin tir giac trong vific ndng cao trinh do, kifin thiic ciia minh bdng nhieu hinh thiic, dgc bi?t la phdi diudng xuyfin tham dy cac ldp tap huin ky thuat canh tac cay Thanh long tiieo tifiu chuan VietGAP. Hg ndng ddn cin phai cd kien tinic ddy dii vfi san xuit Thanh long tiieo ueu chudn VietGAP, ndm dugc cac yfiu td anh hudng dfin nang suit, chit lugng tidng Thanh long tiieo tifiu chudn VietGAP nhdm lam tang hifiu qua kinh tfi, tang thu nhap.
3.4.2. Khuyin nghl ^^i v&i chinh quyen dfa phuffng vd doanh nghi&p xudt nhdp khdu
Dfi cd thfi thyc hifin cdc giai phap neu tifin, chinh quyfin dia phuang va cac doanh nghifip xuat nhdp khiu cdn thyc hifin cac ho tig sau:
- Tdng cudng tuyfin truyfin va di vao chieu sdu nhdm lam cho ngudi trdng thanh long hifiu rd hifiu qua kinh tfi, tac dung lau dai, bfin vimg va bdo vfi thuang hifiu thanh long Binh Thudn ciia sdn xuat thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP. Vific phdt trifin thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP khdng nfin ap dgt cac chi tifiu, tir do tgo dp lyc cho cac ca quan thyc hifin chay theo thdnh tfch, bd qua thuc chdt, chit lugng ma nfin thyc hifin cd hi^u qud cac gidi phap dfi ngudi tidng thanh long nhdn thdy trdng thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao, tang thu nhap cho hg.
- Hd tig vd ddu tu thfch dang vao day mgnh phat trifin thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP thdng qua thuc hifin tdt vai tid quan ly nhd nudc tifin Imh vyc quy hogch nhimg vimg cd difiu kifin chuyfin trdng cdy thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP; dam bao ngudn cung cap difin dn dinh phuc vu chong den thanh long tidi vy, phat trifin vd qudn ly tdt he thdng tudi tifiu nhu cdng trinh thiiy lgi hd Sdng Mdng, dap Sdng Phan, he thdng kenh chinh Hd Ta Mon, tuyfin kenh dan ddng Sdng Mdng - Du Du - Tan Lgp.
- Uy ban nhan dan huyfin phdi hgp cimg Sd Ndng nghifip va Phat trifin ndng thdn chi dao, hd tig, td chuc trifin khai cdng tac xay dung cdc td lifin kfit, nhdm lifin kfit, hgp tac xa, lien minh trong sdn xuat Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP va chi dao cac dan vi trye thudc Sd trifin khai td chiic kifim tia, danh gia tai cdp chiing nhgn va chiing nhgn mdi dien tich san xudt Thanh long theo tifiu chuin VietGAP tien dja ban tinh.
- Nghifin ciiu, bd sung tgo dien kifin vfi thyc hifin mdt sd chfnh sach uu dai, ho ttg ndng ddn TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2017 159
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
tidng Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP nhu: Chi phi kiem tta, ddnh gid cap mdi, tai cip va gia ban giay chiing nhgn VietGAP, thue sd dyng dit, chfnh sdch ve dien, nudc tudi, hfi tig dau tu, hd tig vay vdn.
- Phdi hgp vdi cdc ca quan nghien ciiu va khuyfin ndng nghifin ciiu kfio dai thdi gian bao quan qua Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP sau thu hogch dfi cd thfi van chuyen dfin nhiing thi trudng xa hon bdng dudng bifin vira dam bao chat lugng qua, vira gidm chi phi vd canh tianh tdt ban vdi cac nudc khac dang cd lgi thue vfi van chuyfin.
- Danh kinh phi thich ddng cho vific md rgng thi trudng xudt khau san pham Thanh long theo tieu chudn VietGAP, tianh khdng dfi phy thugc nhifiu vao thj trudng Trung Qudc;
quan tdm dfin thi trudng ndi dja, nhat la cac sifiu thi. Qua dd, gia Thanh long sdn xuit theo tifiu chudn VietGAP mdi cd thfi cao han gia Thanh long san xudt theo kieu truyfin thdng, khdng cdn tinh tiang Thanh long san xuat theo tifiu chuan VietGAP va khdng VietGAP cd gia nhu nhau, nhdm kich thich hd ndng dan tham gia san xuat Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP ngdy cdng nhieu gdp phan tdng thu nhgp cho ngudi ddn.
- Cac doanh nghifip thu mua va xuit khdu Thanh long can chii ddng tim kifim va md rgng Ihi trudng, uu tifin vd ky hgp ddng dai han mua Thanh long ttdng theo tifiu chuan VietGAP vdi gid thoa ddng, dn dinh de xuat khau sang cac thi trudng thich hgp. Cac doanh nghifip, cdc ca sd thu mua, ddng gdi, xudt khau Thanh long theo tieu chuan VietGAP phai dang ky thyc hifin theo tieu chudn VietGAP va dugc cap giay chiing nhdn nhu phfa ngudi tidng Thanh long.
- Day manh quang ba thuong hi?u Thanh long san xuat theo tifiu chudn VietGAP ttfin thi trudng quoc tfi, giii viing cdc thj trudng hifin cd, md rgng cac thj trudng tifim nang, tdng cudng nghien ciiu, tim hieu ddc diem, nhu can ciia thi trudng mdi nhdm nang cao kha nang
canh ttanh, chu ddng ttong sdn xudt vd ddc bi^t cd giai phap hifiu qua khai thac tdt thj ttudng ngi dja, tao kfinh ban budn qua he thong cdc sifiu thj tiong nudc dfii vdi sdn pham san xuat theo tifiu chuin VietGAP.
IV. KET LUAN
Trong nhiing nam gin day, cdy Thanh long da cd nhCmg ddng gdp quan ttgng ttong vific phat trifin kinh tfi ndng nghifip ciia tinh Binh Thudn ndi chung va cua huy^n Ham Thudn Nam ndi rieng. San xuat Thanh long theo tifiu chuan VietGAP dd dem Iai hi$u qud kinh t^ va thu nhap cao hon cho ndng dan so vdi Thanh long truyen thong va cdc cdy ttdng khdc. Tuy nhifin viec thay d6i mdt tap qudn san xudt lgc hgu, chuyfin hudng sang ttdng Thanh long VietGAP Clia ndng hd d day da vd dang gap phdi nhiing khd khdn ca vfi khi'a cgnh md rgng quy md va dam bao chit lugng. Cdc khd khdn chii yen bao gdm chi phi cho viec tuan thu tifiu chudn, yfiu cau ve ca sd ha tdng va dat dai phyc vy san xuat, chuyfin giao ky thuat vd thj trudng tifiu thy sdn phdm. Cdc giai phap de xudt tap tnmg vao gidi quyet nhiing khd khan nham hd ttg va t ^ dieu kifin thudn lgi cho hd ttdng Thanh long sdn xuat iheo tifiu chudn VietGAP dgt hi?u qua cao han.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bo Nong nghiep va Phat ui£n Nong thon, 2008.
Quyet dfnh s6 379/QD-BNN-KHCN ngay 28 thing 01 nam 2008 ciia BQ truong Bp Nong nghifp va Phat trien nong thon ve Quy trinh thirc hanh sin xuat nong nghi^
t6t cho rau qua tuoi an toan tai Vi^t Nam.
2. Cue Tb6ng kS tinh Binh Thu|n, 2016. Thdng ke ddt dai vd ddt sdn xudt ndng nghi&p.
3. FAO, 2007. Guidelines Good Agricultural Practices for Family Agriculture.
4. Huyen iiy Ham Thu^n Nam, 2015. Bio cao chinh trj cua Ban Chip hanh Dang bg huy?n (khoa X) trinh D^i hpi Dai biSu Dang bp huy^n 1 ^ thii XI, nhi?m ky 2015-2020.
5. Phong N6ng nghiep - Phit trien nong th6n huy?n Ham Thu|o Nam, 2013. Hgch toan chi phi trong, chSm soc Thanh long.
6. Phong Nong nghifp - Phat Irien nong thon huy^n Ham Thu|n Nam, 2015. Bao cio k^t qua thirc hi^n cac 160 TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHlfiP SO 4-2017
Kinh te & Chinh sdch chi tieu nginh ndng nghiep v i phdt triSn n6ng thon 05 Thu^n, 2016. Bio cio kit qua thirc hi?n cic chi tifiu nam (2011-2015), phuang hirong nhiem v\i 05 nam nganh nong nghi&p vi phat triSn nong thon 5 nam (2011 (2016-2020). . 2015), phirong hudng nhi?m vy 05 nam (2016 - 2020).
7. Sa N6ng nghi?p va Phat ttiin nong thon Binh
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF VIETGAP DRAGON FRUIT PRODUCTION IN HAM THUAN NAM DISTRICT, BINH THUAN PROVINCE -
CURRENT STATUS AND SOLUTIONS
T r a n T h i T h u H a ' , N g u y e n N g o c P h u n g ^ Vietnam National University of Forestry
^ Vietnam National University of Forestry — Southem Campus
S U M M A R Y
Producing fruit following Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) is a trend that meets the high standards of quality and food hygiene and safety. Tbe study was conducted in Ham Thuan Nam district to evaluate the current situation and propose solutions to improve the economic efficiency of VietGAP dragon fruit production. The results ofthe study show that the economic efficiency of VietGAP dragon fruit is higher than conventional dragon production and other crops. However, the growers face difficuhies in production costs, infrastructure, markets and techniques in terms of production area expansion and quali^ assurance. Tbe solutions to improve the efficiency of VietGAP dragon fruit production of farmers focus on strict compliance with the requirements of VietGAP standards in accordance with conditions of land, labor, and investment capital as well as production linkages. Recommendations for local government and import-export businesses focus on land use planning, policy support, propagation and expansion of export markets to help farmers produce more effectively.
Keywords: Binh Tbuan, dragon fruit, production efficiency, VietGAP.
Ngdy nhan bai Ngay phan b i | n Ngay quy^t dinh ddng
11/7/2017 18/7/2017 02/8/2017
T A P C H I K H O A H Q C V A C O N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P S O 4 - 2 0 1 7
